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SECURITY OF THE TURKISH STRAITS IN THE BLACK SEA: IMPACT OF THE NATO/EU ENLARGEMENTS ON THE MONTREUX CONVENTION

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 84, 1067 - 1094, 26.12.2024

Levent Kırval , Arda Özkan

https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1501081

Öz

The Turkish Straits (composed of İstanbul and Çanakkale Straits) are strategic geographic regions between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Their legal status and the sovereignty-navigation regimes are determined by a multilateral treaty, namely the Montreux Straits Convention of 1936. Today, International Relations (IR) environment has changed greatly when compared with the period of the signing of the Convention. The Cold War is now over and the balance between the East and the West has been disrupted. Furthermore, there are some conflicts in the Black Sea basin, such as the war between Russia/Ukraine and Russia/Georgia. The complex nature of the Black Sea requires a securitization framework from both Russia and the EU/NATO perspectives. In this context, the recent developments in international politics about the region may also have an impact on the Montreux regime in the Turkish Straits in future. Considering these current developments, this paper analyzes the impact of the NATO and EU enlargements on the Montreux regime and evaluates future scenarios about the security of the Turkish Straits. In doing so, it will use the securitization theory as an explanatory approach for the developments in the region. Thus, the Black Sea and the Turkish Straits contains the securitization dynamics within itself.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Black Sea littoral states regional security securitization Turkish Straits

Kaynakça

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  • ARIDEMIR, H. (2016). “Karadeniz’e Kıyıdaş Devletler Açısından Montrö Sözleşmesi’nin Sağladığı Denge Rejimi”. [The Balancing Regime Provided by The Montreux Convention for the Black Sea Riparian States]. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences. Spe-cial Issue of Afro-Eurasia. December 2016: 244-253.
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  • AYBAY, R. (2019). “Montrö Sözleşmesi ve Bazı Güncel Sorunlar”. [Montreux Convention and Some Current Problems]. Dokuz Eylul University Law Review, 21, 1: 2729-2742.
  • BELLAMY, Alex J. (2004). Security Communities and Their Neighbours: Regional Fortresses Or Global Integrators?. New York, Palgrave.
  • BINNENDIJK, A. (2020). Understanding Russian Black Sea Power Dynamics Through National Security Gaming. Publication of RAND Corporation.
  • BOZKURT, E. (2018). Milletlerarası Hukuk Mevzuatı [International Law Legislation]. Legem Yayıncılık.
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  • BUZAN, B. (1983). People, States and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations, Harvester Books, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press.
  • BUZAN, B. (1997). Rethinking Security After the Cold War. Cooperation and Conflict, 32, 1: 5-28. BUZAN, B., WÆVER, O. and De WILDE, J. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner.
  • BUZAN, B. and WÆVER, O. (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Securi-ty. Cambridge University Press.
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KARADENİZ'DE TÜRK BOĞAZLARININ GÜVENLİĞİ: NATO/AB GENİŞLEMELERİNİN MONTRÖ SÖZLEŞMESİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 84, 1067 - 1094, 26.12.2024

Levent Kırval , Arda Özkan

https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1501081

Öz

İstanbul ve Çanakkale Boğazlarından oluşan Türk Boğazları, Karadeniz ile Akdeniz arasında stratejik bir coğrafi konumdadır. Türk Boğazları’nın hukuksal statüsü ile egemenlik/seyrüsefer rejimi, uluslararası bir antlaşma olan Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi tarafından belirlenmektedir. Ancak, günümüzdeki Uluslararası İlişkiler (Uİ) ortamı, Sözleşme’nin imzalandığı döneme göre büyük ölçüde değişmiştir. Soğuk Savaş artık sona ermiş ve Batı ile Doğu arasındaki denge (daha spesifik olarak NATO/AB ile Rusya) bozulmuştur. Ayrıca, Karadeniz havzasında Rusya ile Ukrayna ve Rusya ile Gürcistan arasındaki savaş gibi çatışmalar da yaşanmaktadır. Karadeniz'in karmaşık yapısı, hem Rusya hem de AB/NATO perspektifinden güvenlikleştirme çerçevesi gerektirmektedir. Bu bağlamda, bölgeye ilişkin uluslararası politikadaki güncel gelişmelerin gelecekte Türk Boğazları’ndaki Montrö rejimi üzerinde de etkisi olabilir. Bu güncel gelişmeleri göz önünde bulunduran bu çalışma, NATO ve AB genişlemelerinin Montrö rejimi üzerindeki etkisini analiz etmekte ve Türk Boğazları'nın güvenliğine ilişkin gelecek senaryolarını değerlendirmektedir. Bunu yaparken, bölgedeki gelişmeleri açıklayıcı bir yaklaşım olarak güvenlikleştirme teorisini kullanacaktır. Nitekim, Karadeniz ve Türk Boğazları kendi içinde güvenlikleştirme dinamiklerini barındırmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Karadeniz kıyıdaş devletler bölgesel güvenlik güvenlikleştirme Türk Boğazları

