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Westernization of the Education in Egypt in the Era of Muhammad Ali Pasha

Year 2015, Volume: 16 Issue: 3, 277 - 294, 01.08.2015

Abstract

Westernization and modernization efforts in Egypt, which was implemented by Muhammad Ali Pasha, are worth of studying from many perspective. It was a social movement seen in two different perspectives, one was a type of Ottoman Westernization, and the other was a much more intense Russian or Japanese westernization type. It is seen that the educational institutions took an important place in this modernization. In this study, generally based on Western and original sources, modernization of Egypt in the field of education schools, labouring foreign experts, sending students to Europe has been investigated. It is seen that Muhammad Ali Pasha, as an "enlightened" despot, tried to make an advanced industrial country Egypt with a strong bureaucratic management and powerful military as soon as possible.However, the lack of a solid infrastructure, Pasha's suspicious behaviour, the majority of people supporting modernization having adventurous and controversial personalities had prevented modernization to rely on solid ground. Also the changing world at that time prevented the constant change. Therefore, these modernization efforts had been limited largely to Pasha's life

References

  • Abu-Lughod, İ. (1963). Arab Rediscovery of Europe, Princeton
  • Ahmed, S. (2010). A Perspective of the Arab – Islamic Political Philosophy of the 18h and 19th Centuries: An Examination of Egypt´s Religion – Politics Problematic, Universität Wien, Magisterarbeit, http://othes.univie.ac.at/10695/1/2010-07- 15_0606423.pdf
  • Altundağ, Ş. (1988). Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa İsyanı: Mısır Mes'elesi (1831-1841), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu yay.
  • Amin Sami, (1917). at-Ta`lim fi Misr fi sanat 1914-1915, wa-bayan tafsili li-nashr al- ta`lim al-awwali wa-l-ibtida' bi-anha' al-diyar al-misriyya, Kahire: Matba„at al- Ma„arif.
  • Ashkenazi, J. (2009). Reflections On Educational Transitions In Egypt, Lebanon and Turkey, R. Cowen and A. M. Kazamias (eds.), International Handbook Of Comparative Education, Springer International Handbooks of Education, 22,6, s.889-905. http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=xCJFq4D4r-8C
  • Bowring, J. (1840). Report on Egypt and Candia, London: Clowes and Sons, http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=qzhDAAAAcAAJ
  • Burrow, G.N. (1975). Clot-Bey: Founder of Western Medical Practice in Egypt, The Yale Journal of Biology And Medicine 48, 251-257. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /pmc/articles/PMC2595236/pdf/yjbm00149-0084.pdf
  • Cachia, P. (2004). Tercüme ve Adaptasyon Dönemi (1850-1914), Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 13,1, 195-212. www.nuveforum.net/attachments/ 26703d1242801442-m9-pdf
  • Clot Bey, A. (1840). Aperçu générale sur l’Égypte, 2 cilt, Paris. http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=-e0-5MvEFoEC
  • Cochran, J. (1986). Education in Egypt, New Hampshire http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=OScOAAAAQAAJ
  • Cole, J. (2007). Napoleon’s Egypt: invading the Middle East, Palgrave Macmillan
  • Douin, G. (1927). La Mission du Baron de Bois-le-Comte. L'Egypte et la Syrie en 1833, Le Caire
  • Ducrue, J. (2006). France and medical education under the Ottoman Empire, Medicographia, content/pdf/Medicographia88.pdf 293-300.
  • http://www.medicographia.com/wp
  • Dunn, J. (1997). Egypt‟s Nineteenth-Century Armament Industry. The Journal of Military History, 61. 231-254.
  • Dunn, J.P. (2005). Khedive Ismail's army, USA, Routledge. http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=nHFVfLnZ864C
  • Fahmy, K. (1997). All the Pashas Men: Mehmed Ali His Army and the Making of Modern Egypt, Princeton University, New Jersey (http://books.google.com.tr/books? id=IlQsbY3REP4C) (Paşanın Adamları, Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa Ordu ve Modern Mısır adıyla çevrildi. İstanbul: Bilgi Üni. Yay. 2010)
  • Gesink, I.F. (2010). Islamic Reform and Conservatism. Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam. I.B.Tauris Pub. http://www.scribd.com/doc/48181121/ reformism-and-conservatism
  • Hershlag, Z.Y. (1980). Introduction to the modern economic history of the Middle East, Brill.
  • Heyworth-Dunne, J.(1968). An Introduction to the History of Education in Modern Egypt http://fileserve.com/file/WTcfMgA/_AKGMUizd.7z
  • Hourani, A.H. (1983). Arabic thought in the liberal age, 1798-1939. Cambridge University Press. http://www.google.com/books?hl=tr&lr=&id= Wto_ymT5vbQC (Türkçesi Çağdaş Arap Düşüncesi adıyla yayınlanmıştır, İnsan Yayınları, İstanbul, 2000).
  • Jabarti, A. (2009). Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, Markus Wiener Publishers. http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=OUzaasBv8SIC
  • Kalin, M. (2006). Hidden Pharaohs: Egypt, Engineers and the Modern Hydraulic, Faculty of Oriental Studies, master tezi, http://users.ox.ac.uk/~metheses/ Kalin%20Thesis.pdf
  • Kazazian, A. (1990). Les logiques associatives dans la communauté arménienne d‟Égypte, Égypte/Monde arabe, Première série, 3, http://ema.revues.org/ index233.html
  • Kuhnke, L. (1990). Lives at risk: public health in nineteenth-century Egypt, University of California Press. http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=5a-Uc3NJuPUC
  • Livingston, J.W. (1996). Western Science and Educational Reform in the Thought of Shaykh Rifaa al-Tahtawi, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 28,4. 543-56
  • Mackesy, P. (1995). The British Victory in Egypt, 1801: The End of Napoleon's Conquest, Routledge
  • Mahfouz, N. (1947). The History of Medical Education in Egypt, London.
  • McGregor, A.J. (2006). A military history of modern Egypt: from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War, Praeger Security International http://books.google.com.tr/ books?id=WrbCziCWJPEC
  • Mitchell, T. (1991). Colonising Egypt, University of California Press. (Mısır'ın Sömürgeleştirmesi. ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft587006k2) İstanbul

