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ADAPTATION OF THE EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION QUESTIONNAIRE: VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDIES

Year 2011, Volume: 19 Issue: 3, 779 - 792, 01.09.2011

Yaşar Kuzucu

Abstract

The purpose of present study was to examine the validity and reliability of The Emotional Expression Questionnaire, developed by King and Emmons 1990 , for Turkish university students. For this purpose, a number of validity and reliability analyses were conducted. The sample consisted of 405 undergraduates, of whom 195 were female and 210 were male. Factor analysis revealed a three factor model explaining % 35 of the total variance. The Cronbach Alpha α =.85 and test-retest values n= 96, r=.85 were sufficient. Given an acceptable level of validity and reliability findings, the analyses indicated that the questionnaire could be used to assess the level of emotional expression exhibited by Turkish undergraduate students.

Keywords

Emotion emotional expression emotional expression scale scale.

References

  • 1. Sypher, H. E., Sypher, B. D., Haas, J. W. (1988). Getting emotional. American Behavioral Scientist, 31(3), 372-383.
  • 2. Bowers, J.W., Metts, S.M., Duncanson, W. (1985). Emotion and interpersonal communication. In J. Knapp & G. Miller (Ed.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (pp.500-550). Beverly Hills: CA. Sage.
  • 3. Greenberg, M. A., Wortman, C. B., Stone, A. A. (1996). Emotional expression and physical health: Revising traumatic memories or fostering self regulation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 588-602.
  • 4. King, L. A., Emmons, R. A. (1990). Conflict over emotional expression: Psychological and physical correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), 64-877.
  • 5. Pennebaker, J. W. (1995). Emotion, disclosure, and health: An overview. J W Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, and health. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
  • 6. Nolen-Hoeksama, S., Morrow, J., Fredickson, B. L. (1993). Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 20-28.
  • 7. Katz, I. M., Campbell, J. D. (1994). Ambivalence over emotional expression and wellbeing: Nomethetic and ideographic tests of the stress buffering hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 513–524.
  • 8. Flannery, D. J. (1993) Affective expression and emotion in early adolescence: An introduction. Journal of Early Adolescence, 13(4), 356-360.
  • 9. Novick-Kline, P., Turk, C. L., Mennin, D. S., et al. (2005). Level of emotional awareness as a differentiating variable between individuals with and without generalized anxiety disorder. Anxiety Disorders, 19, 557-572.
  • 10. Thimm, C., Lenelis, K. (1993). The power-emotion relationship in discourage spontaneous expression of emotions in asymmetric dialogue. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 12(1/2), 81-102.
  • 11. Bolton, E. E., Glenn, D. M., Orsillo, S. et al. (2003). The relationship between selfdisclosure and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in peacekeepers deployed to Somalia. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(3), 203-210.
  • 12. Hemenover, S. H. (2003). The good, the bad, and the healthy: Impacts of emotional disclosure of trauma on resilient self-concept and psychological distress. Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 23(10), 1236-1244.
  • 13. Kenndy-Moore, E., Watson, J. C. (2001). How and when does emotional expression help? Review of General Psychology, 5, 187-212.
  • 14. Lepore, S. J., Ragan, J., Jones, S. (2000). Talking facilitates cognitive-emotional processes of adaptation to an acute stressor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 499-509.
  • 15. Lepore S. J., Fernandez-Berrocal P., Ragan, J. et al. (2004). It’s not that bad: Social challenges to emotional disclosure enhance adjustment to stress. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 17(4), 341-361.
  • 16. Mendolia, M., Kleck, R. E. (1993). Effects of talking about a stressful event on arousal: Does what we talk about make a difference? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 283-292.
  • 17. Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Confession, inhibition, and disease. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 22, pp. 211-244). Orlando, F.L.: Academic Press.
  • 18. Zech, E. (1998). Is it helpful to verbalize ones emotions? Gedrag and Gezondheid, 27, 42–47.
  • 19. Smyth, J. M., Stone, A. A., Hurewitz, A., et al (1999). Effects of writing about stressful experiences on symptom reduction in patients with asthma or rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized trial. Journal of American Medical Association, 281, 1304-1309.
  • 20. Clark, L. F. (1993). Stress and cognitive–conversational benefits of social interaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 12, 25–55.
