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The Changing Definition of Human Nature From Traditional to Contemporary Approaches: A View of Human Nature in The Philosophy of Information

Year 2024, , 381 - 414, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1515142

Abstract

The issue of what human nature is an important issue for understanding the present and building the future. The place of human beings in the universe as well as their duty, their relationship with society, and their environment has been shaped by the meaning attributed to human nature. This article examines the transformation that the understanding of human nature in traditional philosophy has undergone after the information revolution from the perspective of information philosophy. Information technologies, which have integrated into every area of our lives after the information revolution, has deeply affected our scientific, economic, intellectual, and cultural activities. With the information revolution, human nature has been redefined with its characteristics that participate in design and creation activities, thanks to its interaction abilities, which are information-processing capacities, beyond biological and spiritual characteristics. The understanding of human nature has been addressed in different historical periods since the mythological period. The subject here is to evaluate the understanding of human nature from the traditional to the present. The anthropocentric understanding of humans, traditionally defined in the context of biological, physiological, and spiritual characteristics, is defined in the philosophy of information in a holistic context as an agent with information processing capacity, an informational object. As an entity that carries and processes information, humans are evaluated in the same category as information technologies such as cybernetic systems and artificial intelligence, although they have different characteristics, as informational objects. In addition, this study aims to provide a new perspective to the literature by examining the change process in the understanding of human nature.

References

  • Aristotle, (2009). The Nicomachean Ethics. (1st Ed.). Translated by David Ross, Revised by Lesley Brown. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ayres, R. U. (2023). Bentham and Utilitarianism. In The History and Future of Economics, (pp. 113–126). Springer International Publishing AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26208-1_9
  • Bayraktar, L. (2016). Bergson, Aktif düşünce Yayınları.
  • Beck, D. (2005). Odysseus: Narrator, Storyteller, Poet? Classical Philology, 100 (3), 213–227. https://doi.org/10.1086/497858
  • Bucaille, M. (1988). İnsanın Kökeni Nedir. (2.Baskı). İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Bynum, T. W. (2006). Flourishing Ethics, Ethics and Information Technology, 8, 157-173.
  • Bynum, T. W. (2010). “Ethics, ambient intelligence, and the emergence of ‘cyborgian’ societies”. In: ETHICOMP2010 The “backwards, forwards and sideways” changes of ICT (Eds.) Oliva, M., Bynum, T.W., Rogerson, S. and Coronas T.T. Keynote-Address paper distributed at the ETICA2010 Conference, April 2010, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
  • Bynum, T. W. (2014). On the Possibility of Quantum Informational Structural Realism. Minds & Machines 24, 123–139. https://doi-org.scsu.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s11023-013-9323-5
  • Bynum TW. (1986). Aristotle's Theory of Human Action, The Graduate Faculty in Philosophy, Doctoral Dissertation, New York: The City University of New York.
  • Cevizci, A. (2021). Felsefe Sözlüğü, İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Coole, D. & Frost, S. (2010). New Materialisms: Ontology, Agency, and Politics, Duke University Press.
  • Cooper J. M. (1975). Reason and Human Good in Aristotle. (1st ed.). Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Corcilius K, Gregoric P. (2013). Aristotle’s Model of Animal Motion. Phronesis, 58 (1), 52-97.
  • Cormack, M. (2006). Plato’s Stepping Stones: Degrees of Moral Virtue. Continuum.
  • Cornford, M.F. (2010). Plato’s Theory of Knowledge (RePrinted). London, Taylor and Francis Group, Routledge.
  • Descartes. (2008). Meditations on First Philosophy: With Selections From the Objections and Replies. OUP Oxford.
  • Duralı, T. (1996). Çağdaş İngiliz -Yahudi Medeniyeti. İstanbul: İz yayıncılık.
  • Eisenberg, J. M. (2018). John Stuart Mill on history : human nature, progress, and the stationary state. Lexington Books.
  • Fleischacker, S. & Fleischacker, S. (2004). On Adam Smith's Wealth of nations a philosophical companion (Course Book.). Princeton University Press.
  • Floridi L (2021). Artificial Agents and Their Moral Nature, In book: Ethics, Governance, and Policies in Artificial Intelligence. (221-249).
  • Floridi L & Savulescu J. (2006). Information ethics: Agents, artefacts and new cultural perspectives, Ethics and Information Technology, 8, 155–156.
  • Floridi L. (2007). Global information ethics: The importance of being environmentally earnest. International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction, 3, 1-11.
  • Floridi L. (2013). The Ethics of Information. 1st ed. New York, Oxford.
  • Floridi L. (2014). The 4th Revolution: How The Infosphere is Reshaping Human Reality. 1st ed. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Floridi, L. (2002). What Is the Philosophy of Information? Metaphilosophy 33 (1-2), 123-145.
  • Floridi, L. (2011). The Philosophy of Information. Oxford University Press.
  • Galison, P. (1994). The Ontology of the Enemy: Norbert Wiener and the Cybernetic Vision, Critical Inquiry. Vol. 21, No. 1 pp. 228-266. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Hamburger, J. (1999). John Stuart Mill on liberty and control (Core Textbook.), Princeton University Press. Henderson J. Loeb Classical Library, The Eudemian Ethics: Book 2: Chapter VII. http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aristotleeudemian_ethics/1935/pb_LCL285.271.xml. 11 Haziran 2021.
  • Höffe, O. (1994). Immanuel Kant. SUNY Press.
  • Irigaray, L. (2019). Introduction, Creating the Background for the Emergence of a New Human Being, Towards a New Human Being (ed: Irigaray and O’Brien and Hadjioannou). Palgrave: Macmillan.
  • Joachim, H. H. (1998). Aristotle: The Nicomachean Ethics (Reissued edition), Oxford World’s Classic. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kantar, N. (2022). Bilişim Felsefesinde Etik Arayışlar: Gelişim Etiği. Aktif Düşünce Yayıncılık.
  • Kantar, N. (2023). Bilişim Felsefesinde Epistemik Özne Yapay Zekânın Ontolojik Statüsünün Sorgulanması. Felsefe Dünyası (78), 194-218. https://doi.org/10.58634/felsefedunyasi.1384243
  • Kesgin, A. (2019). Endüstriyel Siyaset ve Ahlak. Maarif Mektepleri.
  • Locke, J. (1800). An essay concerning human understanding. https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/items/2ebf8a10-c1b5-4a6a-8718-182bd049bf72
  • Louden, R. B. (2011). Kant’s Human Being : Essays on His Theory of Human Nature. Oxford University Press.
  • Mason, A. (2010). Plato. Routledge.
  • Mill, J. S. (2009). On Liberty. The Floating Press. http://scsu.idm.oclc. org/ login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e000xna&AN=313940&site=ehost- live&scope=site.
  • Moore, C. (2015). Socrates and Self-Knowledge. Cambridge University Press.
  • Nagy, G. (2010). Homer the Preclassic. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
  • Nolan, L. (2021). Descartes’ Ontological Argument. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/descartes-ontological/
  • Platon. (2009). Diyaloglar. Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Portakal, H. (2008). Kültürel Atamız Homeros ve İlyada. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Santas. (2010). Socrates- Arguments of the Philosophers. Routledge.
  • Shiffman, M. (2011). De Anima: On the Soul. (1st ed.) Newburyport MA: Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Co.
  • Smith, A. (2007). The Wealth of Nations. Harriman House Publishing.
  • Taylor, C. C. W. & Taylor, C. C. W. (2000). Socrates: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
  • Themistius & Todd, R. B. (2014). On Aristotle Physics 1-3. Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Warren, J. (2007). Presocratics. Routledge.
  • Wiener, N. (1954). The Human use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society. (2nd ed.) Garden City New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc.
  • Wiener, N. (1948). Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Boston, MA: Technology Press.