MEHMET ALİ PAŞA ZAMANINDA MISIR’DA EĞİTİMİN BATILILAŞMASI

Year 2015, Volume: 16 Issue: 3, 277 - 294, 01.08.2015

Abstract

Mısır'da Mehmet Ali Paşa'nın uyguladığı Batılılaşma ve modernleşme çabası birçok açılardan incelenmeye değerdir. Bir açıdan bakıldığında Osmanlı Batılılaşması tipinde, bir açıdan da bakıldığında ondan çok daha yoğun bir Rusya veya Japonya Batılılaşması tipinde bir sosyal harekettir. Bu modernleşme içinde eğitim kurumlarının da önemli bir yer aldığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada genellikle Batılı ve orijinal kaynaklara dayanarak Mısır modernleşmesinin eğitim alanındaki okulları, çalıştırdığı yabancı uzmanlar, Avrupa'ya öğrenci gönderme faaliyetleri ana hatlarıyla incelenmiştir. Mehmet Ali Paşa?nın bir “aydın” despot olarak ülkesini kısa zamanda güçlü bir ordu, sağlam bir bürokratik yönetim ile gelişmiş bir sanayi ülkesi haline getirmek için çalışmalar yaptığı görülmektedir. Ancak sağlam bir alt yapının olmaması, Paşanın şüpheci davranışları, modernleşmeye destek veren adamların çoğunun maceraperest ve çekişmeli kişilik yapısına sahip insanlar olması modernleşmenin sağlam zeminlere oturmasını engellemiştir. O sırada değişen dünya şartları da değişimin sürekli olmasını engellemiştir. Dolayısıyla bu modernleşme çabaları büyük ölçüde Paşa?nın hayatı ile sınırlı kalmıştır.

