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An Evaluation On The Measuring Instrument Used In Sumerian And The Weight Measuring System

Year 2021, Issue: 12, 175 - 195, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.38060/kare.958199

Abstract

The aim of the article is to give information about the weight measuring instruments and the weight measuring system invented by the Sumerians and to determine their place and importance in the social economic and scientific fields reflected in their own periods as well as Akkad, Babylon, Assyria and today. In this article, as a method, the weight measuring instruments and the weight measuring system invented and used by the Sumerians within the framework of social and economic life were studied and their effects on future civilizations and today's weight measuring system were evaluated. B.C. In the 10,000’s, people got rid of hunter-gatherer life and settled down, agricultural activities were increased, animals were domesticated, social neighborliness and interregional trade relations were developed. The increase in agricultural and trade activities has led to the need to register the products that are spread among the regions and bought and sold. While trading was carried out with the barter method in the beginning, the increase in the population and the increase in the products made the barter method insufficient and some problems occurred. Especially in commercial relations, the inability to calculate the measurement information of the products at the point of purchase and sale has caused some confusion. In order to overcome these problems, a certain standardization has been made. Due to the insufficient development of the scientific conditions of the period, a calculation was made on the grain grain obtained for the agriculture brought by the settled life in the first weight measurements. In the geography of Mesopotamia, the first measuring instruments and measuring system were invented by the Sumerians at the point of weight measurement. The origin of the units of measurement dates back to the Sumerian Early Dynasties Period, and each city, kingdom and trade guilds used units of measurement for their own needs. However, this situation changed during the Akkadian Dynasty. A common unit of measure was developed by the Akkadian King Naram-Sin. Although the standard measurement units of Naram-Sin were abandoned after the Akkadian Dynasty, III. Naram-Sin standard measurement units started to be used again in the Ur Period and continued to be used as a common measurement unit during the Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations. Babylonian, Assyrian and Anatolian civilizations were also affected by this weight measurement system and made it reach the present day. Animal-shaped (zoomorphological) weights, cylindrical weights, oval (sphendonoid) weights, rectangular and spherical (dome) geometric weight models were among the weight measuring instruments used by the Sumerians. Again, the foundations of the weight measurement system were laid by the Sumerians and they created the first studies in measurement calculation.

References

  • Bilgiç, Emin, Hüseyin Sever, Cahit Günbattı, Sabahattin Bayram. Ankara Kültepe Tabletleri. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 1990.
  • CDA: Black, Jeremy, George Andrew and Nicholas Postgate, A Concise Dictionary Of Akkadian. Harrassowitz Verlag - Wiesbaden: 2nd (corrected) printing, 2000.
  • Chambon, Gregory. Numeracy and Metrology. Oxford Handbook Of Cuneiform Cultures, Newyork 2011.
  • Crawford, Harriet. Sümer ve Sümerler. Arkadaş Yayınevi, Ankara 2015.
  • Frıberg, Jöran. Remarkable Collectıon Of Babylonıan Mathematıcal Texts, Springer Scinence+Business Media LLC, Sweden 2007, s. 15.
  • Hafford, William B. “Accounting for Civilization: Early Weights and Measures at Tepe Gawra”, L. Rahmstorf, E. Stratford, (Ed.) Weights and Marketplaces from the Bronze Age to the Early Modern Period. Wachholtz Verlag Kiel/Hamburg – Murmann Publishers, Göttingen 2019, s. 17-19.
  • Hafford, William B. “Hanging in the Balance: Precision Weighing in Antiquity”. Expedition Magazine- Penn Museum, 2005, s. 35-37.
  • Hafford, William B. “Mesopotamian Mensuration Balance Pan Weights from Nippur”. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 48, No. 3, 2005, s. 346-353.
  • Hafford, William B. “Weighing İn Mesopotamia The Balance Pan Weights From Ur”. Akkadıca, 2012, s. 22-51.
  • Kasprik, L. A., Barros, A. “Ancient Mesopotamian’s System Of Measurement: Possible Applications İn Mathematics And Physics Teaching”, International Conference on Physics Education (ICPE), 2018, s. 5-7.
  • Kramer, Samuel Noah. Sumerler-Tarihleri, Kültürleri ve Karakterleri. Kabalcı Yayınevi, İstanbul 2002.
  • Michailidou, Anna. “Metric Systems and Trade Activities in Eastern Mediterranean Pre-coinage Societies”. Colloquıum Anatolıcum, 2011, s. 21-25.
  • Michailidou, Anna. “Balancing From Weight To Value And Vice Versa-Weight-Regulated Artifacts And Currency İn Aegean And Near Eastern Pre-Coinage Economies”, (Ed.) L. Rahmstorf, E. Stratford, Weights and Marketplaces From The Bronze Age To The Early Modern Period, Wachholtz Verlag Kiel/Hamburg – Murmann Publishers, Göttingen 2019, s. 88.
  • Olijdam, Eric, “Babylonian Quest for Lapis Lazuli And Dilmun During The City III. Period”. South Asian archaeology, 1995: Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists, Cambridge, 5-9 July, 1995. Cambridge 1995, s. 121.
  • Ören, Hacı. “Eski Yakındoğu'da Ölçü Birimleri”. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Denizli 2018.
  • Powell, Marvin A. “The Antecedents of Old Babylonian Place Notation and the Early History of Babylonian Mathematics”. Historia Mathematica, (3) 1976, s. 418-421.
  • Powell, Marvin A. “The Origin of the Sexagesimal System:The Interaction of Language and Writing”. Visible Language, (6), 1972, s. 14.
  • Proust, Christine. “Mesopotamian Metrological Lists And Tables: Forgotten Sources”, Looking at It from Asia: The Processes that Shaped the Sources of 99 History of Science, (Editor: Florence Bretelle-Establet), Springer Science Business Media, France 2010, s. 259.
  • Rahmstorf, Lorenz. “In Search Of The Earliest Balance Weight, Scale And Weighing Systems from the East Mediternean, The Near And Middle East”, Weights İn Context Bronze Age Weighing Systems Of Eastern Mediterranean Chronology, Typology, Material And Archaeological Contexts, Edited By: Maria Emanuela Alberti, Enrico Ascalone, Luca Peyronel, Roma 2006, s. 19-21.

