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The Value-Creation Role Of Accessibility Through the Critical Realism Method: Istanbul Bus Rapid Transit System

Year 2023, , 2633 - 2650, 16.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1378474

Abstract

Public investments in "mass transit systems" provide an equal right of accessibility economic and social opportunities for everyone. Concurrently, they generate an increase in land value both along the mass transit line and within the accessible area of the stations. This article focuses on the socio-economic and spatial effects of the increased land value resulting from the accessibility created by the mass transit system. By reviewing world wide case studies and practices, it examines these causal processes within the framework of the Critical Realism Method using the example of the Istanbul Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) System. As a result of the Extensive Analysis, an analytical method of the Critical Realism Method, it was observed that the rate of land value increase in the Istanbul BRT System was 28% and the rate of land value increase at all stations along the line varied between 20% and 280%. In the Intensive Analysis, it was observed that the increase in land value at selected stations varied depending on the proximity of the station to Istanbul's Central Business District, new incoming land use types, plan changes made by the public, the presence of vacant lands that would enable land speculation, and the presence of large projects around the station. This article provides insights which explains that “the change in land value resulting from accessibility” does not cause the same magnitude of value increase at every station along the line and does not create the same socio-economic and spatial impact at every station. It presents an empirically tested study by comparing the accessibility created by the Istanbul BRT System before and after its implementation.

