Urbanization models suitable for thermal-bioclimatic comfort levels

Abstract

Scientific and technological developments triggered by industrialization started an intense urbanization process, which brought along an increase in population rate and urban structuring. Structural surface materials with low albedo (reflectance) value such as concrete and asphalt, which are used as building materials in urban areas, have trapped the heat inside, causing an increase in the air temperature in the city. The fact that a city is warmer than the surrounding rural areas is described as an urban heat island phenomenon. This phenomenon negatively affects the people living in the city physically and mentally. It is defined as Bioclimatic Comfort when people are not warned against the atmospheric conditions of the city they are in and feel comfortable. According to the PET index chart created by Matzarakis and Höppe, it has been revealed that people feel better between 18.1 - 23.0 ̊C temperature values. The increase or decrease in these values causes people living in the city to feel more stressed mentally and to feel a decrease in their desire to work, while physical health problems such as eye burns and nosebleeds occur. In this study, the bioclimatic comfort conditions of Kahramanmaraş, where the Mediterranean climate is intensely felt, are discussed. Meteorological measurement data of the study area between 1970 and 2021 were obtained from meteorological stations in the region. In line with these data, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed maps were created and then correlated with PET index values.

Keywords

• Bioclimatic comfort
• Urbanizations
• Models
• Thermal comfort
• GIS

References

1. Sancar, M. C., & Güngör, Ş. (2020). A review of bioclimatic comfort areas determined by the new summer index in terms of tourism in Antalya. Acta Biologica Turcica, 33(1), 53-63.
2. Alkan, A., Adigüzel, F., & Kaya, E. (2017). Batman Kentinde Kentsel Isınmanın Azaltılmasında Yeşil Alanların Önemi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Coğrafya Dergisi, 63-76.
3. Adigüzel, F., Bozdogan Sert, E, & Çetin, M. (2022). Kentsel alanda kullanılan zemin malzemelerinden kaynaklanan yüzey sıcaklığı artışının önlenmesinde ağaçların etkisinin belirlenmesi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(1), 18-26.
4. Zeren Cetin, I., Ozel, H. B., & Varol, T. (2020). Integrating of settlement area in urban and forest area of Bartin with climatic condition decision for managements. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 13(8), 1013-1022.
5. Zeren Cetin, I., & Sevik, H. (2020). Investigation of the relationship between bioclimatic comfort and land use by using GIS and RS techniques in Trabzon. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 192(2), 1-14.
6. Zeren Çetin, İ. (2019). Trabzon ilinin biyoklimatik konfor açisindan değerlendirilmesi (Doctoral dissertation, Kastamonu Üniversitesi).
7. Zeren Çetin, İ. (2019). Trabzon ekoturizm potansiyelinin GIS kullanımı ile biyoklimatik konfor açısından değerlendirilmesi (Doctoral dissertation, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Ensitüsü).
8. Cetin, M., Zeren, I., Sevik, H., Cakir, C., & Akpinar, H. (2018). A study on the determination of the natural park’s sustainable tourism potential. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 190(3), 1-8.

9. Zeren, İ., Cesur, A., Keskin, R., & Akarsu, H. (2018). Bazı peyzaj bitkilerinde klorofil miktarının değişimi: Samsun örneği. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 4(1), 1-10.
10. Yilmaz, D., & Işınkaralar, Ö. (2021). Climate action plans under climate-resilient urban policies. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 7(2), 140-147.
11. Cetin, M., Sevik, H., Zeren, I., & Canturk, U. (2017). Chapter 8_ Potential of Ecotourism: A Case Study of Doganyurt. OMICS, e-Books International, The Effects of Environmental Policies on Sustainability: Theory and Methods. Eds: Nurcan Kilinc-Ata, 56-61.
12. Yilmaz, D., & Işınkaralar, Ö. (2021). How can natural environment scoring tool (Nest) be adapted for urban parks? Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 7(2), 127-139.
13. Cetin, M., Sevik, H., Zeren, I., & Akarsu, H. (2017). Chapter 6_ Assessment of The Sustainable Tourism Potential of A Natural Park For Landscape Planning: A Case Study Of The Yesilyuva Nature Park. OMICS, E-Books International, The Effects of Environmental Policies On Sustainability: Theory and Methods. Eds: Nurcan Kilinc-Ata, 44-50.
14. Zeren, I., Cesur, A., Saleh, E. A. A., & Mossi, M. M. M. (2017). Variation of chlorophyll amount in some landscape plants: A case study of Rize. Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences, 7(3), 807-817.