Gelenekselden Çağdaş Yaklaşımlara İnsan Doğasının Değişen Tanımı: Bilişim Felsefesinde İnsan Doğasına Bakış

Year 2024, , 381 - 414, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1515142

Abstract

İnsan doğasının ne olduğu konusu şimdinin anlaşılması, geleceğin inşası için önemlidir. Zira tarih boyunca insanın evren içindeki yeri, görevi, toplum ve çevresi ile olan ilişkisi insan doğasına yüklenen anlamla şekillenmiştir. Bu makale geleneksel felsefedeki insan doğası anlayışının, bilişim devrimi sonrasında uğradığı dönüşümü bilişim felsefesi perspektifinden ele almakta ve sorgulamaktadır. Bilişim devrimi sonrasında hayatımızın her alanına entegre olan bilişim teknolojileri bilimsel, ekonomik, düşünsel ve kültürel faaliyetlerimizi derinden etkilemiştir. Bilişim devrimi ile birlikte insan doğası, biyolojik ve ruhsal özelliklerin ötesinde bilgi-işlem kapasitesi olan iletişim ve etkileşim yetenekleri sayesinde tasarım ve yaratma etkinliğine katılan özellikleri ile yeniden tanımlanmıştır. Mitolojik dönemden itibaren insan ve doğasının anlaşılması farklı tarihsel dönemlerde ele alınmış ve çağdaş düşüncede insanın yeni doğa anlayışının çeşitli filozoflar tarafından nasıl yorumlandığı, gelenekselden günümüze nasıl evrildiği detaylandırılmakta ve analiz edilmektedir. Gelenekselde biyolojik, fizyolojik ve ruhsal özellikler bağlamında tanımlanan antroposentrik insan anlayışı, bilişim felsefesinde bilgi işlem kapasitesine sahip bir agent olarak, holistik bağlamda bir bilişim nesnesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bilgi taşıyan ve işleyen bir varlık olarak insan, iletişim ve etkileşimde bulunan bir mekanizma ile sibernetik sistemler ve yapay zekâ gibi bilişim teknolojileri ile farklı özelliklere sahip olsa da bir bilişim nesnesi olarak aynı kategoride değerlendirilmektedir. Ayrıca bu çalışma ile insan doğası anlayışının değişim süreci konusu irdelenerek literatüre yeni bir bakış açısı kazandırma hedeflenmektedir.