  • 21. Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162–166.
  • 22. Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 243–268.
  • 23. King, L. A. (1993). Emotional expression ambivalence over expression, and marital satisfaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10, 601-607.
  • 24. Keltner, D., Haidt, J. (1999). Social functions of emotions at four levels of analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 13(5), 505-521.
  • 25. Collins, A., Miller, L. C. (1994). Self disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 457-475.
  • 26. Friedman, H.S., Prince, L.M. Riggio, R.E. et al. (1980). Understanding and assessing nonverbal expressiveness: The affective communication test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 331-351.
  • 27. Gangestad, S.W., Snyder, M. (1985). To carve nature at its joints: On the existence of discrete classes in personality. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 317-349.
  • 28. Planalp, S. (1999). Communicating and emotion: Social, moral and cultural processes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • 29. Kring, A. M., Smith, D. A., Neale, J. M. (1994). Individual differences in dispositional expressiveness: Development and validation of the expressiveness scale. Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 934–949.
  • 30. Cenkseven, F. (2004). Üniversite öğrencilerinde öznel ve psikolojik iyi olmanın yordayıcılarının incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana.
  • 31. Gençöz, T. (2000). Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19–26.
  • 32. Tabachnick B. G., Fidel, L. S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics. (Fourth Edition). MA: Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
  • 33. Tavşancıl, E. (2005). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi. (İkinci Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • 34. Jöreskog, K. G., Sörbom, D. (1993). Lisrel 8: Structural equation modeling with SIMPLIS command language. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
  • 35. Simsek, O. F. (2007). Yapısal Eşitlik modellemesine giriş temel ilkeler ve LISREL Uygulamaları. Ankara: Ekinoks Yayınları.
  • 36. Jöreskog, K. G., Sörbom, D. (1999). Lisrel 8.30 and Prelis 2.30. In: Scientific Software International.
  • 37. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A. (1984). The independence of positive and negative effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1105-117.
  • 38. Stanton, A. L., Kirk, S. B., Cameron, C. L., et al. (2000). Coping through emotional approach: Scale construction and validations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1150-1169.
  • 39. Heessacker, M., Bradley, M. M. (1997). Beyond Feelings: Psychotherapy and emotion. The Counseling Psychologist, 25, 201–219.
  • 40. Rime, B., Zech, E. (2001). The social sharing of emotion. Boletin de Psicologia, 97–108.
  • 41. Rime, B., Finkenauer, C., Luminet O et al. (1998). Social sharing of emotion: New evidence and new questions. In W. Strobe ve M. Hewstone (Ed.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 9, pp. 145-189). Chichester: Wiley.
  • 42. Finkenauer, C., Rime, B. (1998). Socially shared emotional experience vs. emotional experiences kept secret: Differential characteristics and consequences. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 17, 295–318.
  • 43. Pennebaker, J. W., Zech, E., Rime, B. (2001). Disclosing and sharing emotion: Psychological, social and health consequences. In M. Strobe, W. Strobe, R. O., Hasson & H. Schut (Ed.), New handbook of bereavement: Consequences, coping, and care. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
  • 44. Schmidt, T. O., Cornelius, R. R. (1987). Self- disclosure in everyday life. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 4, 365-373.
  • 45. Mesquita, B., Frijda, N. H. (1992). Cultural variations in emotions: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 224--253.
  • 46. Hayes, J. G. (1999). Managing the expression of emotions. Unpublished Maters Thesisis Lisans, Illinois State University.
  • 47. Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2000). Kültürel psikoloji kültür bağlamında insan ve aile. İstanbul: Evrim Yayınevi.
  • 48. Dökmen, Ü. (1995). Sanatta ve günlük yaşamda iletişim çatışmaları ve empati. İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık.
  • 49. Dönmez, M. M. (2007). Meslek lisesi öğrencilerinin atılganlık düzeylerine göre yaşam doyumu ve duyguları ifade etme eğilimlerinin karşılaştırılması. Yayınlanmamış Yüksel Lisans Tezi, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • 50. Kuzucu, Y. (2006). Duyguları Fark Etmeye ve İfade Etmeye Yönelik Bir Psiko-Eğitim Programının, Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Duygusal Farkındalık Düzeylerine, Duyguları İfade Etme Eğilimlerine, Psikolojik ve Öznel İyi Oluşlarına Etkisi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.

