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Sartre’s Project of Understanding Pure Consciousness: A Reading on His Critique of Husserl’s Ego

Year 2025, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 175 - 199, 28.03.2025

Abstract

Jean-Paul Sartre is most famous for his major work Being and Nothingness (1943) which presents his journey from phenomenological ontology to existentialism. Some of the focal concepts of this work are consciousness, intentionality, and being human. Sartre’s interest in these begins years earlier when he studies the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl. Sartre realizes that phenomenology enables us to think of consciousness in a non-substantial and non-reified manner. However, he detects a significant reification of consciousness even in Husserl’s ideas: Transcendental I or the pure Ego. In The Transcendence of the Ego (1936), his first philosophical essay, Sartre claims that the Ego is transcendent, like an object in the world, rather than consciousness itself. In other words, it fails to escape epoché, which parenthesizes all the presuppositions out of the legitimate field of phenomenological investigation. In addition, he finds various issues regarding reflection, which is the condition of self-consciousness. He concludes that reflection serves the constitution of the Ego, rather than the observation of pure consciousness. This work aims to examine why Sartre takes a critical distance from the Ego and the role this criticism plays in phenomenology to become more consistent with itself and at the same time, clear the way for existentialism.

References

  • Barnes, H. E. (1992). Sartre’s Ontology: The Revealing and Making of Being. The Cambridge Companion to Sartre (ed. Christina Howels, pp. 13-38). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Blackham, J. H. (2020). Altı Varoluşçu Düşünür (çev. Ekin Uşşaklı). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • Descartes, R. (2018). Yöntem Üzerine Konuşma (çev. Özcan Doğan). Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Heidegger, M. (2010). Being and Time (trans. by ). New York: Suny Press.
  • Husserl, E. (1960). Cartesian Meditations An Introduction To Phenomenology (trans. by Dorion Cairns). The Hague: Nijhoff.
  • Husserl, E. (1983). Ideas pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy, volume 1. (trans. by F. Kersten). The Hague, Nijhoff.
  • Kant, I. (1998). Critique of Pure Reason, (trans. by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sartre, J.P. (1970). Intentionality: A Fundamental Idea of Husserl’s Phenomenology. (trans. by Joseph P. Fell). Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, 1 (2), 4-5.
  • Sartre, J.P. (1989). No Exit (trans. by S. Gilbert). No Exit and Three Other Plays (ed. Alfred A. Knopf, pp. 1-46). New York: Vintage International.
  • Sartre, J.P. (2003). Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology (trans. by Hazel E. Barnes). London: Routledge.
  • Sartre, J.P. (2005). The Transcendence of the Ego: A Sketch for a Phenomenological Description (trans. by Andrew Brown). London: Routledge.
  • Stawarska, B. (2013). Sartre and Husserl’s Ideen: Phenomenology and Imagination. Jean-Paul Sartre, Key Concepts (ed. S. Churchill & J. Reynold, pp. 12-31). New York: Routledge.
  • Yıldız, N. (2024). Nietzsche’nin Perspektivizmi ve Heidegger’in “Dünya” Kavramı: Kurosava’nın Raşomon’u Üzerinden Bir Birlikte Okuma. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 23(1), 145-169. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1391841

Sartre’ın Saf Bilinci Kavrama Projesi: Husserl’in Ego Kavramına Eleştirisi Üzerinden Bir Okuma

Year 2025, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 175 - 199, 28.03.2025

Abstract

Jean-Paul Sartre en çok, fenomenolojik ontolojiden varoluşçuluğa doğru yolculuğunu ortaya koyan başyapıtı Varlık ve Hiçlik (1943) ile tanınır. Bu yapıtın bazı odak kavramları bilinç, yönelimsellik ve insan olmaktır. Sartre’ın bu konulara ilgisinin başlaması yıllar öncesine, Edmund Husserl’in fenomenolojisini çalıştığı zamanlara rastlar. Sartre fenomenoloji sayesinde, bilinci tözleştirmeden ve nesneleştirmeden düşünebildiğimizi fark eder. Ne var ki, Husserl’in düşüncelerinde bile bilinci nesneleştiren bir öğe tespit eder: Transandantal ben veya saf Ego. Sartre ilk felsefi denemesi olan Ego’nun Aşkınlığı’nda (1936) Ego’nun dünyadaki nesnelere benzer bir şekilde transandant olduğunu ve kesinlikle bilincin kendisi olmadığını iddia eder. Başka bir deyişle, Ego, tüm varsayımları fenomenolojik araştırmanın meşru alanı dışında parantezde tutan epokhe’nin dışına çıkmayı başaramaz. Buna ek olarak, Sartre, öz-bilincin koşulu olan refleksiyona dair pek çok sorun tespit eder. Refleksiyonun saf bilinci gözlemlemediği, aksine, Ego’nun kurulumuna hizmet ettiği sonucuna varır. Bu çalışma Sartre’ın Ego’ya neden eleştirel bir mesafe aldığını ve bu eleştirinin hem fenomenolojiyi kendisi ile daha tutarlı hale getirmekte hem de varoluşçuluğa giden yolu açmakta oynadığı rolü incelemeyi amaçlar.