References

  • Aristotle, (2009). The Nicomachean Ethics. (1st Ed.). Translated by David Ross, Revised by Lesley Brown. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ayres, R. U. (2023). Bentham and Utilitarianism. In The History and Future of Economics, (pp. 113–126). Springer International Publishing AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26208-1_9
  • Bayraktar, L. (2016). Bergson, Aktif düşünce Yayınları.
  • Beck, D. (2005). Odysseus: Narrator, Storyteller, Poet? Classical Philology, 100 (3), 213–227. https://doi.org/10.1086/497858
  • Bucaille, M. (1988). İnsanın Kökeni Nedir. (2.Baskı). İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Bynum, T. W. (2006). Flourishing Ethics, Ethics and Information Technology, 8, 157-173.
  • Bynum, T. W. (2010). “Ethics, ambient intelligence, and the emergence of ‘cyborgian’ societies”. In: ETHICOMP2010 The “backwards, forwards and sideways” changes of ICT (Eds.) Oliva, M., Bynum, T.W., Rogerson, S. and Coronas T.T. Keynote-Address paper distributed at the ETICA2010 Conference, April 2010, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
  • Bynum, T. W. (2014). On the Possibility of Quantum Informational Structural Realism. Minds & Machines 24, 123–139. https://doi-org.scsu.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s11023-013-9323-5
  • Bynum TW. (1986). Aristotle's Theory of Human Action, The Graduate Faculty in Philosophy, Doctoral Dissertation, New York: The City University of New York.
  • Cevizci, A. (2021). Felsefe Sözlüğü, İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Coole, D. & Frost, S. (2010). New Materialisms: Ontology, Agency, and Politics, Duke University Press.
  • Cooper J. M. (1975). Reason and Human Good in Aristotle. (1st ed.). Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Corcilius K, Gregoric P. (2013). Aristotle’s Model of Animal Motion. Phronesis, 58 (1), 52-97.
  • Cormack, M. (2006). Plato’s Stepping Stones: Degrees of Moral Virtue. Continuum.
  • Cornford, M.F. (2010). Plato’s Theory of Knowledge (RePrinted). London, Taylor and Francis Group, Routledge.
  • Descartes. (2008). Meditations on First Philosophy: With Selections From the Objections and Replies. OUP Oxford.
  • Duralı, T. (1996). Çağdaş İngiliz -Yahudi Medeniyeti. İstanbul: İz yayıncılık.
  • Eisenberg, J. M. (2018). John Stuart Mill on history : human nature, progress, and the stationary state. Lexington Books.
  • Fleischacker, S. & Fleischacker, S. (2004). On Adam Smith's Wealth of nations a philosophical companion (Course Book.). Princeton University Press.
  • Floridi L (2021). Artificial Agents and Their Moral Nature, In book: Ethics, Governance, and Policies in Artificial Intelligence. (221-249).
  • Floridi L & Savulescu J. (2006). Information ethics: Agents, artefacts and new cultural perspectives, Ethics and Information Technology, 8, 155–156.
  • Floridi L. (2007). Global information ethics: The importance of being environmentally earnest. International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction, 3, 1-11.
  • Floridi L. (2013). The Ethics of Information. 1st ed. New York, Oxford.
  • Floridi L. (2014). The 4th Revolution: How The Infosphere is Reshaping Human Reality. 1st ed. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Floridi, L. (2002). What Is the Philosophy of Information? Metaphilosophy 33 (1-2), 123-145.
  • Floridi, L. (2011). The Philosophy of Information. Oxford University Press.
  • Galison, P. (1994). The Ontology of the Enemy: Norbert Wiener and the Cybernetic Vision, Critical Inquiry. Vol. 21, No. 1 pp. 228-266. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Hamburger, J. (1999). John Stuart Mill on liberty and control (Core Textbook.), Princeton University Press. Henderson J. Loeb Classical Library, The Eudemian Ethics: Book 2: Chapter VII. http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aristotleeudemian_ethics/1935/pb_LCL285.271.xml. 11 Haziran 2021.
  • Höffe, O. (1994). Immanuel Kant. SUNY Press.
  • Irigaray, L. (2019). Introduction, Creating the Background for the Emergence of a New Human Being, Towards a New Human Being (ed: Irigaray and O’Brien and Hadjioannou). Palgrave: Macmillan.
  • Joachim, H. H. (1998). Aristotle: The Nicomachean Ethics (Reissued edition), Oxford World’s Classic. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kantar, N. (2022). Bilişim Felsefesinde Etik Arayışlar: Gelişim Etiği. Aktif Düşünce Yayıncılık.
  • Kantar, N. (2023). Bilişim Felsefesinde Epistemik Özne Yapay Zekânın Ontolojik Statüsünün Sorgulanması. Felsefe Dünyası (78), 194-218. https://doi.org/10.58634/felsefedunyasi.1384243
  • Kesgin, A. (2019). Endüstriyel Siyaset ve Ahlak. Maarif Mektepleri.
  • Locke, J. (1800). An essay concerning human understanding. https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/items/2ebf8a10-c1b5-4a6a-8718-182bd049bf72
  • Louden, R. B. (2011). Kant’s Human Being : Essays on His Theory of Human Nature. Oxford University Press.
  • Mason, A. (2010). Plato. Routledge.
  • Mill, J. S. (2009). On Liberty. The Floating Press. http://scsu.idm.oclc. org/ login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e000xna&AN=313940&site=ehost- live&scope=site.
  • Moore, C. (2015). Socrates and Self-Knowledge. Cambridge University Press.
  • Nagy, G. (2010). Homer the Preclassic. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
  • Nolan, L. (2021). Descartes’ Ontological Argument. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/descartes-ontological/
  • Platon. (2009). Diyaloglar. Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Portakal, H. (2008). Kültürel Atamız Homeros ve İlyada. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Santas. (2010). Socrates- Arguments of the Philosophers. Routledge.
  • Shiffman, M. (2011). De Anima: On the Soul. (1st ed.) Newburyport MA: Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Co.
  • Smith, A. (2007). The Wealth of Nations. Harriman House Publishing.
  • Taylor, C. C. W. & Taylor, C. C. W. (2000). Socrates: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
  • Themistius & Todd, R. B. (2014). On Aristotle Physics 1-3. Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Warren, J. (2007). Presocratics. Routledge.
  • Wiener, N. (1954). The Human use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society. (2nd ed.) Garden City New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc.
  • Wiener, N. (1948). Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Boston, MA: Technology Press.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Systematic Philosophy (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nesibe Kantar 0000-0003-3179-2314