15. Işınkaralar, K. (2022). Kütahya kent merkezinde hava kalitesinin zamansal ve mekansal değişimi. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 10(1), 152-160.
16. Zeren, I., Canturk, U., & Yasar, M. O. (2017). Change of chlorophyll quantity in some landscaping plants. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry, 19(2), 2.
17. Cetin, M., Sevik, H., Zeren, I., & Canturk, U. (2017). Potential of Ecotourism: A Case Study of Doganyurt. The Effects of Environmental Policies on Sustainability: Theory and Methods, 48.
18. Cetin, M., Sevik, H., Zeren, I., & Akarsu, H. (2017). Assessment of the Sustainable Tourism Potential of a Natural Park for Landscape Planning: A Case Study of the Yesilyuva Nature Park. The Effects of Environmental Policies on Sustainability: Theory and Methods, 36.
19. Cetin, M., Sevik, H., & Zeren, I. (2017). Coastal biocomfort mapping for Doganyurt planning: a case study of the Yesilyuva Nature Park. The effects of environmental policies on sustainability: theory and methods, 43.
20. Işınkaralar, Ö., & Varol, C. (2021). Kent Merkezlerinde Ticaret Birimlerin Mekansal Örüntüsü Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: Kastamonu Örneği. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 6(2), 396-403.
21. Zeren, İ., Cesur, A., Keskin, R., & Akarsu, H. (2018). Bazı peyzaj bitkilerinde klorofil miktarının değişimi: Samsun örneği. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 4(1), 1-10.
22. Zeren, İ., Akarsu, H., Şevik, H., & Çetin, M. (2016). Assessment of The Area Of Biocomfort For Kastamonu Forest. In International Forestry Symposium (IFS 2016) Proceedings (pp. 07-10) 2016, December.
23. Çetin, M., & Zeren, I. (2016). Evaluation of the value of biocomfort for Kastamonu-Inebolu. In International conference GREDIT (pp. 4-35).
24. Zeren, İ., Şevik, H., & Çetin, M. (2016). Determinants of rural tourism: a case study of Kastamonu, Turkey. In VII International Scientific Agriculture Symposium," Agrosym 2016", 6-9 October 2016, Jahorina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Proceedings (pp. 2603-2609). University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture.
25. Çetin, M., & Zeren, I. (2016). Bioclimatic mapping of rural areas in Bozkurt, Turkey, for recreation. In VII International Scientific Agriculture Symposium," Agrosym 2016", 6-9 October 2016, Jahorina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Proceedings (pp. 2924-2931). University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture.
26. Zeren, I., Cetin, M., & Sevik, H. (2016). The investigating of the use of plastic materials for recycling in landscape planning area in Kastamonu.
27. Boz Demir, A. Ö., & Cengiz, C. (2021). Ilıman-Nemli İklim Bölgelerinde Kentsel Alanlarda Biyoklimatik Konfor. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi (32), 1134-1139.
28. Çağlak, S., Kırkık Aydemir, K. P., & Kazancı, G. (2021). Kentleşmenin Biyoklimatik Konfor Şartları Üzerine Etkileri; Bolu Örneği. Şehir Sağlığı Dergisi, 47-55.
29. Çalı, K. (2018). Kentsel Planlama Çalışmalarında Biyokonfor: Manisa Örneği. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
30. Çetin, M., Topay, M., Kaya, L. G., & Yilmaz, B. (2010). Biyoiklimsel Konforun Peyzaj Planlama Sürecindeki Etkinliği: Kütahya Örneği. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 83-95.
31. Kestane, Ö., & Ülgen, K. (2013). İzmir İli İçin Biyoklimatik Konfor Bölgelerinin Belirlenmesi. S D U Teknik Bilimler Dergisi, 18-25.
32. Kısa Ovalı, P. (2019). Biyoklimatik Tasarım Matrisi (Türkiye). Trakya Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 51-66.
33. Isinkaralar, K. (2022). Temporal Variability of Trace Metal Evidence in Cupressus arizonica, Platanus orientalis, and Robinia pseudoacacia as Pollution-Resistant Species at an Industrial Site. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 250.
34. Varol, T., Cetin, M., Ozel, H. B., Sevik, H., & Zeren Cetin, I. (2022). The effects of climate change scenarios on Carpinus betulus and Carpinus orientalis in Europe. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 233(2), 1-13.
35. Cetin, M. (2015). Using GIS analysis to assess urban green space in terms of accessibility: case study in Kutahya. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 22(5), 420-424.
36. Cetin, M. (2015). Determining the bioclimatic comfort in Kastamonu City. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 187(10), 1-10.