References

  • Barnes, H. E. (1992). Sartre’s Ontology: The Revealing and Making of Being. The Cambridge Companion to Sartre (ed. Christina Howels, pp. 13-38). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Blackham, J. H. (2020). Altı Varoluşçu Düşünür (çev. Ekin Uşşaklı). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • Descartes, R. (2018). Yöntem Üzerine Konuşma (çev. Özcan Doğan). Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Heidegger, M. (2010). Being and Time (trans. by ). New York: Suny Press.
  • Husserl, E. (1960). Cartesian Meditations An Introduction To Phenomenology (trans. by Dorion Cairns). The Hague: Nijhoff.
  • Husserl, E. (1983). Ideas pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy, volume 1. (trans. by F. Kersten). The Hague, Nijhoff.
  • Kant, I. (1998). Critique of Pure Reason, (trans. by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sartre, J.P. (1970). Intentionality: A Fundamental Idea of Husserl’s Phenomenology. (trans. by Joseph P. Fell). Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, 1 (2), 4-5.
  • Sartre, J.P. (1989). No Exit (trans. by S. Gilbert). No Exit and Three Other Plays (ed. Alfred A. Knopf, pp. 1-46). New York: Vintage International.
  • Sartre, J.P. (2003). Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology (trans. by Hazel E. Barnes). London: Routledge.
  • Sartre, J.P. (2005). The Transcendence of the Ego: A Sketch for a Phenomenological Description (trans. by Andrew Brown). London: Routledge.
  • Stawarska, B. (2013). Sartre and Husserl’s Ideen: Phenomenology and Imagination. Jean-Paul Sartre, Key Concepts (ed. S. Churchill & J. Reynold, pp. 12-31). New York: Routledge.
  • Yıldız, N. (2024). Nietzsche’nin Perspektivizmi ve Heidegger’in “Dünya” Kavramı: Kurosava’nın Raşomon’u Üzerinden Bir Birlikte Okuma. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 23(1), 145-169. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1391841
There are 13 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Systematic Philosophy (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gülsu Çivril 0000-0002-2704-3823

Publication Date March 28, 2025
Submission Date November 30, 2024
Acceptance Date March 17, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 24 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çivril, G. (2025). Sartre’s Project of Understanding Pure Consciousness: A Reading on His Critique of Husserl’s Ego. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 24(1), 175-199. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1593103
AMA Çivril G. Sartre’s Project of Understanding Pure Consciousness: A Reading on His Critique of Husserl’s Ego. Kaygı. March 2025;24(1):175-199. doi:10.20981/kaygi.1593103
Chicago Çivril, Gülsu. “Sartre’s Project of Understanding Pure Consciousness: A Reading on His Critique of Husserl’s Ego”. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi 24, no. 1 (March 2025): 175-99. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1593103.
EndNote Çivril G (March 1, 2025) Sartre’s Project of Understanding Pure Consciousness: A Reading on His Critique of Husserl’s Ego. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi 24 1 175–199.
IEEE G. Çivril, “Sartre’s Project of Understanding Pure Consciousness: A Reading on His Critique of Husserl’s Ego”, Kaygı, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 175–199, 2025, doi: 10.20981/kaygi.1593103.
ISNAD Çivril, Gülsu. “Sartre’s Project of Understanding Pure Consciousness: A Reading on His Critique of Husserl’s Ego”. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi 24/1 (March 2025), 175-199. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1593103.
JAMA Çivril G. Sartre’s Project of Understanding Pure Consciousness: A Reading on His Critique of Husserl’s Ego. Kaygı. 2025;24:175–199.
MLA Çivril, Gülsu. “Sartre’s Project of Understanding Pure Consciousness: A Reading on His Critique of Husserl’s Ego”. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 1, 2025, pp. 175-99, doi:10.20981/kaygi.1593103.
Vancouver Çivril G. Sartre’s Project of Understanding Pure Consciousness: A Reading on His Critique of Husserl’s Ego. Kaygı. 2025;24(1):175-99.

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