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Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletlerindeki Kadın ve Erkek Okul Müdürlerinin Liderlik Algısı

Year 2018, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 297 - 306, 15.03.2018
https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.388612

Abstract

Eğitim sürecini iyileştirme gayretlerine
paralel olarak, müdürlerin bu çabalardaki payı bütün dünyada önemli hale
gelmiştir. Her geçen gün daha fazla kadının okul müdürü olmasıyla, kadınların
ve erkeklerin nasıl liderlik yaptıkları ve onların liderlik stillerinin ve
etkililiklerinin hem müdürlerin kendileri hem de müdürlerin okulundaki
öğretmenler tarafından nasıl algılandığının araştırılmasına gereksinim
duyulmuştur. Bu nitel çalışma, kültürel farklılıklara rağmen eğitime büyük önem
veren ve iki ayrı ülke olan Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletlerindeki kadın
ve erkek müdürlerin nasıl liderlik yaptıklarını ve onların liderlik stillerinin
ve etkililiklerinin hem müdürlerin kendileri hem de müdürlerin okulundaki
öğretmenler tarafından nasıl algılandığını araştırmaktır. Türkiye’de 40
öğretmen ve 20 müdürle görüşme yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya Amerika’da da aynı
şekilde, 20 müdür ve 40 öğretmen katılmıştır.
Araştırma
verileri kodlanarak analiz edilmiştir. Bu araştırma sonucu
literatürle tutarlıdır ve araştırmada, kadın ve erkek müdürlerin liderliğinin
algılanmasında cinsiyetin belirleyici olduğu; ayrıca, müdürlerin liderliğine
ilişkin hem öğretmen hem de müdür algısının cinsiyete göre farklılık gösterdiği
sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Hâlihazırda müdür olarak çalışan ve müdür olmak isteyen
kadınları desteklemek, yönlendirmek ve teşvik etmek gerekmektedir. Toplumsal
cinsiyet ve liderlik hususu, mesleki gelişim ve lider yetiştirme sürecinin her
düzeyinde mevzuatlar çerçevesinde ele alınmalıdır.