37. Cetin, M., Adiguzel, F., Kaya, O., & Sahap, A. (2018). Mapping of bioclimatic comfort for potential planning using GIS in Aydin. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 20(1), 361-375.
38. Cetin, M. (2016). Sustainability of urban coastal area management: A case study on Cide. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 35(7), 527-541.
39. Cetin, M. (2015). Evaluation of the sustainable tourism potential of a protected area for landscape planning: a case study of the ancient city of Pompeipolis in Kastamonu. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 22(6), 490-495.
40. Cetin, M. (2016). Determination of bioclimatic comfort areas in landscape planning: A case study of Cide Coastline. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 4(9), 800-804.
41. Cetin, M., Zeren, I., Sevik, H., Cakir, C., & Akpinar, H. (2018). A study on the determination of the natural park’s sustainable tourism potential. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 190(3), 1-8.
42. Cetin, M., & Sevik, H. (2016). Evaluating the recreation potential of Ilgaz mountain national park in Turkey. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 188(1), 1-10.
43. Cetin, M. (2016). A Change in the Amount of CO2 at the Center of the Examination Halls: Case Study of Turkey. Studies on Ethno-Medicine, 10(2), 146-155.
44. Cetin, M. (2015). Consideration of permeable pavement in landscape architecture. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology, 16(1), 385-392.
45. Cetin, M. (2019). The effect of urban planning on urban formations determining bioclimatic comfort area’s effect using satellitia imagines on air quality: a case study of Bursa city. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(10), 1237-1249.
46. Cetin, M., & Sevik, H. (2016). Change of air quality in Kastamonu city in terms of particulate matter and CO2 amount. Oxidation Communications, 39(4), 3394-3401.
47. Nowak, D. J., Walton, J. T., Dwyer, J. F., Kaya, L. G., & Myeong, S. (2005). The increasing influence of urban environments on US forest management. Journal of Forestry, 103(8), 377-382.
48. Cetin, M., Topay, M., Kaya, L. G., & Yılmaz, B. (2010). Efficiency of bioclimatic comfort in landscape planning process: case of Kutahya. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi Seri A, (1), 83-95.
49. Isinkaralar, K. (2022). The large-scale period of atmospheric trace metal deposition to urban landscape trees as a biomonitor. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 1-10.
50. Cetin, M., & Sevik, H. (2016). Assessing potential areas of ecotourism through a case study in Ilgaz Mountain National Park. Tourism-from empirical research towards practical application, 81-110.
51. Cetin, M., Sevik, H., Canturk, U., & Cakir, C. (2018). Evaluation of the recreational potential of Kutahya Urban Forest. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(5), 2629-2634.
52. Cetin, M. (2013). Landscape engineering, protecting soil, and runoff storm water. In Advances in landscape architecture. IntechOpen.
53. Kaya, L. G., Cetin, M., & Doygun, H. (2009). A holistic approach in analyzing the landscape potential: Porsuk Dam Lake and its environs, Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 18(8), 1525-1533.
54. Kilicoglu, C., Cetin, M., Aricak, B., & Sevik, H. (2021). Integrating multicriteria decision-making analysis for a GIS-based settlement area in the district of Atakum, Samsun, Turkey. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 143(1), 379-388.
55. Kilicoglu, C., Cetin, M., Aricak, B., & Sevik, H. (2020). Site selection by using the multi-criteria technique—a case study of Bafra, Turkey. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 192(9), 1-12.
56. Işınkaralar, K. (2022). Evaluation of environmental barium concentration biomonitoring in tree rings. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 10(4), 754-759.
57. Cetin, M (2017). Bazı İç Mekan Süs Bitkilerinde Klorofil Miktarının Değişimi. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences 3(1): 11-19, 2017.
58. Cetin, M. (2015). Using recycling materials for sustainable landscape planning. Environment and ecology at the beginning of 21st century, 783-788.
59. Cetin, M. (2015). Using recycling materials for sustainable landscape planning, environment and ecology at the beginning of 21st century. ST: Kliment Ohridski University Press, Sofia.
60. Adiguzel, F., Cetin, M., Kaya, E., Simsek, M., Gungor, S., & Bozdogan Sert, E. (2020). Defining suitable areas for bioclimatic comfort for landscape planning and landscape management in Hatay, Turkey. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 139(3), 1493-1503.
61. Cetin, M. (2020). Climate comfort depending on different altitudes and land use in the urban areas in Kahramanmaras City. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 13(8), 991-999.
