KARADENİZ'DE TÜRK BOĞAZLARININ GÜVENLİĞİ: NATO/AB GENİŞLEMELERİNİN MONTRÖ SÖZLEŞMESİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 84, 1067 - 1094, 26.12.2024

Levent Kırval , Arda Özkan

https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1501081

Öz

İstanbul ve Çanakkale Boğazlarından oluşan Türk Boğazları, Karadeniz ile Akdeniz arasında stratejik bir coğrafi konumdadır. Türk Boğazları’nın hukuksal statüsü ile egemenlik/seyrüsefer rejimi, uluslararası bir antlaşma olan Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi tarafından belirlenmektedir. Ancak, günümüzdeki Uluslararası İlişkiler (Uİ) ortamı, Sözleşme’nin imzalandığı döneme göre büyük ölçüde değişmiştir. Soğuk Savaş artık sona ermiş ve Batı ile Doğu arasındaki denge (daha spesifik olarak NATO/AB ile Rusya) bozulmuştur. Ayrıca, Karadeniz havzasında Rusya ile Ukrayna ve Rusya ile Gürcistan arasındaki savaş gibi çatışmalar da yaşanmaktadır. Karadeniz'in karmaşık yapısı, hem Rusya hem de AB/NATO perspektifinden güvenlikleştirme çerçevesi gerektirmektedir. Bu bağlamda, bölgeye ilişkin uluslararası politikadaki güncel gelişmelerin gelecekte Türk Boğazları’ndaki Montrö rejimi üzerinde de etkisi olabilir. Bu güncel gelişmeleri göz önünde bulunduran bu çalışma, NATO ve AB genişlemelerinin Montrö rejimi üzerindeki etkisini analiz etmekte ve Türk Boğazları'nın güvenliğine ilişkin gelecek senaryolarını değerlendirmektedir. Bunu yaparken, bölgedeki gelişmeleri açıklayıcı bir yaklaşım olarak güvenlikleştirme teorisini kullanacaktır. Nitekim, Karadeniz ve Türk Boğazları kendi içinde güvenlikleştirme dinamiklerini barındırmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Karadeniz, kıyıdaş devletler, bölgesel güvenlik, güvenlikleştirme, Türk Boğazları

SECURITY OF THE TURKISH STRAITS IN THE BLACK SEA: IMPACT OF THE NATO/EU ENLARGEMENTS ON THE MONTREUX CONVENTION

Öz

The Turkish Straits (composed of İstanbul and Çanakkale Straits) are strategic geographic regions between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Their legal status and the sovereignty-navigation regimes are determined by a multilateral treaty, namely the Montreux Straits Convention of 1936. Today, International Relations (IR) environment has changed greatly when compared with the period of the signing of the Convention. The Cold War is now over and the balance between the East and the West has been disrupted. Furthermore, there are some conflicts in the Black Sea basin, such as the war between Russia/Ukraine and Russia/Georgia. The complex nature of the Black Sea requires a securitization framework from both Russia and the EU/NATO perspectives. In this context, the recent developments in international politics about the region may also have an impact on the Montreux regime in the Turkish Straits in future. Considering these current developments, this paper analyzes the impact of the NATO and EU enlargements on the Montreux regime and evaluates future scenarios about the security of the Turkish Straits. In doing so, it will use the securitization theory as an explanatory approach for the developments in the region. Thus, the Black Sea and the Turkish Straits contains the securitization dynamics within itself.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Black Sea, littoral states, regional security, securitization, Turkish Straits

Kaynakça

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