Kaynakça

  • ADZINBAIA, Z. (2017). “NATO in the Black Sea: What to Expect Next?”. Research Paper, 141. Rome: NATO Defense College.
  • ALTMANN F. L., DEIMEL, J., SCHMIDT, J. and GARCIA, A. (2010). “Democracy and Good Gov-ernance in the Black Sea Region”. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 10, 1: 303-321.
  • ALEXANDROVA-ARBATOVA, N. (2008). “Troubled Strategic Partnership: The Black Sea Di-mension of Russia’s Relations with The West”. The Wider Black Sea region in the 21st century: strategic, economic and energy perspectives. Daniel Hamilton and Gerhard Mangott (Eds.). Washington, D.C.: Center for Transatlantic Relations: 293-318.
  • ARIDEMIR, H. (2016). “Karadeniz’e Kıyıdaş Devletler Açısından Montrö Sözleşmesi’nin Sağladığı Denge Rejimi”. [The Balancing Regime Provided by The Montreux Convention for the Black Sea Riparian States]. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences. Spe-cial Issue of Afro-Eurasia. December 2016: 244-253.
  • AURESCU, B. (2011). “The Role of the European Union in the Wider Black Sea Region”. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 10, 1: 35-45.
  • AYBAY, R. (2019). “Montrö Sözleşmesi ve Bazı Güncel Sorunlar”. [Montreux Convention and Some Current Problems]. Dokuz Eylul University Law Review, 21, 1: 2729-2742.
  • BELLAMY, Alex J. (2004). Security Communities and Their Neighbours: Regional Fortresses Or Global Integrators?. New York, Palgrave.
  • BINNENDIJK, A. (2020). Understanding Russian Black Sea Power Dynamics Through National Security Gaming. Publication of RAND Corporation.
  • BOZKURT, E. (2018). Milletlerarası Hukuk Mevzuatı [International Law Legislation]. Legem Yayıncılık.
  • BUZAN, B. (1976). “The Status and Future of the Montreux Convention”. Survival, 18, 6: 242-247.
  • BUZAN, B. (1983). People, States and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations, Harvester Books, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press.
  • BUZAN, B. (1997). Rethinking Security After the Cold War. Cooperation and Conflict, 32, 1: 5-28. BUZAN, B., WÆVER, O. and De WILDE, J. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner.
  • BUZAN, B. and WÆVER, O. (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Securi-ty. Cambridge University Press.
  • BÜKÜLMEZ, B. and KÜPELI, T. (2007). “Küresel Güçlerin Karadeniz Stratejilerinin Önündeki Engel: Montrö”. [The Obstacle to The Black Sea Strategies of Global Powers: Montreux]. Journal of Security Strategies, 3, 5: 193-219.
  • CASIER, T. (2007). The Clash of Integration Processes? The Shadow Effect of the Enlarged EU On Its Eastern Neighbours. The CIS, the EU and Russia: The Challenges of Integration. Katlijn, Malfliet, Lien Verpoest and Evgeny Vinokurov (eds.). New York, Palgrave Mac-millan: 73-94.
  • CIUTĂ, F. (2008). “Region? Why Region? Security, Hermeneutics, and the Making of the Black Sea Region”, Geopolitics, 21, 1: 120-147.
  • COFFEY, L. and KOCHIS, D. (2021). NATO Summit 2021: Black Sea strategy needed. The Harit-age Foundation. Issue Brief No: 6087.
  • Convention Regarding the Regime of Turkish Straits - Montreux Straits Convention (1936). https://treaties.un.org/pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=0800000280166981 (Accessed on 12 March 2024).
  • ÇAKIRÖZER, U. (2011). “Kanal İçin Yeni Montrö”, Cumhuriyet, April 29, http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/koseyazisi/243462/Kanal_icin_yeni___8216_Montro__8217____.html (Accessed on 10 May 2024).
  • DELLENBRANT, J.A. and OLSSON, M. O. (1994). Regionalization and security in the European North. The Barents Region: Security and Economic Development in The European North. J.A. Dellenbrant and M.-O. Olsson (ed.), Umea: CERUM.
  • DGMT-Directorate General of Maritime Trade. (2019). Statistical information system. Turkish Straits Shipping Passage Statistics. https://atlantis.udhb.gov.tr/istatistik/gemi_gecis.aspx (Accessed on 23 February 2024).