Project Number

07

References

  • Ashworth, C. (1990). The Strucuture of Social Theory, Londra: Macmillan.
  • Baker, B. (2011). Environment and Development in World development: An essential text. United Kingdom: New Internationalist Publications, 197–214.
  • Banister, D., Berechman, J. (2000). Transport investment and economic development. London: University College London Press.
  • Ben Akiva, M., Lerman, S.R. (1985). Discrete Choice Analysis. MIT Press, Cambridge.
  • Bhaskar, R. (1975). A Realist Theory of Science. Harvester: Brighton.
  • Bhaskar, R. (1996). Scientific Realism and Human Emancipation. Verso: London.
  • Bhat, C., Handy, S., Kockelman, K., Mahmassani, H., Chen, Q., Srour, I., Weston,L. (2001) Assessment of Accessibility Measure, Texas: Texas Department of Transportation, Texas, U.S.A.
  • Blackwell, A.G. (2017). The curb-cut effect. Stanford Social Innovation Review.
  • Breheny, M. J. (1978). The measurement of spatial opportunity in strategic planning, Regional Studies, 12, 463-479.
  • Buran, B. (2013). Istanbul BRT System. Proceedings of the International Conference on Tourism, Transport, and Logistics, Paris, 547–559.
  • Burns, L. D. (1979). Transportation, temporal and spatial components of accessibility. Toronto: Lexington Boks.
  • Cambridge Systematics Inc. (1998). TCRP Report 35: Economic Impact Analysis of Transit Investment: Guidebook for Practitioners, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
  • Capozza, D. R., Helsley, R. W. (1989). The Fundamentals of Land Prices and Urban Growth, Journal of Urban Economics, 26, 295-306
  • Cascetta, E., Carteni, A. Montanino, M. (2013). A new measure of accessibility based on perceived opportunities.
  • Castells, M. (1989). The informational city: information technology, economic restructuring, and the urban-regional process. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Dalvi, M. Q., Martin, K. M. (1976). The measurement of accessibility: some preliminary results. Transportation 5, 17–42.
  • Davis, C., Lifchez, R. (1987). An Open Letter to Architects. Berkeley: University of California Press, California.
  • Dematteis, G. (1988). The weak metropolis, World citiesand the future of metropolis. Milano: electa-XVII Triennale.
  • Duarte, F., Ultramari, C. (2012). Making Public Transport and Hous¬ing Match: Accomplishments and Failures of Curitiba’s BRT. Journal of Urban Planning and Development 38 (2): 183–94.
  • Erendil (Turkun), A. (1998). Using Critical Realism in Geographical Research: An Attempt to Analyze the Transforming Nature of Production and Reproduction in Denizli, Ph.D. Dissertation, Middle East Technical Universit.
  • Fraker, H. (2008). Sustainable Neighborhood ‘Eco-Blocks’ in China.
  • Frizzell, R. (1979). The Valuation of Rural Property. Lincoln College, New Zeland.
  • Fujita, M. (1989). Urban Economic Theory: Land Use and City Size, Cambridge University Press.
  • Geltner, D.M., Miller, N.G. (2000). Commercial Real Estate Analysis and Investments, South-Western Educational Pub.
  • Geurs, K. T., Ritsema van Eck, J. R. (2001). Accessibility Measures: Review and Applications, RIVM, Bilthoven.
  • Greene, D. L., Liu J. T. (1988). Automotive fuel economy improvements and consumer’s surplus. Transportation Research Part A.
  • Hansen, W. G. (1959). How Accessibility Shapes Land Use, Journal of the American Institute of Planners.
  • Harsman, B., Quigley, J. M. (1991). Housing Markets and Housing Institutions, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecth.
  • Kılınçaslan, İ. (2002). Kentleşmenin Ekonomik Yönleri, İT.Ü. Matbaası, İstanbul.
  • Kılınçlaslan, İ. (1995). Dogu Trakya’daki Küçük Belediyelerde Ekonomik Faaliyetler ve Merkezi Ticaret Alanı Büyüklügünü Belirleyici Etmenler, İ.T.Ü. Araştırma Fonu Projesi, İstanbul.
  • Leonardi, G. (1978). Optimum facility location by accessibility maximising. Environment and Planning A, 10, 1287-305.
  • Lindau, L.A., Hidalgo, D., Facchini, D. (2010). Bus Rapid Transit in Curitiba, Brazil. A Look at the Outcome After 35 Years of Bus-Oriented Development. Transportation Research Record, Vol. 2193.
  • Litman, T. (2003). Measuring transportiation: traffic, mobility and accessibility. ITE Journal, 73 (10), 28-32.
  • Litman, T. (2011). Measuring Transportation: Traffic, Mobility and Accessibility. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. London.
  • Macedo, J. (2013). Planning a sustainable city, Journal of Planning History, 12(4), 334–353.
  • Macmillan, S. (2006). The value handbook Getting the most from your buildings and spaces, London.
  • Martellato, D., Nijkamp, P., Reggiani, A. (1998). Measurement and measures of network accessibility: economic perspectives, in: K. Button
  • Moffat, S., Suzuki, H., Iizuka, R. (2012). ECO2 Cities Guide: Ecological Cities as Economic Cities. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Mullins, J. A., Washington, E., Stokes, R. W. (1990). Land use impacts of the Houston transitway system, Transportation Research Record, 1237, 29–38.
  • Ping, Y. (2005). HsiehTravel and activity choices based on an individual accessibility model.
  • Rabinovitch, J., Leitman, J. (1996). Urban planning in Curitiba, Scientific American, 274(3), 46–53.
  • Rodriguez, J. P., Comtois, C., Slack, B. (2006). The geography of transport systems. Newyork: Routledge, 4th Edition.
  • Ross, W. (2000). Mobility & accessibility: the yin & yang of planning. World Transport Policy & Practice. Volume 6, Number 2.
  • Sayer, A. (1992). Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach, Londra: Routledge.
  • Smith, H., Raemaekers, J. (1998). Land use pattern and transport in Curitiba, Land Use Policy, 15(3), 233–251.
  • Suzuki H., Cervero R., Iuchi K.. (2013). Transforming Cities with Transit: Transit and Land-Use Integration for Sustainable Urban Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Tekeli, İ. (2009). Kentsel Arsa, Altyapı ve Kentsel Hizmetler. Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İlhan Tekeli Toplu Eserler. 6. İstanbul.
  • Tekeli, İ. (1992). Kentsel Topraklarda Mülkiyet Kurumunun Varlığının Toplumsal Sonuçları ve Yeniden Düzenleme Olanakları Üzerine, Planlama Kent Plancıları Odası Yayını.
  • Tümertekin, E. (1976). Ulaşım Coğrafyası. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Un-Habitat (2013). Planning and design for sustainable urban mobility: World report on human settlements.
  • Ünlü-Yücesoy, E. (2014). Constructing the Marketplace: A Socio-Spacial Analysis of Past Marketplaces in İstanbul, Built Environment Vol 39 No 2: Marketplaces as an Urban Development Strategy, Alexandrine Press.
  • Ünlü-Yücesoy, E., Güvenç, M. (2010). İlişkisel Katmanlaştırma; Kentsel Mekâna Yeni Bir Bakış, I. Ulusal Planlamada Sayısal Modeller Sempozumu, 24-26 Kasım 2010, İTÜ, İstanbul.
  • Ünver, Ü.Ö. (2013). Stratejik Mekânsal Gelişme Dinamikleri Çerçevesinde Transfer Merkezlerinin Kent Formuna Etkileri: Londra-Lizbon-İstanbul Deneyimleri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, MSGSÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı, İstanbul.
  • Ünver, Ü.Ö. (2021). Erişilebilirliğe Bağlı Arazi Değer Değişiminin Eleştirel Gerçekçilik Yöntemi ile İrdelenmesi: İstanbul Metrobüs Sistemi, Doktora Tezi, MSGSÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı, İstanbul.
  • Van Wee, B., Hagoort, M., Annema, J. A. (2001). Accessibility measures with competition. Journal of Transport Geography, 9 (3), 199-208.
  • Weisbrod, G., Reno, A. (2009). Economic impact of public transportation investments, American public transportation authority, (APTA) 2009, 1-77.
  • Wright, L. (2003). Bus Rapid Planning Guide. GTZ, Eschborn, Germany.