References

  • Adler, S., Laney, J. and Packer, M. (1993). Managing women: Feminism and power in educa-tional management. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
  • Akınoğlu, O. (2008). The curricular reform initiatives of Turkey in the fields of life science and social studies in the process of accession to the European Union. World Applied Scienc-es Journal, 3(2), 168-183.
  • Altınışık, S. (1995). Kadın öğretmenlerin okul müdürü olmasının engelleri. Kuram ve Uygu-lamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 1(3), 8-13. Anafarta, N., Sarvan, F. and Yapıcı, N. (2008). Konaklama işletmelerinde kadın yöneticilerin cam tavan algısı: Antalya ilinde bir araştırma. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 15(8), 111-137.
  • Andrews, R. and Soder, R. (1987). Principal leadership and student achievement. Educational Leadership, 44(6), 9-11. Arslan, H. (2009). Educational policy vs. culturally sensitive programs in Turkish Educational System. International Journal of Progressive Education, 5(2), 25-40.
  • Barth, R. S. (1990). Improving schools from within: Teachers, parents, and principals can make the difference. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Bass, B. (1990). Bass and Stogdill’s handbook of leadership: Theory, research and managerial applications (3rd ed.). New York: Free Press.
  • Bass, B. (1998). Transformational leadership: Industry, military, and educational impact. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Blake, R., and McCanse, A. (1991). Leadership dilemmas-Grid solutions. Houston, TX: Gulf.
  • Blake, R. and Mouton, J. (1964, 1978, 1985). The managerial grid. Houston, TX: Gulf.
  • Clarkberg, M. and Moen, P. (2001). Understanding the time-squeeze: Married couples’ pre-ferred and actual work-hour strategies. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(7), 1115-1135.
  • Coleman, M. (2005). Gender and secondary school leadership. International Studies in Edu-cational Administration, 33(2), 3-20. Çelebi, N.,Güner, H. and Yıldız, V. (2015). Developing toxic leadership scale (Toksik liderlik ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi). Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 249-268.
  • Çelebi, N. ve Bayhan, G., (2008). İlköğretimde çalışan öğretmenlerin algılarına göre okul yöneticilerinin yaratıcılık potansiyellerinin değerlendirilmesi. Marmara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 27, 79-97.
  • Çelik, E. (2015a). Batı edebiyatında polisiye romanın gelişimi sürecinde düşünsel ve sosyal etkiler. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyolojik Araştırmalar E-Dergisi, 1-14.
  • Çelik, E. (2015b). Distopik romanlarda toplumsal kurgu. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18(1), 57-79.
  • Çelikten, M. (2004). Okul müdürü koltuğundaki kadınlar: Kayseri İli örneği. Erciyes Üniver-sitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(2), 91-118.
  • Ekren, G. (2014). Eğitim yönetiminde kadın: cam tavana medya etkisi. Kadın/Woman 2000 Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(2), 71-94.
  • Fraenkel, J. and Wallen, N. (2009). How to design and evaluate research in education (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Friedman, T. (2005). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Fuhrman, S. and Lazerson, M. (2005). The public schools. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  • Hallinger, P. and Heck, R. (1996). Reassessing the principal’s role in school effectiveness: A review of the empirical research. Educational Administration Quarterly, 32(1), 5-44.
  • Hochschild, A. (1989). The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. New York: Viking Press.
  • Hoff, D. and Mitchell, S. (2008). In search of leaders: Gender factors in school administra-tion. Advancing Women in Leadership Journal, 28(1).
  • House, R. and Javidan, M. (2004). Overview of GLOBE. In House, R., Hanges, P., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P., Gupta V. and Associates (Eds.). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies (pp. 9-28). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Jago, A. (1982). Leadership: Perspectives in theory and research. Management Science, 28(3), 315-336. Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü. (2009). Türkiye’de kadının durumu. Ankara. <|http://www.ksgm.gov.tr/Pdf/t%C3%BCrkiyede%20kadinin%20durumu%20SON%2005.05.2009.doc> (5/03/2010)
  • Karaköse, T. (2008). High school teachers’ perceptions regarding ethical leadership in Tur-key. Asia Pacific Education Review, 8(3), 464-467.
  • Kochan, F., Spencer, W., and Mathews, J. (2000). Gender-based perceptions of the challeng-es, changes, and essential skills of the principalship. J. of School Leadership, 10(3), 290-310.
  • Korkmaz, M., Çelebi, N., Yücel, A .S., Şahbudak, E., Karta, N., and Şen, E. (2015). Eğitim kurumlarında yönetim ve liderlik. Ankara: Nobel.
  • Lashway, L. (2003). Transforming principal preparation. Washington: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.
  • Loder, T. (2005). Women administrators negotiate work-family conflict in changing times: An intergenerational perspective. Educational Administration Quarterly, 41(5), 741-776.
  • Lugg, C. (2003). Gender, sexual orientation, and a new politics of education? Educational Administration Quarterly, 39(1), 95-134.
  • Lucas, S. and Valentine, J. (2002). Transformational leadership: Principals, leadership teams, and school culture. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educa-tional Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
  • Marshall, C. and Rossman, G. (2010). Designing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Marzano, R., Waters, T., and McNulty, B. (2005). School leadership that works. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
  • McGee-Banks, C. (2007). Gender and race as factors in educational leadership and admin-istration. In Jossey-Bass reader on educational leadership (2nd ed.). (pp. 299-338). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Merriam, S. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francis-co: Jossey-Bass. National Center for Educational Statistics. (2010). Table A-29-1. Characteristics of school principals. <http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2010/section4/table-pal-1.asp> (31/05/2010).
  • Northouse, P. (2009). Leadership theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publica-tions.
  • Önder, E. and Güçlü, N. (2014). İlköğretimde okullar arası başarı farklılıklarını azaltmaya yönelik çözüm önerileri. Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 40(40), 109-132.
  • Salı, G. (2014). Okulöncesi dönem çocuklarında akran ilişkilerinin ve akran şiddetine maruz kalmanın çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Ç Ü. Eğ. Fak. Dergisi, 43(2), 195-216.
  • Shakeshaft, C. (1987). Women in educational administration. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Shakeshaft, C., Brown, G., Irby, B., Grogan, M. and Ballenger, J. (2007). Increasing gender equity in education leadership. In S. S. Klein (Ed.), Handbook for achieving gender equity through education (2nd ed.) (pp. 103-129). HMahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Shakeshaft, C., Nowell, I., and Perry, A. (1991). Gender and supervision. The Jossey-Bass reader on educational leadership (2nd ed.). (pp. 339-348). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Stein, M., and Spillane, J. (2003, April). Research on teaching and research on educational administration: Building a bridge. Paper presented at the annual meeting AERA, Chicago.
  • Titrek, O., Bayrakci, M. and Güneş, D. (2014). Barriers to Women’s Leadership in Turkey, The Anthropologıst, 18(1), 135-144.
  • Turkey’s Statistical Yearbook, (2008).<http://www.tuik.gov.tr/yillik/yillik.pdf> (07/03/2009)
  • Vroom, V. and Yetton, P. (1973). Leadership and decision-making. Pittsburgh, PA: Universi-ty of Pittsburgh Press.
  • Young, M. (2005). Shifting away from women’s issues in educational leadership in the US: Evidence of backlash? International Studies in Educational Administration, 33(2), 31-42.