  • DOĞANGÜN, Huriye G. (2023). “Karadeniz Bölgeselleşmesinin Ekonomik Boyutu: İmkân ve Kısıtlar”, [The Economic Dimension of the Black Sea Regionalization: Opportunities and Constraints]. Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, [The Journal of Institute of Black Sea Studies]. 9, 19: 245-265.
  • ECE, N. J. (2011). “Kanal İstanbul ve Montrö sözleşmesi”, [The Canal İstanbul and Montreux Convention]. Ortadoğu Analiz, 3, 29. https://www.orsam.org.tr/d_hbanaliz/4jale.pdf (Accessed on 1 May 2024).
  • ECE, N. J. (2022). “Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı’nın Dış Ticaret ve Küresel Güvenliğe Etkisi: Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi’nin Savaşın Genişlemesinin Önlenmesine Katkısı”. [The Effect of The Russia-Ukraine War on Foreign Trade And Global Security: The Contribution of the Montreux Convention to Preventing The Expansion of War]. Urban Academy, 15, 3: 1391-1412.
  • ECEMIŞ-YILMAZ, H. K. (2020). “Kanal İstanbul’un Hukuksal Açıdan Dört Büyük Kanal ile Karşılaştırmalı Analizi”. [Comparative Analysis of Canal Istanbul with the Four Grand Canals from A Legal Perspective]. Ulisa: Journal of International Studies, 4, 1: 108-134.
  • EFE, H. (2013). “The European Union’s Black Sea Region Policy”. Karadeniz, 5, 16: 54-65.
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  • ERDEMIR, H., & ERDEMIR, B.N. (2014). “The EU-Russian Conflict on Crimea and Its Regional Implications”. EURINT, 1: 104-119.
  • GHICA, L. A. (2012). Regionalism at the Margins: East central European and Black Sea regional cooperation initiatives in comparative perspective, New Regionalism or No Regional-ism? Emerging Regionalism in the Black Sea Area. Ruxandra Ivan (ed.), NY: Routledge.
  • GHECIU, A. (2008). Securing Civilization? The EU, NATO, and the OSCE in the post-9/11 world. Broadcasting of Oxford University Press.
  • GÜNDÜZ, A. (2014). Milletlerarası Hukuk: Temel Belgeler, Örnek Kararlar. [International Law: Basic Documents, Sample Decisions]. Beta Yayıncılık.
  • GÜNEŞ, Ş. (2007). “Türk Boğazları”, METU Studies in Development, 34: 217-250.
  • İNAN, Y. (1995). Türk Boğazlarının Siyasal ve Hukuksal Rejimi. [Political and Legal Regime of the Turkish Straits]. Turhan Kitabevi.
  • İRGE, N. F. (2017). “Karadeniz Havzası Jeopolitiğinde Güç Mücadelesinin Arka Planı ve Bölgesel Güvenliğin Uluslararası Önemi”. [The Background of the Power Struggle in The Black Sea and International Importance of Regional Security]. Marmara University Jour-nal of Political Science, 5: 79-92.
  • JACOBS, K. (2022). Russia’s War on Ukraine: Maritime Logistics and Connectivity, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/733603/EPRS_ATA(2022)733603_EN.pdf (Accessed on 11 January 2024).
  • KATIRCIOĞLU, F. M. (2000). Yeryüzü Suretleri. [Faces of the Earth]. Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık.
  • KESKIN-ATA, F. (2022). Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi, Gemilerin Türk Boğazları’ndan Geçişini Hangi Ölçütlere Göre Düzenlemiştir?. [According to Which Criteria Does The Montreux Straits Convention Regulate The Passage of Ships Through The Turkish Straits?]. Erdem Denk (Ed.), 50 Soruda Boğazlar Rejimi. [50 Questions on the Straits Regime]. Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yayınları: 117-121.
  • KINIKLIOĞLU, S. (2006). Turkey’s Black Sea Policy: Strategic Interplay at A Critical Juncture. Asmus, R. D. (Ed.), Next Steps in Forging A Euro Atlantic Strategy for The Wider Black Sea, Washington: German Marshall Fund of the United States.
  • KOBRINSKAYA, I. (2008). The Black Sea Region in Russia’s Current Foreign Policy Paradigm. PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 41. Institute of World Economy and International Re-lations. Moscow. http://www.ponarseurasia.org/sites/default/files/policy- perspectivespdf/Transformations%20BLack%20Sea%20Region%20PONARS.pdf (Ac-cessed on 24 January 2024).