Erişilebilirliğin Değer Yaratmadaki Rolünün Eleştirel Gerçekçilik Yöntemi ile İrdelenmesi: İstanbul Metrobüs Sistemi

Year 2023, , 2633 - 2650, 16.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1378474

Abstract

Kamu yatırımdan “toplu taşıma sistemleri”, herkese/her kesime yönelik ekonomik ve sosyal fırsatlara eşit erişilebilme hakkı sunarken, hem toplu taşıma sistemi hattı boyunca hem de durağın erişilebilir alanında arazi değer artışına sebep olmaktadır. Bu makale toplu taşıma sisteminin yarattığı erişilebilirlik sonucunda oluşan arazi değer artışının sosyo-ekonomik ve mekânsal etkilerine odaklanırken, dünyada yapılan çalışma ve uygulamalara bakarak bu etkilerin nedensel süreçlerini, İstanbul Metrobüs Sistemi örneğinde Eleştirel Gerçekçilik Yöntemi çerçevesinde incelemektedir. Eleştirel Gerçekçilik Yönteminin analiz metotlarından Yaygın Analiz sonucunda İstanbul Metrobüs Sisteminde arazi değer artış oranının yüzde 28 olduğu, hat boyunca bulunan tüm duraklardaki arazi değer artış oranın ise yüzde 20 ile yüzde 280 arasında değiştiği görülmüştür. Derinlemesine Analizde ise Yaygın Analiz sonucundan çıkan veriler ışığında seçilen duraklarda arazi değer artışının, durağın Merkezi İş Alanına olan yakınlığına, durağın erişilebilir alanında yer seçen arazi kullanım türlerine ve büyük projelerin varlığına, kamu tarafından yapılan plan değişikliklerine, arsa spekülasyonuna sebep olacak boş arazilerin varlığına bağlı olarak değiştiği gözlemlenmiştir. Bu makale, erişilebilirlik sonucunda meydana gelen arazi değer değişiminin, hat boyunca her durakta aynı büyüklükte değer artışına sebep olmadığını ve her durakta aynı şekilde sosyal, ekonomik ve mekânsal etki yaratmadığına dair ip uçları verirken, İstanbul Metrobüs Sisteminin yarattığı erişilebilirliğin metrobüs sistemi faaliyete geçmeden önce ve faaliyete geçtikten sonrasını karşılaştırarak ampirik olarak sınanan bir çalışma ortaya koymaktadır.

