Sağlık Dostu Besin Bileşenleri: Lutein ve Zeaksantin

Year 2019, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 56 - 61, 01.01.2019

Özge Duygu Okur

https://doi.org/10.7212/zkufbd.v9i1.1229

Abstract

Karotenoidler, sağlıklı bir diyetin önemli bileşenleri olan yağda çözünen besin maddeleridir. Karotenoidler arasında, lutein ve zeaksantin, diyette en fazla bulunan karotenoidlerden ikisidir. İnsanlar lutein veya zeaksantin bileşiklerini de novo şartlarda sentezleyememekte, bu nedenle diyet, insan vücudunda bu bileşiklerin tek kaynağı olarak yer almaktadır. Bu iki karotenoid yeşil yapraklı sebzelerde ve tavuk yumurtası sarısında yüksek miktarlarda bulunmaktadır. Aynı zamanda, lutein ve zeaksantin, ıspanak ve brokolide serbest formda; mango, portakal, papaya, kırmızı biber, yosun ve sarı mısırda ise ester formunda bulunmaktadır. Göz makula yapısı, bu iki karotenoid için bir depodur. Lutein ve zeaksantinin bir diyette daha fazla alınmasının katarakt riskini ve yaşa bağlı makula dejenerasyonu riskini azalttığını göstermiştir. Lutein ve zeaksantin hem retinal hem de kardiyovasküler hastalığın etiyolojisinde muhtemel bir faktör olan lipid peroksidasyonunu inhibe etmektedir. Aynı zamanda uzun süreli karotenoid alımının bazı kardiyovasküler hastalık, inme ve kanser riskini azalttığı düşünülmektedir. Cildin UV ışınlarına maruz kalması; reaktif oksijen türlerini, deri hücrelerinde iltihaplanmayı ve iltihaplanmaya bağlı kızarıklıkları oluşturmaktadır. Lutein ve zeaksantin, bu koşullardaki tekli oksijen veya nötralize edici fotosensitizörleri söndürerek hücresel hasarı önleyebilmektedir. Bu makalenin amacı, sağlıkla ilişkili olarak lutein ve zeaksantin’in besin kaynaklarına, etki mekanizmalarına ve karakteristik özelliklerine ilişkin bilimsel literatürü içermektedir

Keywords

Karotenoid, Sağlık, Lutein, Zeaksantin

Lutein and Zeaxanthin: Health-Friendly Nutrients

Abstract

Carotenoids are essential fat-soluble nutrients that are important components of a healthy diet. Among the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin are two of the most abundant carotenoids found in the diet.Humans cannot synthesize lutein or zeaxanthin de novo; therefore, the diet is the sole source of these compounds in the human body. These two carotenoids are present in high amounts in green leafy vegetables, and in chicken egg yolk. Lutein and zeaxanthin are also found in the free form in spinach and broccoli and as esters in mango, orange, papaya, red paprika, algae, and yellow corn. The macula of the eye is a repository for these two carotenoids. A higher dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin has shown to reduce the risk of cataracts and age-related macular degeneration. Lutein and zeaxanthin inhibit lipid peroxidation, a likely factor in the etiology of both retinal and cardiovascular disease. It has long been thought that carotenoid intake also reduces the risk of certain forms of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cancer. Lutein and zeaxanthin may prevent cellular damage in these conditions by quenching singlet oxygen or neutralizing photosensitizers. The purpose of this article is the scientific literature pertaining to review characteristics, mechanisms of action and food sources of lutein and zeaxanthin, which are related to the health.