  • KOÇER, G. (2007). “Karadeniz’in Güvenliği: Uluslararası Yapılanmalar ve Türkiye”. [Security of Black Sea: International Formations and Turkey]. Gazi Academic View, 1, 1: 195-217.
  • KUCZYNSKI, G. (2019). Mare Nostrum Strategy: Russian Military Activity in The Black Sea. Special Report. Warsaw Institute. https://warsawinstitute.org/mare-nostrumstrategy-russian-military-activity-black-sea/ (Accessed on 24 January 2024).
  • KURUMAHMUT, A. (2006). Montrö Sözleşmesi: Türk Boğazları ve Karadeniz. [Montreux Con-vention: The Turkish Straits and the Black Sea]. Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı Yayın-ları.
  • KUTLUK, E. (2018). “İstanbul Boğazı’ndan Geçen Gemilerin Oluşturduğu Trafik Yükünün Çevresel Etkileri: Ro-Ro Gemileri Özelinde Bir Inceleme”. [Environmental effects of traffic load of ships passing through the Istanbul Strait: An examination on the Ro-Ro ships]. Marmara University Journal of Political Science, 6 (1): 285-310.
  • LATSCHAN, T. (2023). The Black Sea’s role in Russia’s war on Ukraine. DW. https://www.dw.com/en/the-black- sea-plays-a-key-role-in-russias-war-on-ukraine/a-66517223 (Accessed on 13 August 2024).
  • LUTZKANOVA, S. (2017). “NATO and EU Strategies for The Black Sea Region: The Challenge of Power Balance in New Security Environment”. Journal of Shipping and Ocean Engineer-ing, 7: 210-215.
  • MANOLI, P. (2020). Where is Black Sea Regionalism Heading?. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 10, 3: 323-339.
  • MANOLI, P. (2011). Black Sea Regionalism in Perspective, Neighbourhood Policy Paper. Cen-tre for International and European Studies.
  • Maritime Traffic Regulations for the Turkish Straits and the Marmara Region (1994). https://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TUR_1994_Regulations.pdf (Accessed on 30 July 2024).
  • Maritime Traffic Regulations for The Turkish Straits (1998). Solna Transit & Trading Agency. http://www.solna.com.tr/Maritime_Traffic_Regulations_for_Turkish_Straits.pdf (Ac-cessed on 4 April 2024).
  • MELVIN, N. J. (2018). The Post-2014 Black Sea Security Environment, Rebuilding Collective Security in The Black Sea Region Report. Stockholm International Peace Research Insti-tute.
  • MERAY, S. L. and OLCAY, O. (2020). Montrö Boğazlar Konferansı: Tutanaklar, Belgeler. [Mon-treux Straits Conference: Records, Documents]. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • MİŞ, N. (2014). “Güvenlikleştirme Teorisi ve Siyasal Olanın Güvenlikleştirilmesi”. [Securitiza-tion Theory and Securitization of the Political]. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 6, 2: 345-381.
  • ÖZERSAY, K. (1999). Türk Boğazları’ndan Geçiş Rejimi. [Passage Regime Through the Turkish Straits]. Mülkiyeliler Birliği Vakfı Yayınları.
  • PACE, M. (2006). The Politics of Regional Identity: Medding with the Mediterranean, New York: Routledge.
  • PAZARCI, H. (1986). “Boğazlar Rejimine Ilişkin Türk Dış Politikası ve Karşılaşılan Kimi Sorun-lar”. [Turkish Foreign Policy On the Straits Regime and Some of the Problems Faced]. Prof. Dr. Ernst Hirsch’in Hatırasına Armağan (1902-1985). [A memory of Prof. Dr. Ernst Hirsch (1902-1985)]. Banking and Commercial Law Research Institute: 849-880.
  • PAZARCI, H. (2006). Uluslararası Hukuk, [International Law]. Fourth Edition. Turhan Kitabevi.
  • PAZARCI, H. (2011). Çılgınlığın Olası Etkileri. [Possible Effects of Madness]. Yeni Yaklaşımlar. 4 May, http://www.yeniyaklasimlar.org/m.aspx?id=739 (Accessed on 30 March 2024).
  • PAZARCI, H. (2015). Türk Dış Politikasının Başlıca Sorunları. [Major Issues of Turkish Foreign Policy]. Turhan Kitabevi.
  • POPESCU, D. (2015). “The Straits-Between Geopolitical Best Card and Bone of Contention in The Turkish- Russian Relations: Kanal İstanbul Project”. Romanian Journal of History And International Studies, 2, 2: 233- 243.
