Sustainable Urbanization in Turkey: A Structural Equality Model Adaptation
Year 2023,
, 462 - 476, 20.03.2023
Şahika Gökmen
,
Deniz Koçak
,
Murat Atan
Abstract
Urbanization is a phenomenon that not only contributes to the development of the country but also brings with it some problems. Sustainable urbanization is the ability of cities to grow at the economic, social, and environmental levels of the society and in a sustainable way. Turkey has been exposed to rapid urbanization in recent years and the number of people living in cities is increasing. Although studies on sustainable urbanization in Turkey are limited, no study has been found in the literature that evaluates sustainable urbanization performance over the years. Based on the aforementioned information, in this study, it is aimed to measure and evaluate the sustainable urbanization performance of Turkey between 2000 and 2019. Socio-economic and environmental variables are used in the structural equation model to measure Turkey's sustainable urbanization. Second-order confirmatory factor analysis is used to estimate the model. Based on the findings, it is observed that there has been a significant increase in environmental performance in 2016 and beyond. It is seen that environmental performance and socio-economic performance, which shows a relatively stable increase, have almost the same effect on the country’s sustainable urbanization performance.
References
- Aksoy, F. & Bayram Arlı, N. (2020). Evaluation of Sustainable Happiness with Sustainable Development Goals: Structural Equation Model Approach, Sustainable Development, 28(1), 385-392.
- Anderson, J.C. & Gerbing, D.W. (1988). Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two‐Step Approach, Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411.
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- Balcerzak, A.P. & Pietrzak, M.B. (2016). Structural Equation Modeling in Evaluation of Technological Potential of European Union Countries in the years 2008-2012 (No. 6/2016), Institute of Economic Research Working Papers.
- Bollen, K.A. (2002). Latent Variables in Psychology and the Social Sciences, Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 605-634.
- Börüban, C. & Güler, E. Ö. (2021). Ekonomik Yapının Temiz Suya Erişim Üzerindeki Etkisi, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 35(4), 1205-1222.
- De Jong, M., Joss, S., Schraven, D., Zhan, C. & Weijnen, M. (2015). Sustainable–Smart–Resilient–Low Carbon–Eco–Knowledge Cities; Making Sense of a Multitude of Concepts Promoting Sustainable Urbanization, Journal of Cleaner Production, 109, 25-38.
- Drakakis-Smith, D. (1997). Third World Cities: Sustainable Urban Development III-Basic Needs and Human Rights, Urban Studies, 34(5-6), 797-823.
- Ertaş, M. & Bayındır, Ö. (2020). Sürdürülebilir Kentsel Dönüşüm, Türkiye Arazi Yönetimi, 2(1), 1-9.
- Gignac, G.E. (2008). Higher-Order Models versus Direct Hierarchical Models: G As Superordinate or Breadth Factor?, Psychology Science, 50(1), 21.
- Isik, Z., Arditi, D., Dikmen, I. & Birgonul, M.T. (2009). Impact of Corporate Strengths/Weaknesses on Project Management Competencies, International Journal of Project Management, 27(6), 629-637.
- Jiao, L., Shen, L., Shuai, C. & He, B. (2016). A Novel Approach for Assessing the Performance of Sustainable Urbanization Based on Structural Equation Modeling: A China Case Study, Sustainability, 8(9), 910.
- Jung, T.Y., La Rovere, E.L., Gaj, H., Shukla, P.R. & Zhou, D. (2000). Structural Changes in Developing Countries and Their İmplication for Energy-Related CO2 Emissions, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 63(2-3), 111-136.
- Karasu, M.A. (2008). Türkiye’de Kentleşme Dinamiklerinin Suça Etkisi, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 57(4), 255-281.
- Korucu, M. K. (2019). Ulusal Atık Yönetimi Eylem Planlarında Kullanılan Belediye Atığı Yönetimi İçin Yöntem Seçimi Yaklaşımının Bir Eleştirisi. Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 2(4), 169-176.