DUYGULARI İFADE ETME ÖLÇEĞİ’NİN UYARLANMASI: GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMALARI

Year 2011, Volume: 19 Issue: 3, 779 - 792, 01.09.2011

Yaşar Kuzucu

Abstract

Araştırmanın amacı King ve Emmons 1990 tarafından geliştirilen Duyguları İfade Etme Ölçeği Emotional Expression Questionnaire ’nin Türk kültürüne uyarlanmasıdır. Bu amaca bağlı olarak geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya195 kız, 210 erkek olmak üzere toplam 405 üniversite öğrencisi katılmıştır. Faktör analizi ölçeğin üç boyutlu olduğunu, ancak kimi maddelerin özgün ölçekten farklı faktörlere yüklendiğini göstermektedir. Üç faktör, toplam varyansın %35’ini açılmaktadır. Test-tekrar test n= 96, r = .85 ve iç tutarlık analizleri α =.85 ölçeğin güvenilir olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuçlar ölçeğin Türk üniversite öğrencilerinde geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

Duygu duyguları ifade etme duyguları ifade etme ölçeği ölçek.

References

  • 1. Sypher, H. E., Sypher, B. D., Haas, J. W. (1988). Getting emotional. American Behavioral Scientist, 31(3), 372-383.
  • 2. Bowers, J.W., Metts, S.M., Duncanson, W. (1985). Emotion and interpersonal communication. In J. Knapp & G. Miller (Ed.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (pp.500-550). Beverly Hills: CA. Sage.
  • 3. Greenberg, M. A., Wortman, C. B., Stone, A. A. (1996). Emotional expression and physical health: Revising traumatic memories or fostering self regulation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 588-602.
  • 4. King, L. A., Emmons, R. A. (1990). Conflict over emotional expression: Psychological and physical correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), 64-877.
  • 5. Pennebaker, J. W. (1995). Emotion, disclosure, and health: An overview. J W Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, and health. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
  • 6. Nolen-Hoeksama, S., Morrow, J., Fredickson, B. L. (1993). Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 20-28.
  • 7. Katz, I. M., Campbell, J. D. (1994). Ambivalence over emotional expression and wellbeing: Nomethetic and ideographic tests of the stress buffering hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 513–524.
  • 8. Flannery, D. J. (1993) Affective expression and emotion in early adolescence: An introduction. Journal of Early Adolescence, 13(4), 356-360.
  • 9. Novick-Kline, P., Turk, C. L., Mennin, D. S., et al. (2005). Level of emotional awareness as a differentiating variable between individuals with and without generalized anxiety disorder. Anxiety Disorders, 19, 557-572.
  • 10. Thimm, C., Lenelis, K. (1993). The power-emotion relationship in discourage spontaneous expression of emotions in asymmetric dialogue. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 12(1/2), 81-102.
  • 11. Bolton, E. E., Glenn, D. M., Orsillo, S. et al. (2003). The relationship between selfdisclosure and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in peacekeepers deployed to Somalia. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(3), 203-210.
  • 12. Hemenover, S. H. (2003). The good, the bad, and the healthy: Impacts of emotional disclosure of trauma on resilient self-concept and psychological distress. Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 23(10), 1236-1244.
  • 13. Kenndy-Moore, E., Watson, J. C. (2001). How and when does emotional expression help? Review of General Psychology, 5, 187-212.
  • 14. Lepore, S. J., Ragan, J., Jones, S. (2000). Talking facilitates cognitive-emotional processes of adaptation to an acute stressor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 499-509.
  • 15. Lepore S. J., Fernandez-Berrocal P., Ragan, J. et al. (2004). It’s not that bad: Social challenges to emotional disclosure enhance adjustment to stress. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 17(4), 341-361.
  • 16. Mendolia, M., Kleck, R. E. (1993). Effects of talking about a stressful event on arousal: Does what we talk about make a difference? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 283-292.
  • 17. Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Confession, inhibition, and disease. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 22, pp. 211-244). Orlando, F.L.: Academic Press.
  • 18. Zech, E. (1998). Is it helpful to verbalize ones emotions? Gedrag and Gezondheid, 27, 42–47.
  • 19. Smyth, J. M., Stone, A. A., Hurewitz, A., et al (1999). Effects of writing about stressful experiences on symptom reduction in patients with asthma or rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized trial. Journal of American Medical Association, 281, 1304-1309.
  • 20. Clark, L. F. (1993). Stress and cognitive–conversational benefits of social interaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 12, 25–55.
  • 21. Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162–166.
  • 22. Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 243–268.
  • 23. King, L. A. (1993). Emotional expression ambivalence over expression, and marital satisfaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10, 601-607.