Gender Perceptions of The Leadership Styles Of School Principals in Turkey And The Usa

Year 2018, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 297 - 306, 15.03.2018
https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.388612

Abstract

In an effort to improve the education of all students, much attention throughout the world has focused on the impact the principal plays in this effort. With more women taking on the role of principal,
research is needed to examine how women and men lead, and how their leadership
style and effectiveness is perceived, by both the principals themselves and the
teachers they lead.
This qualitative study examines how
female and male school principals lead in Turkey and the United States (US),
and how their leadership style and effectiveness is perceived, by both the
principals themselves and the teachers they lead, in two distinct countries that,
despite cultural differences, have committed to the strong belief of a public. The
data were
analyzed by coding the responses into a number of categories
related to gender, leadership style, and descriptive phrases. R
esults from this study found that, consistent with
the literature, gender perceptions of school leadership exist, and influence
how principals and teachers perceive leadership along gender lines. Support,
resources, and encouragement are needed for those who are currently female principals
and for those who are aspiring to become principals. The issue of gender and
leadership needs to be addressed in a formal manner at all levels of
professional development and leadership preparation.


















References

  • Adler, S., Laney, J. and Packer, M. (1993). Managing women: Feminism and power in educa-tional management. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
  • Akınoğlu, O. (2008). The curricular reform initiatives of Turkey in the fields of life science and social studies in the process of accession to the European Union. World Applied Scienc-es Journal, 3(2), 168-183.
  • Altınışık, S. (1995). Kadın öğretmenlerin okul müdürü olmasının engelleri. Kuram ve Uygu-lamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 1(3), 8-13. Anafarta, N., Sarvan, F. and Yapıcı, N. (2008). Konaklama işletmelerinde kadın yöneticilerin cam tavan algısı: Antalya ilinde bir araştırma. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 15(8), 111-137.
  • Andrews, R. and Soder, R. (1987). Principal leadership and student achievement. Educational Leadership, 44(6), 9-11. Arslan, H. (2009). Educational policy vs. culturally sensitive programs in Turkish Educational System. International Journal of Progressive Education, 5(2), 25-40.
  • Barth, R. S. (1990). Improving schools from within: Teachers, parents, and principals can make the difference. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Bass, B. (1990). Bass and Stogdill’s handbook of leadership: Theory, research and managerial applications (3rd ed.). New York: Free Press.
  • Bass, B. (1998). Transformational leadership: Industry, military, and educational impact. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Blake, R., and McCanse, A. (1991). Leadership dilemmas-Grid solutions. Houston, TX: Gulf.
  • Blake, R. and Mouton, J. (1964, 1978, 1985). The managerial grid. Houston, TX: Gulf.
  • Clarkberg, M. and Moen, P. (2001). Understanding the time-squeeze: Married couples’ pre-ferred and actual work-hour strategies. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(7), 1115-1135.
  • Coleman, M. (2005). Gender and secondary school leadership. International Studies in Edu-cational Administration, 33(2), 3-20. Çelebi, N.,Güner, H. and Yıldız, V. (2015). Developing toxic leadership scale (Toksik liderlik ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi). Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 249-268.
  • Çelebi, N. ve Bayhan, G., (2008). İlköğretimde çalışan öğretmenlerin algılarına göre okul yöneticilerinin yaratıcılık potansiyellerinin değerlendirilmesi. Marmara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 27, 79-97.
  • Çelik, E. (2015a). Batı edebiyatında polisiye romanın gelişimi sürecinde düşünsel ve sosyal etkiler. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyolojik Araştırmalar E-Dergisi, 1-14.
  • Çelik, E. (2015b). Distopik romanlarda toplumsal kurgu. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18(1), 57-79.
  • Çelikten, M. (2004). Okul müdürü koltuğundaki kadınlar: Kayseri İli örneği. Erciyes Üniver-sitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(2), 91-118.
  • Ekren, G. (2014). Eğitim yönetiminde kadın: cam tavana medya etkisi. Kadın/Woman 2000 Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(2), 71-94.
  • Fraenkel, J. and Wallen, N. (2009). How to design and evaluate research in education (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Friedman, T. (2005). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Fuhrman, S. and Lazerson, M. (2005). The public schools. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  • Hallinger, P. and Heck, R. (1996). Reassessing the principal’s role in school effectiveness: A review of the empirical research. Educational Administration Quarterly, 32(1), 5-44.
