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Re-reading Kant Through the Contemporary Interpretations of Perpetual Peace

Year 2024, Volume: 23 Issue: 3, 92 - 127, 31.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1504264

Abstract

Today, while the hope for a cosmopolitan world order with no borders and the ideal of world citizenship is fading and the tendency to preserve borders and the emphasis on national identity are on the rise, many contemporary political philosophers now take borders and the nation-state as given and immutable and argue that (liberal) nation-states will be the primary source of global or supra-state solidarity. Given these trends in international politics and political philosophy, we must re-read the two works together. The first is Kant's Perpetual Peace, a pioneering work on this subject, which points to the necessity of an international federation of states to establish global peace. The other is John Rawls' The Law of Peoples, which historically predates the current developments in political philosophy that I have summarized above and has been harshly criticized for falling behind the contemporary imaginaries of global equality and a cosmopolitan international order in which borders are stretched/removed. In this work, Rawls tries to portray the ideal (roadmap) of how a federation of states, which Kant put before us as an idea, could be formed at the international level and to concretize how a Kantian hypothetical contract between peoples could be imagined. This study aims to trace the Kantian trajectory of Rawls's international political theory and to examine to what extent The Law of Peoples develops Kant's idea of peace in Perpetual Peace and adapts it to the conditions of contemporary societies. At the same time, it aims to reread and evaluate Kant's political theory through cosmopolitan critics of Rawls' interpretation of Kant, such as Seyla Benhabib and Thomas Pogge.

References

  • Beitz, C. R. (1999). Political Theory and International Relations. Princeton University Press.
  • Beitz, C. R. (2000). Rawls’s Law of Peoples. Ethics, Vol.110 (4), 669-696.
  • Benhabib, S. (2004). The Law of Peoples, Distributive Justice, and Migrations. Fordham Law Review, Vol. 72, Issue 5, 1761-1787.
  • Freeman, S. (1997, rev. Oct 30, 2023). Original Position. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (eds. Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2023/entries/original-position/
  • Habermas, J. (1997). Kant’s Idea of Perpetual Peace, With the Benefit of Two Hundred Years’ Hindsight. Perpetual Peace: Essays on Kant’s Cosmopolitan Ideal (eds. J. Bohman and M. Lutz-Bachmann). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 113-153.
  • Habermas, J. (2001) The Postnational Constellation. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Kant, I. (1984). Sürekli Barış Üstüne Felsefi Bir Deneme. Seçilmiş Yazılar (çev. N. Bozkurt). Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Kant, I. (1784/1991). Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose. Kant Political Writings, (ed. H. Reiss, trans. H.B. Nisbet, 41-53), Cambridge University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1793/1991). On the Common Saying: ‘This May be True in Theory, But It Does Not Apply in Practice. Kant Political Writings, (ed. H. Reiss, trans. H.B. Nisbet, 61-92), Cambridge University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1795/1991). Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch. Kant Political Writings, (ed. H. Reiss, trans. H.B. Nisbet, 93-130), Cambridge University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1797/1991). The Metaphysics of Morals. Kant Political Writings, (ed. H. Reiss, trans. H.B. Nisbet, 131-175), Cambridge University Press.
  • Kleingeld, P. (2016). Kant's Moral and Political Cosmopolitanism. Philosophy Compass, 11(1), 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12298
  • Machiavelli, N. (2021). Prince. Reader's Library Classics.
  • Mertens, T. (2002). From ‘Perpetual Peace’ to ‘The Law of Peoples’: Kant, Habermas and Rawls on International Relations. Kantian Review, 6, 60-84. doi:10.1017/S1369415400001606.
  • Miller, D. (1993). In Defense of Nationality. Journal of Applied Philosophy, Vol. 10, No. 1, 3-16.
  • Miller, D. (2024). Kant, The Nation State, and Immigration. Kantian Review, 1–17. doi:10.1017/S1369415424000013.
  • Moore, M. (2001). Normative Justifications for Liberal Nationalism: Justice, Democracy, and National Identity. Nations and Nationalism 7 (1),1-20.
  • Nussbaum, M. C. (1997). Kant and Stoic Cosmopolitanism. The Journal of Political Philosophy, Volume 5, Number 1, 1-25.
  • Nussbaum, M. C. (2019). The Cosmopolitan Tradition. A Noble but Flawed Ideal. The Belknap Press of Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass.
  • O’Neill, O. Constructivism in Rawls and Kant. Cambridge Companion to Rawls, (ed. Samuel Freeman, 347-367). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pettit, P. (2023). The State. Princeton University Press.
  • Pogge, T. (1992). Cosmopolitanism & Sovereignty. Ethics, Vol. 103 (1), 48-75.
  • Pogge, T. (1988, June). Rawls and Global Justice. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 18:2, 227-256.
  • Pogge, T. (2012). Cosmopolitanism: A Path to Peace and Justice. Journal of East-West Thought, 4 (2), 9-32.
  • Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice (Original Edition). The Belknap Press of Harvard University. Cambridge.
  • Rawls, J. (2003). Halkların Yasası ve “Kamusal Akıl Düşüncesinin Yeniden Ele Alınması”, (çev. Gül Evrin). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Rawls, J. (2005). Political Liberalism (expanded edition). Columbia University Press.
  • Sen, A. (2011). The Idea of Justice. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Schmitt, C. (2007). The Concept of the Political. Expanded Edition. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Smith, W. and Fine, R. (2004). Kantian Cosmopolitanism Today: John Rawls and Jürgen Habermas on Immanuel Kant's Foedus Pacificum. King's Law Journal, 15(1): 5-22 DOI:10.1080/09615768.2004.11423640.
  • Tamir, Y. (1993). Liberal Nationalism. Princeton University Press.
  • Thorpe, L. (2019). Kant on the ‘Guarantee of Perpetual Peace’ and the Ideal of the United Nations. Dokuz Eylül University Journal of Humanities 6 (1), 223-245.
  • Wood, A. W. (2014) The Free Development of Each. Oxford University Press.