62. Latif, G. R. K. (2009). Assessing forests and lands with carbon storage and sequestration amount by trees in the State of Delaware, USA. Scientific Research and Essays, 4(10), 1100-1108.
63. Isinkaralar, K., Koc, I., Erdem, R., & Sevik, H. (2022). Atmospheric Cd, Cr, and Zn deposition in several landscape plants in Mersin, Türkiye. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 233(4), 1-10.
64. Ertugrul, M., Ozel, H. B., Varol, T., Cetin, M., & Sevik, H. (2019). Investigation of the relationship between burned areas and climate factors in large forest fires in the Çanakkale region. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 191(12), 1-12.
65. Varol, T., Canturk, U., Cetin, M., Ozel, H. B., & Sevik, H. (2021). Impacts of climate change scenarios on European ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in Turkey. Forest Ecology and Management, 491, 119199.
66. Sevik, H., Cetin, M., Ozel, H. B., Erbek, A., & Zeren Cetin, I. (2021). The effect of climate on leaf micromorphological characteristics in some broad-leaved species. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(4), 6395-6407.
67. Ertugrul, M., Varol, T., Ozel, H. B., Cetin, M., & Sevik, H. (2021). Influence of climatic factor of changes in forest fire danger and fire season length in Turkey. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 193(1), 1-17.
68. Cesur, A., Zeren Cetin, I., Abo Aisha, A. E. S., Alrabiti, O. B. M., Aljama, A. M. O., Jawed, A. A., ... & Ozel, H. B. (2021). The usability of Cupressus arizonica annual rings in monitoring the changes in heavy metal concentration in air. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(27), 35642-35648.
69. Cetin, M. (2020). The changing of important factors in the landscape planning occur due to global climate change in temperature, Rain and climate types: A case study of Mersin City. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 8(12), 2695-2701.
70. Yücedağ, C., & Kaya, L. G. (2016). Hava kirleticilerin bitkilere etkileri. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(1), 67-74.
71. Guzel, Z. T., & Bozdogan Sert, E. (2020). Analysing the land use alteration’s impact in the district of Belen (Hatay) on the natural and built environment by using Corine data. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 6(2), 73-83.
72. Cetin, M., & Zeren, I. (2016). Evaluation of the value of biocomfort for Kastamonu-Inebolu. In International conference GREDIT (pp. 4-35).
73. Çetin, M., Topay, M., Kaya LG., & Yilmaz, B. (2010). Biyoiklimsel konforun peyzaj planlama sürecindeki etkinliği: Kütahya örneği. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 11(1), 83-95.
74. Isinkaralar, K. (2022). Atmospheric deposition of Pb and Cd in the Cedrus atlantica for environmental biomonitoring. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 1-10.
75. Bozdogan Sert, E. (2020). An Evaluation in Terms of Native Woody Taxa with Threatened Status and Conservation Strategies in the Flora of Hatay Province. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 6(2), 51-61.
76. Cetin, M., & Çobanoğlu, O. (2019). The possibilities of using blue spruce (Picea Pungens Engelm) as a biomonitor by measuring the recent accumulation of Mn in its leaves. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 5(1), 43-50.
77. Sevik, H., & Cetin, M. (2016). Evaluation of topiary applications and problems: A case study of Kastamonu. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Thought, 5(05), 45-50.
78. Cetin, M., Sevik, H., & Zeren, I. (2017). Chapter 7_ Coastal biocomfort mapping for Doganyurt. OMICS, E-Books International, The Effects of Environmental Policies On Sustainability: Theory and Methods. Eds: Nurcan Kilinc-Ata, 51, 55.
79. Işınkaralar, K. (2022). Changes in Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in some plants depending on traffic density. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Advances in Pure and Applied Sciences, (14), 63-70.
80. Cetin, M., Yildirim, E., Canturk, U., & Sevik, H. (2018). Investigation of bioclimatic comfort area of Elazig city centre. Recent researches in science and landscape management, 324, 333.
81. Cetin, M., Yildirim, E., Canturk, U., & Sevik, H. (2018). Chapter 25: Investigation of bioclimatic comfort area of Elazig city centre. book title: Recent researches in science and landscape management, Air Qual Atmos Health Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN (10), 1-5275.
82. Cetin, M. (2016). Peyzaj Planlamada Biyoklimatik Konfor Alanların Belirlenmesi: Cide Kıyı Şeridi Örneği. Türk Tarım-Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji dergisi, 4(9), 800-804.
83. Adiguzel, F., Bozdogan Sert, E., Dinc, Y., Cetin, M., Gungor, S., Yuka, P., ... & Vural, E. (2022). Determining the relationships between climatic elements and thermal comfort and tourism activities using the tourism climate index for urban planning: a case study of Izmir Province. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 147(3), 1105-1120.