  • Hochschild, A. (1989). The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. New York: Viking Press.
  • Hoff, D. and Mitchell, S. (2008). In search of leaders: Gender factors in school administra-tion. Advancing Women in Leadership Journal, 28(1).
  • House, R. and Javidan, M. (2004). Overview of GLOBE. In House, R., Hanges, P., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P., Gupta V. and Associates (Eds.). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies (pp. 9-28). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Jago, A. (1982). Leadership: Perspectives in theory and research. Management Science, 28(3), 315-336. Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü. (2009). Türkiye’de kadının durumu. Ankara. <|http://www.ksgm.gov.tr/Pdf/t%C3%BCrkiyede%20kadinin%20durumu%20SON%2005.05.2009.doc> (5/03/2010)
  • Karaköse, T. (2008). High school teachers’ perceptions regarding ethical leadership in Tur-key. Asia Pacific Education Review, 8(3), 464-467.
  • Kochan, F., Spencer, W., and Mathews, J. (2000). Gender-based perceptions of the challeng-es, changes, and essential skills of the principalship. J. of School Leadership, 10(3), 290-310.
  • Korkmaz, M., Çelebi, N., Yücel, A .S., Şahbudak, E., Karta, N., and Şen, E. (2015). Eğitim kurumlarında yönetim ve liderlik. Ankara: Nobel.
  • Lashway, L. (2003). Transforming principal preparation. Washington: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.
  • Loder, T. (2005). Women administrators negotiate work-family conflict in changing times: An intergenerational perspective. Educational Administration Quarterly, 41(5), 741-776.
  • Lugg, C. (2003). Gender, sexual orientation, and a new politics of education? Educational Administration Quarterly, 39(1), 95-134.
  • Lucas, S. and Valentine, J. (2002). Transformational leadership: Principals, leadership teams, and school culture. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educa-tional Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
  • Marshall, C. and Rossman, G. (2010). Designing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Marzano, R., Waters, T., and McNulty, B. (2005). School leadership that works. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
  • McGee-Banks, C. (2007). Gender and race as factors in educational leadership and admin-istration. In Jossey-Bass reader on educational leadership (2nd ed.). (pp. 299-338). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Merriam, S. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francis-co: Jossey-Bass. National Center for Educational Statistics. (2010). Table A-29-1. Characteristics of school principals. <http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2010/section4/table-pal-1.asp> (31/05/2010).
  • Northouse, P. (2009). Leadership theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publica-tions.
  • Önder, E. and Güçlü, N. (2014). İlköğretimde okullar arası başarı farklılıklarını azaltmaya yönelik çözüm önerileri. Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 40(40), 109-132.
  • Salı, G. (2014). Okulöncesi dönem çocuklarında akran ilişkilerinin ve akran şiddetine maruz kalmanın çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Ç Ü. Eğ. Fak. Dergisi, 43(2), 195-216.
  • Shakeshaft, C. (1987). Women in educational administration. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Shakeshaft, C., Brown, G., Irby, B., Grogan, M. and Ballenger, J. (2007). Increasing gender equity in education leadership. In S. S. Klein (Ed.), Handbook for achieving gender equity through education (2nd ed.) (pp. 103-129). HMahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Shakeshaft, C., Nowell, I., and Perry, A. (1991). Gender and supervision. The Jossey-Bass reader on educational leadership (2nd ed.). (pp. 339-348). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Stein, M., and Spillane, J. (2003, April). Research on teaching and research on educational administration: Building a bridge. Paper presented at the annual meeting AERA, Chicago.
  • Titrek, O., Bayrakci, M. and Güneş, D. (2014). Barriers to Women’s Leadership in Turkey, The Anthropologıst, 18(1), 135-144.
  • Turkey’s Statistical Yearbook, (2008).<http://www.tuik.gov.tr/yillik/yillik.pdf> (07/03/2009)
  • Vroom, V. and Yetton, P. (1973). Leadership and decision-making. Pittsburgh, PA: Universi-ty of Pittsburgh Press.
  • Young, M. (2005). Shifting away from women’s issues in educational leadership in the US: Evidence of backlash? International Studies in Educational Administration, 33(2), 31-42.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Other ID 1224
Journal Section Review Article
Authors

Peter R. Litchka This is me

Emine Babaoğlan This is me

Publication Date March 15, 2018
Acceptance Date May 21, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 26 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Litchka, P. R., & Babaoğlan, E. (2018). Gender Perceptions of The Leadership Styles Of School Principals in Turkey And The Usa. Kastamonu Education Journal, 26(2), 297-306. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.388612

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