Sümerlerde Kullanılan Ağırlık Ölçüm Aletleri ve Ağırlık Ölçüm Sistemi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2021, Issue: 12, 175 - 195, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.38060/kare.958199

Abstract

Makalenin amacı Sumerlerin icat etmiş olduğu ağırlık ölçüm aletleri ve ağırlık ölçüm sistemi noktasında bilgi vermek ve gerek kendi dönemleri gerekse Akad, Babil, Asur ve günümüze yansıyan sosyal ekonomik bilimsel alanlardaki yeri ve önemini tespit etmektir. Bu makale içerisinde yöntem olarak sosyal ve ekonomik hayat çerçevesinde Sumerler tarafından icat edilip kullanılan ağırlık ölçüm aletleri ve ağırlık ölçüm sistemi üzerine çalışılmış olup gelecek medeniyetlere ve günümüz ağırlık ölçüm sistemine etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. M.Ö. 10 Bin’li yıllarda insanlar avcı toplayıcı hayattan sıyrılarak yerleşik hayata geçmiş ve tarımsal faaliyetler artırılmış, hayvanlar evcilleştirilmiş, sosyal anlamda komşuluk ve bölgeler arası ticari ilişkiler geliştirilmiştir. Tarım ve ticaret faaliyetlerinin artması, bölgeler arasında yayılması elde edilen ve alım-satımı yapılan ürünlerin kayıt altına alma ihtiyacını doğurmuştur. İlk başlarda değiş tokuş yani takas usulü ile alım-satım gerçekleştirilirken zamanla nüfusun artması, ürünlerin çoğalması takas usulünü yetersiz kılmış ve bazı sorunlar meydana gelmiştir. Özellikle ticari münasebetlerde alım-satım noktasında ürünlerin ölçüm bilgilerinin hesaplanamaması bazı karışıklıkların meydana gelmesine neden olmuştur. Bu sorunları aşmak için ise belirli bir standartlaştırmaya gidilmiştir. Dönemin bilimsel şartlarının yeterince gelişmemesinden ötürü ilk ağırlık ölçümlerinde yerleşik hayatın getirmiş olduğu tarımcılık noktasında elde edilen tahıl tanesi üzerinden bir hesaplama yapılmıştır. Mezopotamya coğrafyasında ağırlık ölçüm noktasında ilk ölçüm aletleri ve ölçü sistemi Sumerler tarafından icat edilmiştir. Ölçü birimlerinin kökeni Sumer Erken Hanedanları Dönemine dayanmakta olup her şehir, krallık ve ticaret loncaları kendi ihtiyaçlarına yönelik ölçü birimlerini kullanmışlardır. Ancak Akad Hanedanlığı döneminde bu durum değişmiştir. Akad Kralı Naram-Sin tarafından ortak bir ölçü birimi geliştirilmiştir. Akad Hanedanlığı döneminden sonra Naram-Sin’in standart ölçü birimleri kullanılmaktan vazgeçilse de III. Ur Döneminde Naram-Sin standart ölçü birimleri yeniden kullanılmaya başlanıp Babil, Asur medeniyetleri döneminde de ortak ölçü birimi olarak kullanılmaya devam edilmiştir. Babil, Asur ve Anadolu medeniyetleri de bu ağırlık ölçü sisteminden etkilenerek günümüze kadar ulaşmasını sağlamışlardır. Sumerlerin kullanmış olduğu ağırlık ölçüm aletleri arasında hayvan biçimli (zoomorfolojik) ağırlık, silindirik formlu ağırlık, oval (sfendonoid) formlu ağırlık, dikdörtgen ve küre(kubbe) biçimli geometrik ağırlık modelleri yer almıştır. Yine Sumerler tarafından ağırlık ölçüm sisteminin temelleri atılmış ve hesaplama noktasında ilk çalışmaları meydana getirmişlerdir.

