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SANAL POTEMKİN KÖYLERİ TAHAYYÜLÜ: POPÜLİST SAĞIN SOSYAL MEDYA GÖRSELLERİ ÜZERİNDEN TÜRKİYE-AB İLİŞKİLERİNİ OKUMAK

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 28, 956 - 976, 29.12.2023

Fatmanur Kaçar Aşcı

https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2023.038

Abstract

Görselin öneminin arttığı, sosyal medyanın siyasi aktörler tarafından ustalıkla kullanıldığı günümüzde, siyasetin görselleştirilmesi dönüştürücü güçler olarak değerlendirilebilir; çünkü bu süreçler uluslararası ilişkilerin belirli yönlerini görünür kılarak çeşitli düzeylerdeki ilişkilerin durumunu anlama biçimini derinden etkilemektedir. Dijitaldeki anlatılar ve işaret ettikleri tahayyüller, sağ-popülist örneklerdeki gibi manipüle edildiğinde, daha hızlı yayılmakta ve etki yaratmaktadır. Kendine özgü bir söylem benimseyen, sosyal medya aracılığıyla görsel güvencesizlikler inşa eden sağ-popülist söylemin dokusunun spesifik kalıplara ve temsil tarzlarına uyduğu gözlemlenebilir. Farklı çehre ve veçheler de tartışmalı olan Türkiye-AB ilişkileri Avrupa genelindeki bu sağ-popülist tarzdan nasibini almış, çalışmada derinlemesine incelenmiştir. Metodolojik açıdan, çokmodlu söylem analizini kullanan bu makale, Almanya için Alternatif partisinin afişlerinde görselleştirilen Türkiye-AB ilişkilerini ve Avrupa Parlamentosu tarafından yayınlanan Türkiye-AB ilişkilerine dair görselleri birincil data olarak incelemektedir. Çalışmanın temel argümanı sağ-popülist üslubun Türkiye-AB ilişkilerini pejoratif bir şekilde dönüştürdüğü ve bu üslubun ulusal ve uluslararası düzeydeki alanlar arasında birbiriyle örtüşmek/yakınlaşmak ya da farklılaşıp/uzaklaşmak suretiyle farklı düzeylerde araçsallaştığıdır.

