Savaş Üzerine'de Diyalektik ve Özgürlük Sorunu

Year 2023, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 397 - 440, 30.03.2023

Cihan Cinemre

https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1208739

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Carl von Clausewitz’in diyalektik yöntemi G. W. F. Hegel’in felsefesiyle, özellikle onun köle ile efendi arasındaki ilişkiyi kavrayışıyla bağlantılı olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu girişim karşıtları yüklemleri dolayısıyla ve birlik içerisinde kavramak için önemlidir. Bu yolla karşıt tarafların her birinin ötekinde ima edildiği ve onların salt ikicil bir tertip içindeki değişmez varlıklar olarak varsayılmadığı bir ilişkiyi ileri sürmek mümkün olur. Clausewitz’in diyalektik yöntemi onun tarihselciliğiyle tamamlanır ve onların birliği yoluyla onun çalışmasındaki özgürlük kavramını çıkarmak mümkün olur. Clausewitz her bir savaşın, içerisinde meydana geldiği toplumsal ilişkilere bağlı olarak gerçekleşen eşsiz bir toplumsal etkileşim olduğunu vurgular. Bu sayede savaştaki kumandan her bir savaşı geçmiş savaşların deneyimlerine dayalı olarak, salt teknik ve askeri bir mesele olarak ele alan doktriner kılavuzlardan özgürleşir. Clausewitz’in kavrayışı komutanın içerisinde eylemde bulunduğu nesnel dünyaya dair içgörüleri yoluyla oluşturduğu öznelliğini ileri süreceği teorik alanı açar. Clausewitz’in metodolojisi onun teorisinin ayırt edilebilir bir evrensel özü olduğuna işaret eder. Öyleyse onun eseri yalnızca onun yaşadığı çağın savaşlarını değil günümüzde gerçekleşenleri anlamak için de geçerlidir.

Keywords

CLausewitz, Hegel, Kölelik ve Efendilik, Mutlak savaş, Tin, Özgürlük, Tarihselcilik

Dialectics and The Problem of Freedom in On War

Abstract

This study deals with the dialectics of Carl von Clausewitz in conjunction with the philosophy of G. W. F. Hegel – in particular, his insights regarding the relationship between the lord and the bondsman. Understanding war through this relationship is significant to understand the opposites through their predicates and in unity. Then, the opposites imply each other; they are not to be understood as fixed entities situated in a dualistic juxtaposition. Together with his dialectics, Clausewitz’s historicism is fundamental to educe the notion of freedom from his work. He emphasises the uniqueness of any war, in the sense that it is being a social interaction contingent on the social milieu. This corresponds also to the absolving of the commander from the doctrinal manuals on war drawn up with respect to wars that happened in the past. These manuals consider wars as if they were merely technical and military matters. His elaboration on war provides the scope for a commander to assert the subjectivity he constitutes through his insights into the objective world he acts within. Clausewitz’s method indicates that his theory possesses a discernible universal essence, thus, his work is relevant not only to understand the wars of the era that he lived in but also the contemporary ones.

Keywords

Clausewitz, Hegel, Lordship and Bondage, Absolute war, Spirit, Freedom, Historicism