- Kukla‐Gryz, A. (2006). Use of Structural Equation Modeling to Examine the Relationships between Growth, Trade and the Environment in Developing Countries, Sustainable Development, 14(5), 327-342.
- Li, F., Liu, X., Hu, D., Wang, R., Yang, W., Li, D. & Zhao, D. (2009). Measurement Indicators and an Evaluation Approach for Assessing Urban Sustainable Development: A Case Study for China's Jining City, Landscape and Urban Planning, 90(3-4), 134-142.
- ling Guo, L., Qu, Y., & Tseng, M. L. (2017). The Interaction Effects of Environmental Regulation and Technological İnnovation on Regional Green Growth Performance, Journal of Cleaner Production, 162, 894-902.
- Mardani, A., Streimikiene, D., Zavadskas, E.K., Cavallaro, F., Nilashi, M., Jusoh, A. & Zare, H. (2017). Application of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to Solve Environmental Sustainability Problems: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis, Sustainability, 9(10), 1814.
- Ni, P. (2013). The Goal, Path, and Policy Responses of China’s New Urbanization, China Finance and Economic Review, 1(1), 1-15.
- Ochoa, J.J., Tan, Y., Qian, Q.K., Shen, L. & Moreno, E.L. (2018). Learning from Best Practices in Sustainable Urbanization, Habitat International, 78, 83-95.
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling, Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1-36.
- Roy, M. (2009). Planning for Sustainable Urbanisation in Fast Growing Cities: Mitigation and Adaptation Issues Addressed in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Habitat International, 33(3), 276-286.
- Sarış, F. (2021). Türkiye'de Evsel Su Tedarik ve Tüketim İstatistiklerinin Değerlendirilmesi, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 19(1), 195-216.
- Shen, L., Peng, Y., Zhang, X. & Wu, Y. (2012). An Alternative Model for Evaluating Sustainable Urbanization, Cities, 29(1), 32-39.
- Shen, W., Xiao, W. & Wang, X. (2016). Passenger Satisfaction Evaluation Model for Urban Rail Transit: A Structural Equation Modeling based on Partial Least Squares, Transport Policy, 46, 20-31.
- T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (2017). Şehircilik Şûrası Komisyon Raporları, Ankara.
- Talebzadehhosseini, S. & Garibay, I. (2022). The Interaction Effects of Technological Innovation and Path-Dependent Economic Growth on Countries Overall Green Growth Performance, Journal of Cleaner Production, 333, 130134.
- Tan, Y., Xu, H. & Zhang, X. (2016). Sustainable Urbanization in China: A Comprehensive Literature Review, Cities, 55, 82-93.
- UAYEP (2016). Ulusal Atık Yönetimi ve Eylem Planı (2016-2023), T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, Türkiye.
- UÇES (2006). AB Entegre Çevre Uyum Stratejisi (UÇES) (2007-2023), T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Türkiye.
- UN-Habitat ve DFID (2002). United Nations Human Settlement Programme/Department for International Development (UN-Habitat/DFID) (2002) Sustainable Urbanisation: Achieving Agenda 21, UN-Habitat ve DFID, Nairobi.
- Yılmaz, E. & Çiftçi, S. (2011). Kentlerin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Sosyo-Politik Açıdan Türkiye'de Kentleşme Dönemleri, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(35), 252-267.
- Zhang, D., Xu, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., He, S. & Zhou, X. (2020). Study on Sustainable Urbanization literature based on Web of Science, Scopus, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure: A Scientometric Analysis in CiteSpace, Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121537.