  • RADEK, K. (2014). Petrol Işığında Boğazlar Meselesi. [The Straits Issue in The Light of Oil]. Çılgın Proje Kanal İstanbul. [Crazy project Canal Istanbul]. Kaynak Yayınları.
  • RYABTSEV, V. (2006). Why is There No “Security Complex” in The Black Sea-Caucasus Re-gion?. IFSH (ed.), OSCE Yearbook 2006: 97-109.
  • SARIBEYOĞLU-SKALAR, M. and CECANPINAR, H. (2021). “85. Yılında Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi: Türkiye ve Karadeniz’e Kıyıdaş Devletler Açısından Önemi”. [Montreux Convention After 85 Years: Its Signifıcance for Turkey and The Black Sea Coastal States]. Marmara Journal of European Studies, 29, 1: 57-86.
  • SHAW, M. N. (2014). International Law. Cambridge University Press.
  • SHLYKOV, P. (2018). “Russian-Turkish Relations in The Wider Black Sea Region: Cooperation and Competition”. Perceptions, 23, 2: 93-116.
  • SÖDERBAUM, F. (2005). Exploring The Links Between Micro-Regionalism and Macro-Regionalism, Global Politics of Regionalism: Theory and Practice, Mary Farrell, Björn Hettne and Luk Van Langenhove (eds.), London: Pluto Press: 87-104.
  • ŞENER, B. (2014). “Türk Boğazları’nın Geçiş Rejiminin Tarihi Gelişimi ve Hukuki Statüsü”. [The Historical Evolution and Legal Status of the Passage of the Turkish Straits]. Journal of History School, 7, 17: 467-493.
  • TASSINARI, F. (2011). “Region-Building as Trust Building: The EU’s Faltering Involvement in The Black Sea Region”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 11, 3: 227-239.
  • TAŞLIGIL, N. (2013). “İstanbul Boğazı’nın Ulaşım Coğrafyası Açısından Önemi” [The Geograph-ical Importance of the Bosphorus Strait]. Marmara Geographical Review, 10: 1-18.
  • TEKIN-APAYDIN, D. (2018). The Canal Istanbul project: Governance By National Law Or In-ternational Law?. Recent Challenges of Public Administration 3, E. Csatlos (ed.). Paper Presented at the Conference of 3rd Contemporary Issues of Public Administration on 26th September 2018. Keszült az Innovariant Kft.
  • TOLUNER, S. (2004). Milletlerarası Hukuk Açısından Türkiye’nin Bazı Dış Politika Sorunları. [Some Foreign Policy Problems of Turkey in Terms of International Law]. Beta Yayıncılık.
  • TOLUNER, S. (2017). Geçmişi Anımsayıp Geleceği Yönlendirme. [Recalling The Past and Guid-ing the Future]. Beta Yayıncılık.
  • TOSUN, H. (1994). Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi: Boğazlar Sorununda Son Aşama. [Montreux Straits Convention (Final Stage in The Straits Problem)]. Ankara University Institute of Turkish Revolution History Journal of Ataturk Yolu, 4, 13: 87-112.
  • TÜTÜNCÜ, A. N. (2017). Montrö Sözleşmesi ve Kanal İstanbul. [Montreux Convention and Ca-nal İstanbul]. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 37, 1: 113-123.
  • WÆVER, O. (1995). Securitisation and Desecuritisation. on Security. Ronnie D. Lipschutz (Ed.), Columbia University Press.
  • WEZEMAN, S. T. and KUIMOVA, A. (2018). Turkey and Black Sea Security, SIPRI Background Paper, https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-12/bp_1812_black_sea_turkey_0.pdf (Accessed on 29 January 2024).
  • WILLIAMS, M. C. (2003), “Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics”, International Studies Quarterly, 47, 4: 511-531.
  • VALI, F. A. (1972). The Turkish Straits and NATO. Hoover Institution Press.
  • ZENGINKUZUCU, D. M. and ÇINTAN, A. (2019). “Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi’nin Statüsünün Güncel Gelişmeler ve Kanal İstanbul Projesi Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi”. [Revisiting The Status of Montreux Convention on Straits in The Context of Actual Developments and The Canal Istanbul Project]. The International Journal of Law and Social Science Studies, 1, 2: 67-79
Toplam 78 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Avrupa Birliği, Bölgesel Çalışmalar, Uluslararası Güvenlik, Uluslararası Kuruluşlar
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Levent Kırval 0000-0001-8884-5427