84. Cetin, M., Mossi, M. M. M., & Akbudak, K. Y. (2017). Chapter 35: visual examination of natural and cultural landscape values in Kastamonu City center for sustainable spatial development. Ecology planning and design, 465-477.
85. Cetin, M. (2018). The finding of suitable biocomfort area mapping for Karabük City Center. In International Agricultural, Biological & Life Science Conference (pp. 295-299). 2018, September, Turkey: Edirne.
86. Cetin, M., Sevik, H., Aricak, B., & Celik, D. A. (2018). Kuşadası’nda Biyokonfor; Kentsel Peyzaj Plan Kararları İçin Bir Araştırma. In book title: Kuşadası Peyzaj Değerleri, ISBN: 978-605-01-1236-8, TMMOB Peyzaj Mimarlari Odasi, 2018, Eds. Tanay Birisci, Ayse Kalayci Onac, pages 49-58.
87. Cetin, M., Cakir, C., Canturk, U., & Sevik, H. (2018). Chapter 23: taking the decisions of the area with the geodesign of Karabuk city centre. In book title: Recent Researches in Science and Landscape Management.
88. Işınkaralar, K., & Erdem, R. (2022). The effect of atmospheric deposition on potassium accumulation in several tree species as a biomonitor. Environmental Research and Technology, 5(1), 94-100.
89. Kaya, L. G. (2010). Application of collaborative approaches to the integrative environmental planning of Mediterranean coastal zone: case of Turkey. Journal of Faculty of Bartin Forestry, 12(18), 21-32.
90. Cetin, M. (2008). A research on the determination of natural and cultural landscape values of Porsuk Dam Lake and its environs [dissertation]. Zonguldak: Zonguldak Karaelmas University. Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Landscape Architecture. Turkish.
91. Şevik, H., Ahmaidasaleh, E. A., & Çetin, M. (2017). Change of the air quality in the urban open and green spaces: kastamonu sample. Ecology, Planning, 317.
92. Cetin, M. (2013). Chapter 27: Landscape engineering, protecting soil, and runoff storm water. Eds: Murat Ozyavuz. Book: Advances in Landscape Architecture-Environmental Sciences, InTech-Open Science-Open Minds (pp. 697-722). ISBN 978-953-51-1167-2.
93. Cetin, M., & Jawed, A. A. (2022). Variation of Ba concentrations in some plants grown in Pakistan depending on traffic density. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 1-7.
94. Cetin, M., & Jawed, A. A. (2021). The chancing of Mg concentrations in some plants grown in Pakistan depends on plant spcies and the growing environment. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 7(2), 167-174.
95. Sandal, E. K., Adigüzel, F., & Karademir, N. (2020). Changes in land use between the years of 1990-2018 in Mersin province based on CORINE (Coordination of Information on The Environment) System. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 6(1), 8-18.
96. Orhan, İ. H., & Kaya, L. G. (2016). LEED belgeli yeşil binalar ve iç mekan kalitesinin incelenmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(Özel (Special) 1), 18-28.
97. Vural, E. (2020). Investigation of Experienced Air Pollution on Selected Pollutants Scale in Kırıkkale City (2018-2019). Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 6(1), 41-50.
98. Bozdogan Sert, E. (2020). An Evaluation in Terms of Native Woody Taxa with Threatened Status and Conservation Strategies in the Flora of Hatay Province. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 6(2), 51-61.
99. Doğan, M., Vural, E., & Avci T. (2020). Determination of Comfort Areas According to the Wind Chill Index of the Central Anatolia Region. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 6(2), 84-94.
100. Adigüzel, F., & Doğan, M. (2020). Analysis of Sufficiency and Accessibility of Active Green Areas in Cukurova. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 6(2), 95-106.
101. Vural, E. Air Quality Change Related to Particulate Matter in Some Selected Green Areas in Sanliurfa. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 7(1), 19-26.
102. Yücedağ, C., Kaya, L. G., Aşikkutlu, H. S., & Sağir, E. (2019). Sustaining urban forestry activities: the case study of Çivril District, Denizli-Turkey. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(Ek (Suppl.) 1), 216-223.
103. Adigüzel, F., & Doğan, M. Determining Bioclimatic Comfort Areas in Summer with The Heat Index Method. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 7(1), 54-64.
104. Kaya, L. G. (2007). Coastal Wetlands Protection Act: Case of Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) River. Bartin Orman Fakultesi Dergisi.