References

  • Abu-Lughod, İ. (1963). Arab Rediscovery of Europe, Princeton
  • Ahmed, S. (2010). A Perspective of the Arab – Islamic Political Philosophy of the 18h and 19th Centuries: An Examination of Egypt´s Religion – Politics Problematic, Universität Wien, Magisterarbeit, http://othes.univie.ac.at/10695/1/2010-07- 15_0606423.pdf
  • Altundağ, Ş. (1988). Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa İsyanı: Mısır Mes'elesi (1831-1841), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu yay.
  • Amin Sami, (1917). at-Ta`lim fi Misr fi sanat 1914-1915, wa-bayan tafsili li-nashr al- ta`lim al-awwali wa-l-ibtida' bi-anha' al-diyar al-misriyya, Kahire: Matba„at al- Ma„arif.
  • Ashkenazi, J. (2009). Reflections On Educational Transitions In Egypt, Lebanon and Turkey, R. Cowen and A. M. Kazamias (eds.), International Handbook Of Comparative Education, Springer International Handbooks of Education, 22,6, s.889-905. http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=xCJFq4D4r-8C
  • Bowring, J. (1840). Report on Egypt and Candia, London: Clowes and Sons, http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=qzhDAAAAcAAJ
  • Burrow, G.N. (1975). Clot-Bey: Founder of Western Medical Practice in Egypt, The Yale Journal of Biology And Medicine 48, 251-257. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /pmc/articles/PMC2595236/pdf/yjbm00149-0084.pdf
  • Cachia, P. (2004). Tercüme ve Adaptasyon Dönemi (1850-1914), Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 13,1, 195-212. www.nuveforum.net/attachments/ 26703d1242801442-m9-pdf
  • Clot Bey, A. (1840). Aperçu générale sur l’Égypte, 2 cilt, Paris. http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=-e0-5MvEFoEC
  • Cochran, J. (1986). Education in Egypt, New Hampshire http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=OScOAAAAQAAJ
  • Cole, J. (2007). Napoleon’s Egypt: invading the Middle East, Palgrave Macmillan
  • Douin, G. (1927). La Mission du Baron de Bois-le-Comte. L'Egypte et la Syrie en 1833, Le Caire
  • Ducrue, J. (2006). France and medical education under the Ottoman Empire, Medicographia, content/pdf/Medicographia88.pdf 293-300.
  • http://www.medicographia.com/wp
  • Dunn, J. (1997). Egypt‟s Nineteenth-Century Armament Industry. The Journal of Military History, 61. 231-254.
  • Dunn, J.P. (2005). Khedive Ismail's army, USA, Routledge. http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=nHFVfLnZ864C
  • Fahmy, K. (1997). All the Pashas Men: Mehmed Ali His Army and the Making of Modern Egypt, Princeton University, New Jersey (http://books.google.com.tr/books? id=IlQsbY3REP4C) (Paşanın Adamları, Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa Ordu ve Modern Mısır adıyla çevrildi. İstanbul: Bilgi Üni. Yay. 2010)
  • Gesink, I.F. (2010). Islamic Reform and Conservatism. Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam. I.B.Tauris Pub. http://www.scribd.com/doc/48181121/ reformism-and-conservatism
  • Hershlag, Z.Y. (1980). Introduction to the modern economic history of the Middle East, Brill.
  • Heyworth-Dunne, J.(1968). An Introduction to the History of Education in Modern Egypt http://fileserve.com/file/WTcfMgA/_AKGMUizd.7z
  • Hourani, A.H. (1983). Arabic thought in the liberal age, 1798-1939. Cambridge University Press. http://www.google.com/books?hl=tr&lr=&id= Wto_ymT5vbQC (Türkçesi Çağdaş Arap Düşüncesi adıyla yayınlanmıştır, İnsan Yayınları, İstanbul, 2000).
  • Jabarti, A. (2009). Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, Markus Wiener Publishers. http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=OUzaasBv8SIC
  • Kalin, M. (2006). Hidden Pharaohs: Egypt, Engineers and the Modern Hydraulic, Faculty of Oriental Studies, master tezi, http://users.ox.ac.uk/~metheses/ Kalin%20Thesis.pdf
  • Kazazian, A. (1990). Les logiques associatives dans la communauté arménienne d‟Égypte, Égypte/Monde arabe, Première série, 3, http://ema.revues.org/ index233.html
  • Kuhnke, L. (1990). Lives at risk: public health in nineteenth-century Egypt, University of California Press. http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=5a-Uc3NJuPUC
  • Livingston, J.W. (1996). Western Science and Educational Reform in the Thought of Shaykh Rifaa al-Tahtawi, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 28,4. 543-56
  • Mackesy, P. (1995). The British Victory in Egypt, 1801: The End of Napoleon's Conquest, Routledge
  • Mahfouz, N. (1947). The History of Medical Education in Egypt, London.
  • McGregor, A.J. (2006). A military history of modern Egypt: from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War, Praeger Security International http://books.google.com.tr/ books?id=WrbCziCWJPEC
  • Mitchell, T. (1991). Colonising Egypt, University of California Press. (Mısır'ın Sömürgeleştirmesi. ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft587006k2) İstanbul
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mustafa Ergün This is me

Publication Date August 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 16 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Ergün, M. (2015). MEHMET ALİ PAŞA ZAMANINDA MISIR’DA EĞİTİMİN BATILILAŞMASI. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(3), 277-294.

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