Arda Özkan 0000-0001-6369-0748

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 11 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 84

Kaynak Göster

APA Kırval, L., & Özkan, A. (2024). SECURITY OF THE TURKISH STRAITS IN THE BLACK SEA: IMPACT OF THE NATO/EU ENLARGEMENTS ON THE MONTREUX CONVENTION. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 21(84), 1067-1094. https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1501081
AMA Kırval L, Özkan A. SECURITY OF THE TURKISH STRAITS IN THE BLACK SEA: IMPACT OF THE NATO/EU ENLARGEMENTS ON THE MONTREUX CONVENTION. Karadeniz Araştırmaları. Aralık 2024;21(84):1067-1094. doi:10.56694/karadearas.1501081
Chicago Kırval, Levent, ve Arda Özkan. “SECURITY OF THE TURKISH STRAITS IN THE BLACK SEA: IMPACT OF THE NATO/EU ENLARGEMENTS ON THE MONTREUX CONVENTION”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 21, sy. 84 (Aralık 2024): 1067-94. https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1501081.
EndNote Kırval L, Özkan A (01 Aralık 2024) SECURITY OF THE TURKISH STRAITS IN THE BLACK SEA: IMPACT OF THE NATO/EU ENLARGEMENTS ON THE MONTREUX CONVENTION. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 21 84 1067–1094.
IEEE L. Kırval ve A. Özkan, “SECURITY OF THE TURKISH STRAITS IN THE BLACK SEA: IMPACT OF THE NATO/EU ENLARGEMENTS ON THE MONTREUX CONVENTION”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, c. 21, sy. 84, ss. 1067–1094, 2024, doi: 10.56694/karadearas.1501081.
ISNAD Kırval, Levent - Özkan, Arda. “SECURITY OF THE TURKISH STRAITS IN THE BLACK SEA: IMPACT OF THE NATO/EU ENLARGEMENTS ON THE MONTREUX CONVENTION”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 21/84 (Aralık2024), 1067-1094. https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1501081.
JAMA Kırval L, Özkan A. SECURITY OF THE TURKISH STRAITS IN THE BLACK SEA: IMPACT OF THE NATO/EU ENLARGEMENTS ON THE MONTREUX CONVENTION. Karadeniz Araştırmaları. 2024;21:1067–1094.
MLA Kırval, Levent ve Arda Özkan. “SECURITY OF THE TURKISH STRAITS IN THE BLACK SEA: IMPACT OF THE NATO/EU ENLARGEMENTS ON THE MONTREUX CONVENTION”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, c. 21, sy. 84, 2024, ss. 1067-94, doi:10.56694/karadearas.1501081.
Vancouver Kırval L, Özkan A. SECURITY OF THE TURKISH STRAITS IN THE BLACK SEA: IMPACT OF THE NATO/EU ENLARGEMENTS ON THE MONTREUX CONVENTION. Karadeniz Araştırmaları. 2024;21(84):1067-94.
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