Türkiye’de Sürdürülebilir Kentleşme: Bir Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli Uyarlaması
Year 2023,
, 462 - 476, 20.03.2023
Şahika Gökmen
,
Deniz Koçak
,
Murat Atan
Abstract
Kentleşme ülkenin gelişimine katkıda bulunduğu kadar beraberinde bazı problemleri de getiren bir olgudur. Sürdürülebilir kentleşme ise kentlerin büyümelerini toplumun ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel düzeylerinde ve sürdürülebilir bir şekilde gerçekleştirebilmesidir. Türkiye son yıllarda hızlı bir kentleşmeye maruz kalmakta ve kentlerde yaşayan insan sayısı artış göstermektedir. Türkiye’de sürdürülebilir kentleşme üzerine yapılan çalışmalar sınırlı olmakla birlikte, literatürde yıllara göre sürdürülebilir kentleşme performansının değerlendirildiği bir çalışmaya rastlanılmamıştır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin 2000-2019 yılları arasındaki sürdürülebilir kentleşme performansının ölçülmesi ve değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Türkiye’nin sürdürülebilir kentleşmesinin ölçülmesinde sosyo-ekonomik ve çevresel değişkenler yapısal eşitlik modelinde kullanılmaktadır. Modelin tahmin edilmesinde ise ikinci mertebeden doğrulayıcı faktör analizi kullanılmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, 2016 yılı ve sonrasında çevrecilik performansında ciddi bir artış kaydedildiği görülmektedir. Çevrecilik performansı ve görece daha durağan bir artış gösteren sosyo-ekonomik performansın, ülkenin sürdürülebilir kentleşme performansı üzerinde hemen hemen aynı düzeyde bir etkiye sahip olduğu görülmektedir.
References
- Aksoy, F. & Bayram Arlı, N. (2020). Evaluation of Sustainable Happiness with Sustainable Development Goals: Structural Equation Model Approach, Sustainable Development, 28(1), 385-392.
- Anderson, J.C. & Gerbing, D.W. (1988). Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two‐Step Approach, Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411.
- AYEP (2008). Atık Yönetimi Eylem Planı (2008-2012), T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Türkiye.
- Balcerzak, A.P. & Pietrzak, M.B. (2016). Structural Equation Modeling in Evaluation of Technological Potential of European Union Countries in the years 2008-2012 (No. 6/2016), Institute of Economic Research Working Papers.
- Bollen, K.A. (2002). Latent Variables in Psychology and the Social Sciences, Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 605-634.
- Börüban, C. & Güler, E. Ö. (2021). Ekonomik Yapının Temiz Suya Erişim Üzerindeki Etkisi, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 35(4), 1205-1222.
- De Jong, M., Joss, S., Schraven, D., Zhan, C. & Weijnen, M. (2015). Sustainable–Smart–Resilient–Low Carbon–Eco–Knowledge Cities; Making Sense of a Multitude of Concepts Promoting Sustainable Urbanization, Journal of Cleaner Production, 109, 25-38.
- Drakakis-Smith, D. (1997). Third World Cities: Sustainable Urban Development III-Basic Needs and Human Rights, Urban Studies, 34(5-6), 797-823.
- Ertaş, M. & Bayındır, Ö. (2020). Sürdürülebilir Kentsel Dönüşüm, Türkiye Arazi Yönetimi, 2(1), 1-9.
- Gignac, G.E. (2008). Higher-Order Models versus Direct Hierarchical Models: G As Superordinate or Breadth Factor?, Psychology Science, 50(1), 21.
- Isik, Z., Arditi, D., Dikmen, I. & Birgonul, M.T. (2009). Impact of Corporate Strengths/Weaknesses on Project Management Competencies, International Journal of Project Management, 27(6), 629-637.
- Jiao, L., Shen, L., Shuai, C. & He, B. (2016). A Novel Approach for Assessing the Performance of Sustainable Urbanization Based on Structural Equation Modeling: A China Case Study, Sustainability, 8(9), 910.
- Jung, T.Y., La Rovere, E.L., Gaj, H., Shukla, P.R. & Zhou, D. (2000). Structural Changes in Developing Countries and Their İmplication for Energy-Related CO2 Emissions, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 63(2-3), 111-136.
