FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF SOMALIS YOUTH IN TURKEY: IS FEMALE GENITAL CIRCUMCISION A VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS?

Year 2020, , 183 - 197, 20.09.2020

Betül Akalın

https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.748688

Abstract

surgical alteration involving partial or complete removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. This practice, usually carried out at an early age, can be observed in countries with different religions. It is mostly carried out due to traditional reasons and has many negative consequences. It is considered as a violation of women's human rights, the right to access the highest health standards, children's rights, discrimination, and fundamental inequality between genders. Despite these labels, the number has not decreased significantly worldwide, and according to researches, one-fourth of the 52 million women undergo female genital mutilation, which turns this practice into a medical fact. Somalia is one of the countries where the practice is mostly common. The main objective of this study is to determine how the issue of female circumcision is perceived by the young Somalis who come to Turkey for educational purposes. With the questions prepared within the scope of the study, the approach of young people to the subject is discussed. In the study, it has been determined that although women are the potential victims, they are more inclined to undergo the practice than men and that they do not regard it as a human rights violation. It has been concluded that different interpretation and perception of circumcision practice by both genders will support the fight against female circumcision, in addition to informing about the harms for health, in which social public information, where males are also let to express their point of view against circumcision and take a stance against patriarchal-based thinking ingrained in society.

Keywords

Female Genital Mutilation, Female Circumcision, Somalis Youth, Human Rights

ЯВЛЯЕТСЯ ЛИ НАРУШЕНИЕМ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКИХ ПРАВ ГЕНИТАЛЬНАЯ МУТИЛЯЦИЯ НА ЖЕНСКИХ ПОЛОВЫХ ОРГАНАХ С ТОЧКИ ЗРЕНИЯ МОЛОДЫХ СОМАЛИЙЦЕВ ПРОЖИВАЮЩИХ В ТУРЦИИ

Abstract

Калечащие хирургические операции на женских половых органах, известные в медицинской литературе как женское обрезание, определяются как хирургическая модификация женских гениталий, которая включает в себе частичное или полное удаление наружных женских половых органов по немедицинским причинам. Такая практика обычно осуществляется в молодом возрасте. Она замечена в странах с разными религиями и в основном, опирается на традиции общества и которая имеет множество негативных последствий. Она рассматривается как нарушение прав женщин, нарушение права на доступ к высочайшим стандартам здоровья, нарушение прав детей, дискриминация и фундаментальное неравенство между полами. С другой стороны надо отметить, что число женщин с генитальной мутиляцией в мире существенно не уменьшается. Однако, согласно исследованиям, у четверти из 52 миллионов женщин такая операция проводилась со стороны специалистов здравоохранения. Это означает, что началось применение официальных медицинских услуг. Сомали - одна из стран, где чаще всего встречается такая практика. Предметом данного исследования является показать, как воспринимается новым поколением молодых сомалийцев, приехавших в Турцию с целью получения образования, смысл обрезания. С помощью вопросника, созданного в рамках исследования, представляется подход молодых людей к исследуенмой теме. Устанавливается, что молодое поколение более одобряет обрезание у мужчин, чем исколечение женских половых органов. Однако, не считают обрезание у женщин нарушением прав человека. Надо отметить, что разная интерпретация со стороны общества по поводу обрезания, особенно мужская точка зрения, отходящая от патриархального мышления и направленная против обрезания и информирование общества, может поддержать борьбу против калечающих операцияи на женских половых органах, вредному для здоровья.

Keywords

генитальнаю мутиляция женщин, калечение женских половых органов, сомалийская молодежь, права человека

TÜRKİYE’DEKİ SOMALİLİ GENÇLERİN GÖZÜNDEN KADIN GENİTAL MUTİLASYONU BİR İNSAN HAKLARI İHLALİ MİDİR?

Abstract

Kadın genital mutilasyonu literatürdeki diğer adıyla kadın sünneti, tıbbi olmayan nedenlerle dış kadın genitalinin kısmen veya tamamen çıkarılmasını içeren kadın cinsel organının cerrahi değişikliği olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Genellikle küçük yaşlarda yapılan, farklı dinlere mensup ülkelerde görülebilen, çoğunlukla geleneksel sebeplere dayandırılan ve pek çok olumsuz sonuçları tanımlanan uygulama, kadınların insan haklarının ihlali, en yüksek sağlık standardına erişim hakkının ihlali, çocuk haklarının ihlali, ayrımcılık, cinsiyetler arası köklü eşitsizlik olarak kabul edilmektedir. Öte yandan dünya genelinde sayı önemli ölçüde azalmamakta ayrıca araştırmalara göre kadın genital mutilasyonu 52 milyon kadının dörte birine sağlık profesyonelleri tarafından yapılarak uygulama tıbbileştirilmektedir. Uygulamanın çoğunlukla görüldüğü ülkelerden biri Somali’dir. Eğitim amacı ile Türkiye’ye gelen yeni nesil Somalili gençler tarafından sünnetin nasıl algılandığını ortaya koymak bu çalışmanın konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında oluşturulan sorularla gençlerin konuya yaklaşımının ne şekilde olduğu ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada kadınların olası mağdur olmasına karşın erkeklere oranla uygulamaya daha sıcak baktıkları tespit edilerek; insan hakları ihlali olarak görmedikleri şeklinde değerlendirilmiştir. Toplumun sünnet uygulamasına bakış açısını her iki cinsin farklı yorumlaması özellikle erkeklerin ataerkil kökenli düşünceden uzaklaşan ve sünnete karşı olan bakış açılarını topluma ifade edecekleri sosyal kamu bilgilendirilmelerinin yapılması sadece sağlık için zararlarını anlatan bilgilendirmelerin yanında kadın sünneti ile olan savaşta destekleyeceği olacağı kanaatine varılmıştır.