Keywords

Görsel data Türkiye- AB ilişkileri sağ-popülizm

References

  • Akçay, B. ve Akgül Açıkmeşe, S. (2017). Yarım asrın ardından Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği ilişkileri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Alpan, B. (2016). From AKP’s ‘conservative democracy’ to ‘advanced democracy’: Shifts and challenges in the debate on ‘Europe’. South European Society and Politics, 21(1), 15–28.
  • Aydın-Düzgit, S. (2018). Foreign policy and identity change: Analysing perceptions of Europe among the Turkish public. Politics, 38(1), 19–34.
  • Aydın-Düzgit, S. & Rumelili, B. (2018). Discourse analysis: strenghts and shortcomings. All Azimuth, 0(0), 1-21.
  • Balcı, A., & Cicioğlu, F. (2019). Turkey in the discourse of European far right: the uses and abuses of Turkey’s membership process for a counter-hegemony. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, doi: 10.1080/14782804.2019.1677574.
  • Bhatia, V., Flowerdew, J., & Jones, R. H. (2008). Advances in discourse studies. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Bleiker, R. (2001). The aesthetic turn in international political theory. Millennium, 30(3), 509-533.
  • Brandmayr, M. (2020). Social media and the concept of interpellation. M. Kranert (Ed.), Discursive approaches to populism across disciplines: the return of the populists and the people içinde (ss. 145-170). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Davies, N. (2010). Europe: A history. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Erdoğan, S. (2022). Discourses on Turkey in the European Parliament: the implications for perception on Turkish identity. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • European Parliament, (2019). Avrupa seçim sonuçları. 15 Eylül 2023 tarihinde https://www.europarl.europa.eu/election-results-2019/en/nationalresults /germany/2019-2024/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Eylemer, S., & Tas, İ. (2007). Pro-EU and Eurosceptic circles in Turkey. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 23(4), 561–577.
  • Fairclough, N. ve Wodak, R. (1997). Critical discourse analysis. T. van Dijk (Ed.), Discourse as Social Interaction içinde. London: Sage.
  • Fisher, Max; Taub, Amanda. (11 Ağustos 2019). “How YouTube Radicalized Brazil”. The New York Times. 20 Haziran 2020 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Güzel, S. Ç. (2015). 2002 sonrası dönemde Türkiye Avrupa Birliği ilişkileri. Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 4(7), 69-85.
  • Holtz-Bacha, C., & Johansson, B. (Ed). (2017). Election posters around the globe: political campaigning in the public space. Cham: Springer.
  • Jegić, D. (2018). Germany’s far right AfD exploits passivity and resentment to enter the mainstream, Mint Press News, 03 Ekim 2022 tarihinde https://www. mintpressnews.com/germanys-far-right-afd-exploits-passivity-and- resentment-to-enter-the-mainstream/250230/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Jorgensen, M. & Philips, L. J. (2002). Discourse analysis as theory and method. London: Sage.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2021). Halk yönetimi: Demokrasi ve popülizm çatışmasında dünya. Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
  • Kampka, A. (2012). The role of visuals in political argumentation. R. Bakó (Ed.), Argumentor: the Second International Conference on Argumentation and Rhetoric içinde (ss. 97–121). Macaristan: Debrecen University Press.
  • Koller, V. (2009). Analysing collective identity in discourse: social actors and contexts. Semen, 13 Aralık 2022 http://journals.openedition.org/semen/8877; https://doi.org/10.4000/semen.8877 adresinden erişildi.
  • Kress, G., & van Leeuwen, T. (1996). Reading images: the grammar of the visual design. London: Routledge.
  • Kress, G., & Van Leeuwen, T. (2001). Multimodal discourse. The modes and media of contemporary communication. London: Arnold Publishers.
  • Lindgaard, J., Uygur Wessel, A., & Stokholm Banke, C. F. (2018). Turkey in European identity politics: Key drivers and future scenarios. FEUTURE, Çevrimiçi Makale No. 19.
