Türkiye Tarım Sektöründe Küresel Değer Zincirleri: WITS Verileri Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin tarım sektörünün 2000–2022 yılları arasındaki Küresel Değer Zincirleri'ndeki (GVC) konumunu WITS verileri ve "Forwardness Index" (İleri Yönlü Katılım Endeksi) kullanarak değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bulgular, Türkiye'nin entegrasyonunun büyük ölçüde geriye dönük (backward) olduğunu, yani bu süreçte buğday ve gübre gibi tarım girdilerinin ithalatına güçlü bir şekilde bağımlı olunduğunu göstermektedir. Bu girdiler yurt içinde işlenmekte ve yeniden ihraç edilmektedir. Buna karşılık, ileri yönlü katılım—yani Türk tarım değerinin diğer ülkelerin ihracatında kullanılması—sınırlı kalmakta, bu da Türkiye'nin küresel üretim ağlarının yüksek katma değerli aşamalarıyla zayıf bağlantılara sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu sınırlı katılım, parçalı arazi yapısı, düşük Ar-Ge ve inovasyon düzeyleri, yetersiz lojistik altyapı gibi yapısal engellerle ilişkilendirilmektedir. Çalışma, Türkiye'nin daha yüksek katma değerli küresel tarım üretim zincirlerine entegrasyonunu derinleştirmek amacıyla sanayi dönüşümünü hedefleyen politika önerileri sunmaktadır. Bu öneriler arasında kalite kontrol ve sertifikasyon sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi, markalaşma ve pazarlama altyapısının desteklenmesi, soğuk zincir ve ambalajlama kapasitelerinin artırılması ve kamu–özel sektör Ar-Ge işbirliklerinin güçlendirilmesi yer almaktadır.

Keywords

• Küresel Değer Zincirleri
• İleri Katma Değer Endeksi
• KDZ Entegrasyonu
• Tarım Politikaları
• Türkiye

Global Value Chains for the Turkish Agricultural Sector According to WITS Data

Abstract

This study aims to assess the position of Türkiye’s agricultural sector within Global Value Chains (GVCs) from 2000 to 2022, using WITS data and the Forwardness Index. The findings reveal that Türkiye’s integration remains predominantly backward oriented, with a strong reliance on imported agricultural inputs such as wheat and fertilizers, which are processed domestically and re-exported. Conversely, forward participation—referring to the use of Turkish value-added in other countries’ exports—remains limited, indicating weak linkages to high-value segments of global production. The study attributes this to structural barriers, including fragmented land holdings, low levels of innovation and R&D, and insufficient logistics infrastructure. The study recommends a set of industrial upgrading policies, including improvements in quality control and certification, support for branding and marketing, enhanced cold chain and packaging systems, and stronger public–private R&D collaboration. These measures are essential for boosting Türkiye’s forward positioning and achieving deeper integration into higher value-added stages of global agri-food chains.

Keywords

• Global Value Chains
• Türkiye
• Forwardness Index
• Value-Added Trade
• GVC Integration
• Agricultural Policy

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