Keywords

Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Carotenoid, Health

References

• Asplund, K. 2002. Antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. J. Intern. Med., 251:372–392.
• Bartlett, HE., Eperjesi, F. 2004. Carotenoids and ocular disease: a review. Agro Food Ind. Hi Tech., 15: 19–21.
• Beatty, S., Chakravarthy, U., Nolan, JM., Muldrew, KA., Woodside, JV., Denny, F., Stevenson, MR. 2013. Secondary outcomes in a clinical trial of carotenoids with coantioxidants versus placebo in early age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology, 120: 600-606.
• Berendschot, T., Broekmans, WMR., Klopping-Ketelaars, IAA, Kardinaal, AFM., van Poppel, G., van Norren, D. 2002. Lens aging in relation to nutritional determinants and possible risk factors for age-related cataract. Arch. Ophthalmol., 120: 1732-1737.
• Kruger, CL., Murphy, M., DeFreitas, Z., Pfannkuch, F., Heimbach, J. 2002. An innovative approach to the determination of safety for a dietary ingredient derived from a new source: case study using a crystalline lutein product. Food Chem. Toxicol., 40: 1535-49.
• Kushi, LH., Folsom, AR., Prineas, RJ., Mink, PJ., Wu, Y., Bostick, RM. 1996. Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. N. Engl. J. Med., 334: 1156–62.
• Landrum, JT., Bone, RA. 2001. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 385: 28–40.
• Lee, E., Faulhaber, D., Hanson, KM., Ding, WH., Peters, S., Kodali, S., Granstein, RD. 2004. Dietary lutein reduces ultraviolet radiation-induced inflammation and immunosuppression. J. Invest. Dermatol., 122: 510-7.
• McQuillan, BM., Hung, J., Beilby, JP., Nidorf, M., Thompson, PL. 2001. Antioxidant vitamins and the risk of carotid atherosclerosis. The Perth Carotid Ultrasound Disease Assessment study (CUDAS). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 38: 1788– 94.
• Moeller, SM., Parekh, N., Tinker, L., Ritenbaugh, C., Blodi, B., Wallace, RB., Mares, JA. 2006. Associations between intermediate aged-related macular degeneration and lutein and zexanthin in the carotenoids in aged related eye disease study. Arch Ophthalmol., 124, 8: 1151-62.
• Moeller, SM., Voland, R., Tinker, L., Blodi, BA., Klein, ML., Gehrs, KM., Johnson, EJ., Snodderly, DM., Wallace, RB., Chappell, RJ., Parekh, N., Ritenbaugh, C., Mares, JA. 2008. Associations between age-related nuclear cataract and lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet and serum in the carotenoids in the age-related eye disease study, an ancillary study of the women’s health initiative. Arch. Ophthalmol., 126: 354–364.
• Nwachukwu, ID., Udenigwe, CC., Aluko, RE. 2016. Lutein and zeaxanthin: Production technology, bioavailability, mechanisms of action, visual function, and health claim status. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 49: 74-84.
• Palombo, P., Fabrizi, G., Ruocco, V., Ruocco, E., Fluhr, J., Roberts, R., Morganti, P. 2007. Beneficial long-term effects of combined oral/topical antioxidant treatment with the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin on human skin: a double- blind, placebo-controlled study. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol., 20: 199–210.
• Perry, A., Rasmussen, H., Johnson, EJ. 2009. Xanthophyll (lutein, zeaxanthin) content in fruits, vegetables and corn and egg products. J. Food Compos. Anal., 22: 9-15.
• Roberts, RL., Green, J., Lewis, B. 2009. Lutein and zeaxanthin in eye and skin health. Clin. Dermatol., 27: 195–201. 68: 726–33.
• Tucker, KL., Chen, H., Vogel, S., Wilson, PWF., Schaefer, EJ., Lammi-Keefe, CJ. 1999. Carotenoid intakes, assessed by dietary questionnaire, are associated with plasma carotenoid concentrations in an elderly population. J. Nutr., 129: 438-45.
• Wingerath, T., Seis, H., Stahl, W. 1998. Xanthophyll esters in human skin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 355: 271-4.
• Wu, A., Pathak, MA., Sifakis, M., Goukassian, DA., Gonzalez, S. 2002. Oral administration of lutein modulates cell proliferation induced by acute UVB radiation in the SHK-1 hairless mouse animal model. In: The Society of Investigative Dermatology, 63rd Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, Abstract# 769.
• Yao, Y., Qiu, QH., Wu, XW., Cai, ZY., Xu, S., Liang, XQ. 2013. Lutein supplementation improves visual performance in Chinese drivers: 1-year randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study. Nutrition, 29: 958–964.
• Zou, Z., Xu, X., Huang, Y., Xiao, X., Ma, L., Sun, T., Dong, P., Wang, X., Lin, X. 2011. High serum level of lutein may be protective against early atherosclerosis: the Beijing atherosclerosis study. Atherosclerosis, 219: 789-793.