References

  • Bilgiç, Emin, Hüseyin Sever, Cahit Günbattı, Sabahattin Bayram. Ankara Kültepe Tabletleri. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 1990.
  • CDA: Black, Jeremy, George Andrew and Nicholas Postgate, A Concise Dictionary Of Akkadian. Harrassowitz Verlag - Wiesbaden: 2nd (corrected) printing, 2000.
  • Chambon, Gregory. Numeracy and Metrology. Oxford Handbook Of Cuneiform Cultures, Newyork 2011.
  • Crawford, Harriet. Sümer ve Sümerler. Arkadaş Yayınevi, Ankara 2015.
  • Frıberg, Jöran. Remarkable Collectıon Of Babylonıan Mathematıcal Texts, Springer Scinence+Business Media LLC, Sweden 2007, s. 15.
  • Hafford, William B. “Accounting for Civilization: Early Weights and Measures at Tepe Gawra”, L. Rahmstorf, E. Stratford, (Ed.) Weights and Marketplaces from the Bronze Age to the Early Modern Period. Wachholtz Verlag Kiel/Hamburg – Murmann Publishers, Göttingen 2019, s. 17-19.
  • Hafford, William B. “Hanging in the Balance: Precision Weighing in Antiquity”. Expedition Magazine- Penn Museum, 2005, s. 35-37.
  • Hafford, William B. “Mesopotamian Mensuration Balance Pan Weights from Nippur”. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 48, No. 3, 2005, s. 346-353.
  • Hafford, William B. “Weighing İn Mesopotamia The Balance Pan Weights From Ur”. Akkadıca, 2012, s. 22-51.
  • Kasprik, L. A., Barros, A. “Ancient Mesopotamian’s System Of Measurement: Possible Applications İn Mathematics And Physics Teaching”, International Conference on Physics Education (ICPE), 2018, s. 5-7.
  • Kramer, Samuel Noah. Sumerler-Tarihleri, Kültürleri ve Karakterleri. Kabalcı Yayınevi, İstanbul 2002.
  • Michailidou, Anna. “Metric Systems and Trade Activities in Eastern Mediterranean Pre-coinage Societies”. Colloquıum Anatolıcum, 2011, s. 21-25.
  • Michailidou, Anna. “Balancing From Weight To Value And Vice Versa-Weight-Regulated Artifacts And Currency İn Aegean And Near Eastern Pre-Coinage Economies”, (Ed.) L. Rahmstorf, E. Stratford, Weights and Marketplaces From The Bronze Age To The Early Modern Period, Wachholtz Verlag Kiel/Hamburg – Murmann Publishers, Göttingen 2019, s. 88.
  • Olijdam, Eric, “Babylonian Quest for Lapis Lazuli And Dilmun During The City III. Period”. South Asian archaeology, 1995: Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists, Cambridge, 5-9 July, 1995. Cambridge 1995, s. 121.
  • Ören, Hacı. “Eski Yakındoğu'da Ölçü Birimleri”. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Denizli 2018.
  • Powell, Marvin A. “The Antecedents of Old Babylonian Place Notation and the Early History of Babylonian Mathematics”. Historia Mathematica, (3) 1976, s. 418-421.
  • Powell, Marvin A. “The Origin of the Sexagesimal System:The Interaction of Language and Writing”. Visible Language, (6), 1972, s. 14.
  • Proust, Christine. “Mesopotamian Metrological Lists And Tables: Forgotten Sources”, Looking at It from Asia: The Processes that Shaped the Sources of 99 History of Science, (Editor: Florence Bretelle-Establet), Springer Science Business Media, France 2010, s. 259.
  • Rahmstorf, Lorenz. “In Search Of The Earliest Balance Weight, Scale And Weighing Systems from the East Mediternean, The Near And Middle East”, Weights İn Context Bronze Age Weighing Systems Of Eastern Mediterranean Chronology, Typology, Material And Archaeological Contexts, Edited By: Maria Emanuela Alberti, Enrico Ascalone, Luca Peyronel, Roma 2006, s. 19-21.
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Şerife Koçyiğit 0000-0003-3301-8349

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date June 27, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 12

Cite

Chicago Koçyiğit, Şerife. “Sümerlerde Kullanılan Ağırlık Ölçüm Aletleri Ve Ağırlık Ölçüm Sistemi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. KARE, no. 12 (December 2021): 175-95. https://doi.org/10.38060/kare.958199.

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