- Karasu, M.A. (2008). Türkiye’de Kentleşme Dinamiklerinin Suça Etkisi, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 57(4), 255-281.
- Korucu, M. K. (2019). Ulusal Atık Yönetimi Eylem Planlarında Kullanılan Belediye Atığı Yönetimi İçin Yöntem Seçimi Yaklaşımının Bir Eleştirisi. Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 2(4), 169-176.
- Kukla‐Gryz, A. (2006). Use of Structural Equation Modeling to Examine the Relationships between Growth, Trade and the Environment in Developing Countries, Sustainable Development, 14(5), 327-342.
- Li, F., Liu, X., Hu, D., Wang, R., Yang, W., Li, D. & Zhao, D. (2009). Measurement Indicators and an Evaluation Approach for Assessing Urban Sustainable Development: A Case Study for China's Jining City, Landscape and Urban Planning, 90(3-4), 134-142.
- ling Guo, L., Qu, Y., & Tseng, M. L. (2017). The Interaction Effects of Environmental Regulation and Technological İnnovation on Regional Green Growth Performance, Journal of Cleaner Production, 162, 894-902.
- Mardani, A., Streimikiene, D., Zavadskas, E.K., Cavallaro, F., Nilashi, M., Jusoh, A. & Zare, H. (2017). Application of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to Solve Environmental Sustainability Problems: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis, Sustainability, 9(10), 1814.
- Ni, P. (2013). The Goal, Path, and Policy Responses of China’s New Urbanization, China Finance and Economic Review, 1(1), 1-15.
- Ochoa, J.J., Tan, Y., Qian, Q.K., Shen, L. & Moreno, E.L. (2018). Learning from Best Practices in Sustainable Urbanization, Habitat International, 78, 83-95.
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling, Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1-36.
- Roy, M. (2009). Planning for Sustainable Urbanisation in Fast Growing Cities: Mitigation and Adaptation Issues Addressed in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Habitat International, 33(3), 276-286.
- Sarış, F. (2021). Türkiye'de Evsel Su Tedarik ve Tüketim İstatistiklerinin Değerlendirilmesi, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 19(1), 195-216.
- Shen, L., Peng, Y., Zhang, X. & Wu, Y. (2012). An Alternative Model for Evaluating Sustainable Urbanization, Cities, 29(1), 32-39.
- Shen, W., Xiao, W. & Wang, X. (2016). Passenger Satisfaction Evaluation Model for Urban Rail Transit: A Structural Equation Modeling based on Partial Least Squares, Transport Policy, 46, 20-31.
- T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (2017). Şehircilik Şûrası Komisyon Raporları, Ankara.
- Talebzadehhosseini, S. & Garibay, I. (2022). The Interaction Effects of Technological Innovation and Path-Dependent Economic Growth on Countries Overall Green Growth Performance, Journal of Cleaner Production, 333, 130134.
- Tan, Y., Xu, H. & Zhang, X. (2016). Sustainable Urbanization in China: A Comprehensive Literature Review, Cities, 55, 82-93.
- UAYEP (2016). Ulusal Atık Yönetimi ve Eylem Planı (2016-2023), T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, Türkiye.
- UÇES (2006). AB Entegre Çevre Uyum Stratejisi (UÇES) (2007-2023), T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Türkiye.
- UN-Habitat ve DFID (2002). United Nations Human Settlement Programme/Department for International Development (UN-Habitat/DFID) (2002) Sustainable Urbanisation: Achieving Agenda 21, UN-Habitat ve DFID, Nairobi.
- Yılmaz, E. & Çiftçi, S. (2011). Kentlerin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Sosyo-Politik Açıdan Türkiye'de Kentleşme Dönemleri, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(35), 252-267.
- Zhang, D., Xu, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., He, S. & Zhou, X. (2020). Study on Sustainable Urbanization literature based on Web of Science, Scopus, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure: A Scientometric Analysis in CiteSpace, Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121537.