Early Pub Date September 28, 2024
Publication Date September 30, 2024
Submission Date July 12, 2024
Acceptance Date September 24, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Kantar, N. (2024). The Changing Definition of Human Nature From Traditional to Contemporary Approaches: A View of Human Nature in The Philosophy of Information. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 23(2), 381-414. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1515142
AMA Kantar N. The Changing Definition of Human Nature From Traditional to Contemporary Approaches: A View of Human Nature in The Philosophy of Information. Kaygı. September 2024;23(2):381-414. doi:10.20981/kaygi.1515142
Chicago Kantar, Nesibe. “The Changing Definition of Human Nature From Traditional to Contemporary Approaches: A View of Human Nature in The Philosophy of Information”. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi 23, no. 2 (September 2024): 381-414. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1515142.
EndNote Kantar N (September 1, 2024) The Changing Definition of Human Nature From Traditional to Contemporary Approaches: A View of Human Nature in The Philosophy of Information. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi 23 2 381–414.
IEEE N. Kantar, “The Changing Definition of Human Nature From Traditional to Contemporary Approaches: A View of Human Nature in The Philosophy of Information”, Kaygı, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 381–414, 2024, doi: 10.20981/kaygi.1515142.
ISNAD Kantar, Nesibe. “The Changing Definition of Human Nature From Traditional to Contemporary Approaches: A View of Human Nature in The Philosophy of Information”. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi 23/2 (September 2024), 381-414. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1515142.
JAMA Kantar N. The Changing Definition of Human Nature From Traditional to Contemporary Approaches: A View of Human Nature in The Philosophy of Information. Kaygı. 2024;23:381–414.
MLA Kantar, Nesibe. “The Changing Definition of Human Nature From Traditional to Contemporary Approaches: A View of Human Nature in The Philosophy of Information”. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, vol. 23, no. 2, 2024, pp. 381-14, doi:10.20981/kaygi.1515142.
Vancouver Kantar N. The Changing Definition of Human Nature From Traditional to Contemporary Approaches: A View of Human Nature in The Philosophy of Information. Kaygı. 2024;23(2):381-414.

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