Ebedi Barış’ın Çağdaş Yorumları Üzerinden Kant’ı Yeniden Okumak

Year 2024, Volume: 23 Issue: 3, 92 - 127, 31.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1504264

Abstract

Sınırların kalktığı kozmopolit bir dünya düzeninin ve bir dünya vatandaşlığı idealinin tesis edilebileceğine ilişkin umudun giderek zayıfladığı, buna karşın sınırları korumaya yönelik eğilimlerin ve ulus kimlik vurgusunun yükseldiği günümüzde, birçok çağdaş siyaset felsefecisi artık sınırları ve ulus devleti verili ve değişmez kabul ediyor ve (liberal) ulus devletlerin küresel yahut devletler üstü dayanışmanın en temel kaynağı olacağını iddia ediyorlar. Küresel siyasette ve siyaset felsefesindeki bu eğilimler göz önüne alındığında iki eseri yeniden birlikte okumamız gerekiyor. Bunlardan ilki, bu konuda öncü bir eser olan, barışı tesis edebilmek için uluslararası bir devlet federasyonunun zorunluluğuna işaret eden Kant’ın Ebedi Barış Üzerine taslağı. Diğeri ise siyaset felsefesindeki yukarıda özetlediğim güncel gelişmeleri tarihsel olarak önceleyen, zamanının küresel eşitlik ve sınırların esnediği/kalktığı kozmopolit uluslararası düzen tahayyüllerinin gerisine düşmekle sert bir biçimde eleştirilmiş John Rawls’un Halkların Yasası eseri. Rawls, bu eserde Kant’ın fikir olarak önümüze koyduğu bir devletler federasyonunun uluslararası düzlemde nasıl oluşturulabileceğine ilişkin ideali (yol haritasını) resmetmeye ve halklar arasında Kantçı bir hipotetik sözleşmenin nasıl olabileceğini somutlaştırmaya çalışıyor. Bu çalışma, Rawls’un uluslararası siyaset teorisindeki Kantçı izleği sürmeye çalışarak, Halkların Yasası’nın ne ölçüde Kant’ın Ebedi Barış Üzerine eserinde ortaya koyduğu uluslararası barış fikrini geliştirdiğini ve günümüz toplumlarının şartlarına uyarladığını incelemeyi hedefliyor. Aynı zamanda, Rawls’un Kant yorumuna gelen Seyla Benhabib ve Thomas Pogge gibi kozmopolit Kantçı eleştiriler üzerinden Kant’ın siyaset teorisini yeniden okumayı ve değerlendirmeyi hedefliyor.