  • Lippmann, W. (1922, 1997). Public opinion. New York: Simon ve Schuster.
  • Machin, D. (2013). What is multimodal critical discourse studies?. Critical Discourse Studies, 10(4), 347-355.
  • Machin, D. (2016). The need for a social and affordance-driven multimodal critical discourse studies. Discourse Society, 27(3), 322-334.
  • MacMillan, C. (2016). Discourse, identity and the question of Turkish accession to the EU: through the looking glass. London: Routledge.
  • MacMillan, C. (2020). A profoundly discriminatory entity? A discourse mythological analysis of the AKP’s discourse on the EU. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 28(4), 530–543.
  • Moffitt, B. (2016). The global rise of populism: performance, political style and representation. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Neumann, I. B. (1998). European identity, EU expansion, and the integration/exclusion Nexus. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 23(3), ss. 397-416.
  • Özgökbel Bilis, P. (2019). Alman sinemasında Türk temsilleri. İstanbul: Kriter Yayınevi.
  • PVV. (2009). “Verkiezingsprogramma Europees Parlement 2009, Standpunten.”23 Aralık 2023 tarihinde https://dnpprepo.ub.rug.nl/130/1/PVVVerkProgrEurParl2009.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Sokullu, E. C. (2018). Popülizmle dönüşen Avrupa ve Türkiye-AB ilişkilerinin geleceği. İstanbul: Bilgesam.
  • Shear, M. D., Haberman, M., Confessore, N., Yourish, K., Buchanan, L., & Collins, K. How Trump reshaped the presidency in over 11,000 tweets. The New York Times 2 Kasım 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/02/us/politics/trump-twitter-presidency.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Stier, S., Posch, L., Bleier, A., & Strohmaier, M. (2017). When populists become popular: Comparing Facebook use by the right-wing movement Pegida and German political parties. Information, Communication ve Society, 20(9), 1365-1388.
  • T.C. Dış İşleri Bakanlığı, Avrupa Birliği Başkanlığı. (2023). Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği ilişkileri. 22 Aralık 2023 tarihinde https://www.ab.gov.tr/ab-ile-iliskiler_4.html adresinden erişildi.
  • van Leeuwen, T., & Jewitt, C. (2001). Introduction. T.van Leeuwen, T. ve C. Jewitt, (Ed.), Handbook of Visual Analysis içinde London: Sage.
  • van Leeuwen, T. (1996). The representation of social actors. C.R. Caldas-Coulthard ve M. Coulthard (Ed.), Text and Practices: readings in critical discourse analysis içinde (ss. 32-70). London: Routledge.
  • van Leeuwen, T. (2008). Discourse and practice: New tools for critical discourse analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ventola, E., Cassily, C., & Kaltenbacher, M. (2004). Perspectives on multimodality. Netherlands/Philadelphia: John Benjamin’s Publishing Company.
  • Vossen, K. (2011). Classifying wilders: The ideological development of Geert Wilders and his Party for Freedom. Politics, 31(3), 179–189.
  • Wilders, G. (2009). “Tien Keer Nee Tegen Turkije.” 23 Aralık 2023 tarihinde http://www.volkskrant.nl/buitenland/tien-keer-nee-tegen-turkije~a364823/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Wodak, R. (2001). The discourse–historical approach. R. Wodak ve M. Meyer (Ed.), Methods of critical discourse analysis içinde (ss. 63–95). London: Sage.
  • Wodak, R. (2007). Pragmatics and critical discourse analysis: A cross-disciplinary inquiry. Pragmatics & Cognition, 15(1), 203-225.
  • Wodak, R. (2015). The Politics of fear: What right-wing populist discourse mean. London: Sage Publications.
  • Woods, R. (2007). Germany’s new right as culture and politics. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Yılmaz, G. (2016). From Europeanization to De-Europeanization: The Europeanization process of Turkey in 1999–2014. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 24(1), 86–100.
  • Zakaria, F. (2016). Populism on the March: Why the West is in trouble. Foreign Affairs, 9, 9-15.