  • 24. Keltner, D., Haidt, J. (1999). Social functions of emotions at four levels of analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 13(5), 505-521.
  • 25. Collins, A., Miller, L. C. (1994). Self disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 457-475.
  • 26. Friedman, H.S., Prince, L.M. Riggio, R.E. et al. (1980). Understanding and assessing nonverbal expressiveness: The affective communication test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 331-351.
  • 27. Gangestad, S.W., Snyder, M. (1985). To carve nature at its joints: On the existence of discrete classes in personality. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 317-349.
  • 28. Planalp, S. (1999). Communicating and emotion: Social, moral and cultural processes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • 29. Kring, A. M., Smith, D. A., Neale, J. M. (1994). Individual differences in dispositional expressiveness: Development and validation of the expressiveness scale. Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 934–949.
  • 30. Cenkseven, F. (2004). Üniversite öğrencilerinde öznel ve psikolojik iyi olmanın yordayıcılarının incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana.
  • 31. Gençöz, T. (2000). Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19–26.
  • 32. Tabachnick B. G., Fidel, L. S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics. (Fourth Edition). MA: Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
  • 33. Tavşancıl, E. (2005). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi. (İkinci Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • 34. Jöreskog, K. G., Sörbom, D. (1993). Lisrel 8: Structural equation modeling with SIMPLIS command language. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
  • 35. Simsek, O. F. (2007). Yapısal Eşitlik modellemesine giriş temel ilkeler ve LISREL Uygulamaları. Ankara: Ekinoks Yayınları.
  • 36. Jöreskog, K. G., Sörbom, D. (1999). Lisrel 8.30 and Prelis 2.30. In: Scientific Software International.
  • 37. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A. (1984). The independence of positive and negative effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1105-117.
  • 38. Stanton, A. L., Kirk, S. B., Cameron, C. L., et al. (2000). Coping through emotional approach: Scale construction and validations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1150-1169.
  • 39. Heessacker, M., Bradley, M. M. (1997). Beyond Feelings: Psychotherapy and emotion. The Counseling Psychologist, 25, 201–219.
  • 40. Rime, B., Zech, E. (2001). The social sharing of emotion. Boletin de Psicologia, 97–108.
  • 41. Rime, B., Finkenauer, C., Luminet O et al. (1998). Social sharing of emotion: New evidence and new questions. In W. Strobe ve M. Hewstone (Ed.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 9, pp. 145-189). Chichester: Wiley.
  • 42. Finkenauer, C., Rime, B. (1998). Socially shared emotional experience vs. emotional experiences kept secret: Differential characteristics and consequences. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 17, 295–318.
  • 43. Pennebaker, J. W., Zech, E., Rime, B. (2001). Disclosing and sharing emotion: Psychological, social and health consequences. In M. Strobe, W. Strobe, R. O., Hasson & H. Schut (Ed.), New handbook of bereavement: Consequences, coping, and care. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
  • 44. Schmidt, T. O., Cornelius, R. R. (1987). Self- disclosure in everyday life. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 4, 365-373.
  • 45. Mesquita, B., Frijda, N. H. (1992). Cultural variations in emotions: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 224--253.
  • 46. Hayes, J. G. (1999). Managing the expression of emotions. Unpublished Maters Thesisis Lisans, Illinois State University.
  • 47. Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2000). Kültürel psikoloji kültür bağlamında insan ve aile. İstanbul: Evrim Yayınevi.
  • 48. Dökmen, Ü. (1995). Sanatta ve günlük yaşamda iletişim çatışmaları ve empati. İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık.
  • 49. Dönmez, M. M. (2007). Meslek lisesi öğrencilerinin atılganlık düzeylerine göre yaşam doyumu ve duyguları ifade etme eğilimlerinin karşılaştırılması. Yayınlanmamış Yüksel Lisans Tezi, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • 50. Kuzucu, Y. (2006). Duyguları Fark Etmeye ve İfade Etmeye Yönelik Bir Psiko-Eğitim Programının, Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Duygusal Farkındalık Düzeylerine, Duyguları İfade Etme Eğilimlerine, Psikolojik ve Öznel İyi Oluşlarına Etkisi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Yaşar Kuzucu This is me

Publication Date September 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 19 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kuzucu, Y. (2011). DUYGULARI İFADE ETME ÖLÇEĞİ’NİN UYARLANMASI: GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMALARI. Kastamonu Education Journal, 19(3), 779-792.

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