References

  • Beitz, C. R. (1999). Political Theory and International Relations. Princeton University Press.
  • Beitz, C. R. (2000). Rawls’s Law of Peoples. Ethics, Vol.110 (4), 669-696.
  • Benhabib, S. (2004). The Law of Peoples, Distributive Justice, and Migrations. Fordham Law Review, Vol. 72, Issue 5, 1761-1787.
  • Freeman, S. (1997, rev. Oct 30, 2023). Original Position. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (eds. Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2023/entries/original-position/
  • Habermas, J. (1997). Kant’s Idea of Perpetual Peace, With the Benefit of Two Hundred Years’ Hindsight. Perpetual Peace: Essays on Kant’s Cosmopolitan Ideal (eds. J. Bohman and M. Lutz-Bachmann). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 113-153.
  • Habermas, J. (2001) The Postnational Constellation. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Kant, I. (1984). Sürekli Barış Üstüne Felsefi Bir Deneme. Seçilmiş Yazılar (çev. N. Bozkurt). Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Kant, I. (1784/1991). Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose. Kant Political Writings, (ed. H. Reiss, trans. H.B. Nisbet, 41-53), Cambridge University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1793/1991). On the Common Saying: ‘This May be True in Theory, But It Does Not Apply in Practice. Kant Political Writings, (ed. H. Reiss, trans. H.B. Nisbet, 61-92), Cambridge University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1795/1991). Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch. Kant Political Writings, (ed. H. Reiss, trans. H.B. Nisbet, 93-130), Cambridge University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1797/1991). The Metaphysics of Morals. Kant Political Writings, (ed. H. Reiss, trans. H.B. Nisbet, 131-175), Cambridge University Press.
  • Kleingeld, P. (2016). Kant's Moral and Political Cosmopolitanism. Philosophy Compass, 11(1), 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12298
  • Machiavelli, N. (2021). Prince. Reader's Library Classics.
  • Mertens, T. (2002). From ‘Perpetual Peace’ to ‘The Law of Peoples’: Kant, Habermas and Rawls on International Relations. Kantian Review, 6, 60-84. doi:10.1017/S1369415400001606.
  • Miller, D. (1993). In Defense of Nationality. Journal of Applied Philosophy, Vol. 10, No. 1, 3-16.
  • Miller, D. (2024). Kant, The Nation State, and Immigration. Kantian Review, 1–17. doi:10.1017/S1369415424000013.
  • Moore, M. (2001). Normative Justifications for Liberal Nationalism: Justice, Democracy, and National Identity. Nations and Nationalism 7 (1),1-20.
  • Nussbaum, M. C. (1997). Kant and Stoic Cosmopolitanism. The Journal of Political Philosophy, Volume 5, Number 1, 1-25.
  • Nussbaum, M. C. (2019). The Cosmopolitan Tradition. A Noble but Flawed Ideal. The Belknap Press of Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass.
  • O’Neill, O. Constructivism in Rawls and Kant. Cambridge Companion to Rawls, (ed. Samuel Freeman, 347-367). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pettit, P. (2023). The State. Princeton University Press.
  • Pogge, T. (1992). Cosmopolitanism & Sovereignty. Ethics, Vol. 103 (1), 48-75.
  • Pogge, T. (1988, June). Rawls and Global Justice. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 18:2, 227-256.
  • Pogge, T. (2012). Cosmopolitanism: A Path to Peace and Justice. Journal of East-West Thought, 4 (2), 9-32.
  • Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice (Original Edition). The Belknap Press of Harvard University. Cambridge.
  • Rawls, J. (2003). Halkların Yasası ve “Kamusal Akıl Düşüncesinin Yeniden Ele Alınması”, (çev. Gül Evrin). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Rawls, J. (2005). Political Liberalism (expanded edition). Columbia University Press.
  • Sen, A. (2011). The Idea of Justice. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Schmitt, C. (2007). The Concept of the Political. Expanded Edition. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Smith, W. and Fine, R. (2004). Kantian Cosmopolitanism Today: John Rawls and Jürgen Habermas on Immanuel Kant's Foedus Pacificum. King's Law Journal, 15(1): 5-22 DOI:10.1080/09615768.2004.11423640.
  • Tamir, Y. (1993). Liberal Nationalism. Princeton University Press.
  • Thorpe, L. (2019). Kant on the ‘Guarantee of Perpetual Peace’ and the Ideal of the United Nations. Dokuz Eylül University Journal of Humanities 6 (1), 223-245.
  • Wood, A. W. (2014) The Free Development of Each. Oxford University Press.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Systematic Philosophy (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Tuğba Sevinç 0000-0001-5615-9908

Publication Date October 31, 2024
Submission Date June 24, 2024
Acceptance Date September 1, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 23 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Sevinç, T. (2024). Ebedi Barış’ın Çağdaş Yorumları Üzerinden Kant’ı Yeniden Okumak. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 23(3), 92-127. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1504264
AMA Sevinç T. Ebedi Barış’ın Çağdaş Yorumları Üzerinden Kant’ı Yeniden Okumak. Kaygı. October 2024;23(3):92-127. doi:10.20981/kaygi.1504264
Chicago Sevinç, Tuğba. “Ebedi Barış’ın Çağdaş Yorumları Üzerinden Kant’ı Yeniden Okumak”. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi 23, no. 3 (October 2024): 92-127. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1504264.
EndNote Sevinç T (October 1, 2024) Ebedi Barış’ın Çağdaş Yorumları Üzerinden Kant’ı Yeniden Okumak. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi 23 3 92–127.
IEEE T. Sevinç, “Ebedi Barış’ın Çağdaş Yorumları Üzerinden Kant’ı Yeniden Okumak”, Kaygı, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 92–127, 2024, doi: 10.20981/kaygi.1504264.
ISNAD Sevinç, Tuğba. “Ebedi Barış’ın Çağdaş Yorumları Üzerinden Kant’ı Yeniden Okumak”. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi 23/3 (October 2024), 92-127. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1504264.
JAMA Sevinç T. Ebedi Barış’ın Çağdaş Yorumları Üzerinden Kant’ı Yeniden Okumak. Kaygı. 2024;23:92–127.
MLA Sevinç, Tuğba. “Ebedi Barış’ın Çağdaş Yorumları Üzerinden Kant’ı Yeniden Okumak”. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, vol. 23, no. 3, 2024, pp. 92-127, doi:10.20981/kaygi.1504264.
Vancouver Sevinç T. Ebedi Barış’ın Çağdaş Yorumları Üzerinden Kant’ı Yeniden Okumak. Kaygı. 2024;23(3):92-127.

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