Keywords

kadıngenitalmutilasyonu, kadınsünneti, somaliligençler, insanhakları

References

• 1. Adam, T., Bathija, H., Bishai, D., Bonnenfant, Y. T., Darwish, M., Huntington, D., & Johansen, E.: “Estimating the Obstetric Costs of Female Genital Mutilation in Six African Countries”. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 88, 2010, 281-288.
• 2. Akmeşe, Z. B., & Bilge, A.:“Kadın Sünnetinin Kadının Ruhsal Durumuna Etkisi”. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(1), 2014, 101-110.
• 3. Almroth, L., Elmusharaf, S., El Hadi, N., Obeid, A., El Sheikh, MAA., Elfadil, SM., et al.: ” Primary Infertility After Genital Mutilation in Girlhood in Sudan: A Casecontrol Study”, Lancet, 366(9483), 2005, 385-391.
• 4. Alsibiani, S.A., & Rouzi, A.A.: “Sexual Function in Women with Female Genital Mutilation, Fertility and Sterility”, 93(3), 2010, 722-724.
• 5. Assaad, M. B.: “Female circumcision in Egypt: social implications, current research, and prospects for change”. Studies in family planning, 11(1),1980, 3-16.
• 6. Başar, F.:“Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği: Kadın Sağlığına Etkisi”, ACU Sağlık Bil. Derg., 3, 2017, 131-137.
• 7. Berg, R., Denison, E.and Fretheim, A.: Psychological, Social and Sexual Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C): A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies, Nasjonalt Kunnskapssenter for Helsetjenesten.2010
• 8. Burson, I.: “Social Work and Female Genital Cutting: An Ethical Dilemma”. Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics, Spring, 2007, 4(1).
• 9. Donohoe, M.: “Female Genital Cutting: Epidemiology, Consequences and Female Empowerment as a Means of Cultural Change”, Ob/Gyn & Women's Health, 2006, 11(2).
• 10. Frader, J. E., Botkin, J. R., Moseley, K. L., Nelson, R. M., Wilfond, B. S., Kazura, A., ... & King, N. M.:“Female genital mutilation”. Pediatrics, 102(1 I), 1998,153-156.
• 11. Kaplan, A., Hechavarría, S., Martín, M., & Bonhoure, I.: “Health Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in the Gambia, Evidence into Action”, Reproductive Health, 8(1),2011, 1-6.
• 12. Klein, E., Helzner, E., Shayowitz, M., Kohlhoff, S., & Smith-Norowitz, T. A.“Female Genital Mutilation: Health Consequences and Complications-A Short Literature Review”, Obstetrics and Gynecology International.2018
• 13. Llamas, J.: Female Circumcision: The History, the Current Prevalence andtheApproachtoaPatient.https://med.virginia.edu/familymedicine/wpcontent/uploads/sites/285/2017/01/Llamas-Paper.pdf.2017
• 14. Rouzi, A. A., Sindi, O., Radhan, B., & Ba’aqeel, H.: “Epidermal Clitoral Inclusion Cyst After Type I Female Genital Mutilation”. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 185(3), 2001, 569-571.
• 15. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Üreme Sağlığına Giriş: Katılımcı Rehberi, Cinsel Sağlık/Üreme Sağlığı, No: 1-B, Ankara, 2009.
• 16. Shandall, A. A.: C”ircumcision and infibulation of females: a general consideration of the problem and a clinical study of the complications in Sudanese women”. Sudan medical journal, 5(4), 1967, 178.
• 17. Slack, A. T.: “Female Circumcision: A Critical Appraisal”, Human Rights Quarterly, 10(4), 1988, 437-486.
• 18. Soyer, S.: “Kadın Sünneti: Kültürel Dayanakları Ve Yol Açtığı Sorunlar”. Ekev Akademi, 60, 2017, 403-414.
• 19. UNICEF, Changing A Harmful Social Convention: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting, Florence, Italy, 2005.
• 20. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The Dynamics of Social Change: towards the Abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation/ Cutting in Five African Countries, Florence, Italy, 2010.
• 21. United Nations. International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation,6February,https://www.un.org/en/events/femalegenitalmutilationday/background.shtml,(Erişim Tarihi: 30.11.2019).
• 22. Yirga, W. S., Kassa, N. A., Gebremichael, M. W., & Aro, A. R. : “Female Genital Mutilation: Prevalence, Perceptions and Effect on Women’s Health in Kersa District of Ethiopia”, International Journal of Women's Health, 4(45), 2012.
• 23. World Health Organization. Female genital mutilation : an overview. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42042, 1998
• 24. World Health Organization. Female Genital Mutilation: Integrating the Prevention and the Management of the Health Complications into the Curricula of Nursing and Midwifery, (No. WHO/FCH/GWH/01.3), Geneva, 2001.
• 25. WHO Study Group on Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetric Outcome. Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetric Outcome: WHO Collaborative Prospective Study in Six African Countries,Lancet, 367(9525), 2006, 1835–41.
• 26. World Health Organization. Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation-An Interagency Statement-OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO, WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland, 2008, 1-40.
• 27. World Health Organization. Understanding and Addressing Violence Against Women: Female Genital Mutilation, (No: WHO/RHR/12.41), 2012.
• 28. WHO guidelines on the management of health complications from female genitalmutilation American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Bioethics. (1998). Female genital mutilation. Pediatrics, 102(1), 2016, 153-156.