References

• Aron, R. (1986). Clausewitz. New York: Touchstone.
• Bassford, C. (2007). Primacy of Policy and Trinity in Clausewitz’s Thought. Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (ed. H. Strachan & A. Herberg-Rothe, pp. 74-90) . New York: Oxford University Press.
• Beyerchen, A. (2007). Clausewitz and the Non-Linear Nature of Warfare: Systems of Organized Complexity. Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (ed. H. Strachan & A. Herberg-Rothe, pp. 45-56). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Čapek, M. (1984). Hegel and the Organic View of Nature. Hegel and the Sciences (ed. R. Cohen & M. W. Wartofsky, pp. 109-121). Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
• Castro, F. (2007). My Life (ed. I. Ramonet). London: Penguin Books.
• Clausewitz, C. (1992). Historical and Political Writings (ed. P. Paret & D. Moran). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Clausewitz, C. (1989). On War (ed. M. Howard & P. Paret). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Clausewitz, C. (2007). On War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Cormier, Y. (2016). War as Paradox. Montreal: Mcgill-Queen’s University Press.
• Cortella, L. (2016). Freedom and Nature: The Point of View of a Theory of Recognition. “I That is We, We that is I.” Perspectives on Contemporary Hegel (ed. I. Testa & L. Ruggiu, pp. 169-180). Leiden: Brill.
• Durieux, B. (2007). Clausewitz and the Two Temptations of Modern Strategic Thinking. Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (ed. H. Strachan & A. Herberg-Rothe, pp. 251-265). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Echevarria II, A. J. (2007). Clausewitz and the Nature of the War on Terror. Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (ed. H. Strachan & A. Herberg-Rothe, pp. 196-218). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Engels, F. (1909). The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Company.
• Fleming, C. M. (2013). Clausewitz’s Timeless Trinity (ed. H. M. Hensel). Farnham: Ashgate.
• Gat, A. (2001). A History of Military Thought. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Gat, A. (1991). The Origins of Military Thought. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Hegel, G. W. F. (1988). Aesthetics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Hegel, G. W. F. (1991). Elements of the Philosophy of Right (ed. A. W. Wood). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Hegel, G. W. F. (1984). Hegel: The Letters. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• Hegel, G. W. F. (1949). Phenomenology of Mind. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
• Hegel, G. W. F. (1977). Phenomenology of Spirit. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Hegel, G. W. F. (2007). Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Hegel, G. W. F. (2001). The Philosophy of History. Kitchener: Batoche Books.
• Hegel, G. W. F. (2010). The Science of Logic (ed. G. Di Giovanni). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Herberg-Rothe, A. (2007a). Clausewitz’s Puzzle. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Herberg-Rothe, A. (2007b). Clausewitz and a New Containment: the Limitation of War and Violence. Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (ed. H. Strachan & A. Herberg-Rothe, pp. 283-307). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Heuser, B. (2007a). Clausewitz’s Ideas of Strategy and Victory. Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (ed. H. Strachan & A. Herberg-Rothe, pp. 138-162). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Heuser, B. (2007b). Introduction. On War (pp. vii-xxx). Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Honig, J. W. (2007). Clausewitz’s On War: Problems of Text and Translation. Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (ed. H. Strachan & A. Herberg-Rothe, pp. 57-73). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Howard, M. (2002). Clausewitz: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Hyppolite, J. (1974). Genesis and Structure of Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
• Ikäheimo, H. (2016). Ethical Perfectionism in Social Ontology—A Hegelian Alternative. “I That is We, We that is I.” Perspectives on Contemporary Hegel (ed. I. Testa & L. Ruggiu, pp. 49-67). Leiden: Brill.
• Jameson, F. (2010). The Hegel Variations. London: Verso.
• Kojève, A. (1980). Introduction to the Reading of Hegel (ed. A. Bloom). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• Marx, K. (1904). A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Company.
• Maybee, J. (2020). Hegel’s Dialectics. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Date Accessed: 17.03.2023 (https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/hegel-dialectics/).
• Neuhouser, F. (2000). Foundations of Hegel’s Social Theory. London: Harvard University Press.
• Pippin, R. (2008). Hegel’s Practical Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Pippin, R. (2019). Hegel’s Realm of Shadows. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
• Pippin, R. (1993). You Can’t Get There from Here: Transition problems in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit. The Cambridge Companion to Hegel (ed. F. C. Beiser, pp. 52-85). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Strachan, H. (2007). Clausewitz and the Dialectics of War. Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (ed. H. Strachan & A. Herberg-Rothe, pp. 14-44). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Waldman, T. (2016) War, Clausewitz and the Trinity. New York: Routledge.