IMAGINING VIRTUAL POTEMKIN VILLAGES: READING TURKEY-EU RELATIONS THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA VISUALS OF THE POPULIST RIGHT

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 28, 956 - 976, 29.12.2023

Fatmanur Kaçar Aşcı

https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2023.038

Abstract

In today's world, where the importance of the visual is increasing and social media is being skillfully used by populists, the visualization of politics can be considered as transformative forces, as these processes make certain aspects of international relations visible and profoundly affect the way of understanding the state of affairs. When digital narratives and the imaginaries they signal are manipulated, as in the case of right-populist examples, they spread faster and have more impact. It is observed that the texture of right-populist discourse conforms to specific patterns and modes of representation. Methodologically, using multimodal discourse analysis, this article examines Turkey-EU relations visualized by the Alternative for Germany party and the images on Turkey-EU relations published by the European Parliament. The main argument is that the right-populist tone transforms Turkey-EU relations pejoratively and this tone is instrumentalized at different levels by coverging or diverging between national and international spheres.

Keywords

Visual data Turkey-EU relations populist-right

References

  • Akçay, B. ve Akgül Açıkmeşe, S. (2017). Yarım asrın ardından Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği ilişkileri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Alpan, B. (2016). From AKP’s ‘conservative democracy’ to ‘advanced democracy’: Shifts and challenges in the debate on ‘Europe’. South European Society and Politics, 21(1), 15–28.
  • Aydın-Düzgit, S. (2018). Foreign policy and identity change: Analysing perceptions of Europe among the Turkish public. Politics, 38(1), 19–34.
  • Aydın-Düzgit, S. & Rumelili, B. (2018). Discourse analysis: strenghts and shortcomings. All Azimuth, 0(0), 1-21.
  • Balcı, A., & Cicioğlu, F. (2019). Turkey in the discourse of European far right: the uses and abuses of Turkey’s membership process for a counter-hegemony. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, doi: 10.1080/14782804.2019.1677574.
  • Bhatia, V., Flowerdew, J., & Jones, R. H. (2008). Advances in discourse studies. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Bleiker, R. (2001). The aesthetic turn in international political theory. Millennium, 30(3), 509-533.
  • Brandmayr, M. (2020). Social media and the concept of interpellation. M. Kranert (Ed.), Discursive approaches to populism across disciplines: the return of the populists and the people içinde (ss. 145-170). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Davies, N. (2010). Europe: A history. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Erdoğan, S. (2022). Discourses on Turkey in the European Parliament: the implications for perception on Turkish identity. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • European Parliament, (2019). Avrupa seçim sonuçları. 15 Eylül 2023 tarihinde https://www.europarl.europa.eu/election-results-2019/en/nationalresults /germany/2019-2024/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Eylemer, S., & Tas, İ. (2007). Pro-EU and Eurosceptic circles in Turkey. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 23(4), 561–577.
  • Fairclough, N. ve Wodak, R. (1997). Critical discourse analysis. T. van Dijk (Ed.), Discourse as Social Interaction içinde. London: Sage.
  • Fisher, Max; Taub, Amanda. (11 Ağustos 2019). “How YouTube Radicalized Brazil”. The New York Times. 20 Haziran 2020 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Güzel, S. Ç. (2015). 2002 sonrası dönemde Türkiye Avrupa Birliği ilişkileri. Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 4(7), 69-85.
  • Holtz-Bacha, C., & Johansson, B. (Ed). (2017). Election posters around the globe: political campaigning in the public space. Cham: Springer.
  • Jegić, D. (2018). Germany’s far right AfD exploits passivity and resentment to enter the mainstream, Mint Press News, 03 Ekim 2022 tarihinde https://www. mintpressnews.com/germanys-far-right-afd-exploits-passivity-and- resentment-to-enter-the-mainstream/250230/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Jorgensen, M. & Philips, L. J. (2002). Discourse analysis as theory and method. London: Sage.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2021). Halk yönetimi: Demokrasi ve popülizm çatışmasında dünya. Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
  • Kampka, A. (2012). The role of visuals in political argumentation. R. Bakó (Ed.), Argumentor: the Second International Conference on Argumentation and Rhetoric içinde (ss. 97–121). Macaristan: Debrecen University Press.
  • Koller, V. (2009). Analysing collective identity in discourse: social actors and contexts. Semen, 13 Aralık 2022 http://journals.openedition.org/semen/8877; https://doi.org/10.4000/semen.8877 adresinden erişildi.
  • Kress, G., & van Leeuwen, T. (1996). Reading images: the grammar of the visual design. London: Routledge.
  • Kress, G., & Van Leeuwen, T. (2001). Multimodal discourse. The modes and media of contemporary communication. London: Arnold Publishers.
  • Lindgaard, J., Uygur Wessel, A., & Stokholm Banke, C. F. (2018). Turkey in European identity politics: Key drivers and future scenarios. FEUTURE, Çevrimiçi Makale No. 19.
  • Lippmann, W. (1922, 1997). Public opinion. New York: Simon ve Schuster.
  • Machin, D. (2013). What is multimodal critical discourse studies?. Critical Discourse Studies, 10(4), 347-355.
  • Machin, D. (2016). The need for a social and affordance-driven multimodal critical discourse studies. Discourse Society, 27(3), 322-334.
  • MacMillan, C. (2016). Discourse, identity and the question of Turkish accession to the EU: through the looking glass. London: Routledge.
  • MacMillan, C. (2020). A profoundly discriminatory entity? A discourse mythological analysis of the AKP’s discourse on the EU. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 28(4), 530–543.
  • Moffitt, B. (2016). The global rise of populism: performance, political style and representation. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Neumann, I. B. (1998). European identity, EU expansion, and the integration/exclusion Nexus. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 23(3), ss. 397-416.
  • Özgökbel Bilis, P. (2019). Alman sinemasında Türk temsilleri. İstanbul: Kriter Yayınevi.
  • PVV. (2009). “Verkiezingsprogramma Europees Parlement 2009, Standpunten.”23 Aralık 2023 tarihinde https://dnpprepo.ub.rug.nl/130/1/PVVVerkProgrEurParl2009.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Sokullu, E. C. (2018). Popülizmle dönüşen Avrupa ve Türkiye-AB ilişkilerinin geleceği. İstanbul: Bilgesam.
  • Shear, M. D., Haberman, M., Confessore, N., Yourish, K., Buchanan, L., & Collins, K. How Trump reshaped the presidency in over 11,000 tweets. The New York Times 2 Kasım 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/02/us/politics/trump-twitter-presidency.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Stier, S., Posch, L., Bleier, A., & Strohmaier, M. (2017). When populists become popular: Comparing Facebook use by the right-wing movement Pegida and German political parties. Information, Communication ve Society, 20(9), 1365-1388.
  • T.C. Dış İşleri Bakanlığı, Avrupa Birliği Başkanlığı. (2023). Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği ilişkileri. 22 Aralık 2023 tarihinde https://www.ab.gov.tr/ab-ile-iliskiler_4.html adresinden erişildi.
  • van Leeuwen, T., & Jewitt, C. (2001). Introduction. T.van Leeuwen, T. ve C. Jewitt, (Ed.), Handbook of Visual Analysis içinde London: Sage.
  • van Leeuwen, T. (1996). The representation of social actors. C.R. Caldas-Coulthard ve M. Coulthard (Ed.), Text and Practices: readings in critical discourse analysis içinde (ss. 32-70). London: Routledge.
  • van Leeuwen, T. (2008). Discourse and practice: New tools for critical discourse analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ventola, E., Cassily, C., & Kaltenbacher, M. (2004). Perspectives on multimodality. Netherlands/Philadelphia: John Benjamin’s Publishing Company.
  • Vossen, K. (2011). Classifying wilders: The ideological development of Geert Wilders and his Party for Freedom. Politics, 31(3), 179–189.
  • Wilders, G. (2009). “Tien Keer Nee Tegen Turkije.” 23 Aralık 2023 tarihinde http://www.volkskrant.nl/buitenland/tien-keer-nee-tegen-turkije~a364823/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Wodak, R. (2001). The discourse–historical approach. R. Wodak ve M. Meyer (Ed.), Methods of critical discourse analysis içinde (ss. 63–95). London: Sage.
  • Wodak, R. (2007). Pragmatics and critical discourse analysis: A cross-disciplinary inquiry. Pragmatics & Cognition, 15(1), 203-225.
  • Wodak, R. (2015). The Politics of fear: What right-wing populist discourse mean. London: Sage Publications.
  • Woods, R. (2007). Germany’s new right as culture and politics. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Yılmaz, G. (2016). From Europeanization to De-Europeanization: The Europeanization process of Turkey in 1999–2014. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 24(1), 86–100.
  • Zakaria, F. (2016). Populism on the March: Why the West is in trouble. Foreign Affairs, 9, 9-15.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects European Union-Turkiye Relations, European Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Fatmanur Kaçar Aşcı 0000-0001-5436-8183

Publication Date December 29, 2023
Submission Date November 15, 2023
Acceptance Date December 26, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 14 Issue: 28

Cite

APA Kaçar Aşcı, F. (2023). SANAL POTEMKİN KÖYLERİ TAHAYYÜLÜ: POPÜLİST SAĞIN SOSYAL MEDYA GÖRSELLERİ ÜZERİNDEN TÜRKİYE-AB İLİŞKİLERİNİ OKUMAK. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(28), 956-976. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2023.038
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