Project Number

07

References

  • Ashworth, C. (1990). The Strucuture of Social Theory, Londra: Macmillan.
  • Baker, B. (2011). Environment and Development in World development: An essential text. United Kingdom: New Internationalist Publications, 197–214.
  • Banister, D., Berechman, J. (2000). Transport investment and economic development. London: University College London Press.
  • Ben Akiva, M., Lerman, S.R. (1985). Discrete Choice Analysis. MIT Press, Cambridge.
  • Bhaskar, R. (1975). A Realist Theory of Science. Harvester: Brighton.
  • Bhaskar, R. (1996). Scientific Realism and Human Emancipation. Verso: London.
  • Bhat, C., Handy, S., Kockelman, K., Mahmassani, H., Chen, Q., Srour, I., Weston,L. (2001) Assessment of Accessibility Measure, Texas: Texas Department of Transportation, Texas, U.S.A.
  • Blackwell, A.G. (2017). The curb-cut effect. Stanford Social Innovation Review.
  • Breheny, M. J. (1978). The measurement of spatial opportunity in strategic planning, Regional Studies, 12, 463-479.
  • Buran, B. (2013). Istanbul BRT System. Proceedings of the International Conference on Tourism, Transport, and Logistics, Paris, 547–559.
  • Burns, L. D. (1979). Transportation, temporal and spatial components of accessibility. Toronto: Lexington Boks.
  • Cambridge Systematics Inc. (1998). TCRP Report 35: Economic Impact Analysis of Transit Investment: Guidebook for Practitioners, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
  • Capozza, D. R., Helsley, R. W. (1989). The Fundamentals of Land Prices and Urban Growth, Journal of Urban Economics, 26, 295-306
  • Cascetta, E., Carteni, A. Montanino, M. (2013). A new measure of accessibility based on perceived opportunities.
  • Castells, M. (1989). The informational city: information technology, economic restructuring, and the urban-regional process. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Dalvi, M. Q., Martin, K. M. (1976). The measurement of accessibility: some preliminary results. Transportation 5, 17–42.
  • Davis, C., Lifchez, R. (1987). An Open Letter to Architects. Berkeley: University of California Press, California.
  • Dematteis, G. (1988). The weak metropolis, World citiesand the future of metropolis. Milano: electa-XVII Triennale.
  • Duarte, F., Ultramari, C. (2012). Making Public Transport and Hous¬ing Match: Accomplishments and Failures of Curitiba’s BRT. Journal of Urban Planning and Development 38 (2): 183–94.
  • Erendil (Turkun), A. (1998). Using Critical Realism in Geographical Research: An Attempt to Analyze the Transforming Nature of Production and Reproduction in Denizli, Ph.D. Dissertation, Middle East Technical Universit.
  • Fraker, H. (2008). Sustainable Neighborhood ‘Eco-Blocks’ in China.
  • Frizzell, R. (1979). The Valuation of Rural Property. Lincoln College, New Zeland.
  • Fujita, M. (1989). Urban Economic Theory: Land Use and City Size, Cambridge University Press.
  • Geltner, D.M., Miller, N.G. (2000). Commercial Real Estate Analysis and Investments, South-Western Educational Pub.
  • Geurs, K. T., Ritsema van Eck, J. R. (2001). Accessibility Measures: Review and Applications, RIVM, Bilthoven.
  • Greene, D. L., Liu J. T. (1988). Automotive fuel economy improvements and consumer’s surplus. Transportation Research Part A.
  • Hansen, W. G. (1959). How Accessibility Shapes Land Use, Journal of the American Institute of Planners.
  • Harsman, B., Quigley, J. M. (1991). Housing Markets and Housing Institutions, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecth.
  • Kılınçaslan, İ. (2002). Kentleşmenin Ekonomik Yönleri, İT.Ü. Matbaası, İstanbul.
  • Kılınçlaslan, İ. (1995). Dogu Trakya’daki Küçük Belediyelerde Ekonomik Faaliyetler ve Merkezi Ticaret Alanı Büyüklügünü Belirleyici Etmenler, İ.T.Ü. Araştırma Fonu Projesi, İstanbul.
  • Leonardi, G. (1978). Optimum facility location by accessibility maximising. Environment and Planning A, 10, 1287-305.
  • Lindau, L.A., Hidalgo, D., Facchini, D. (2010). Bus Rapid Transit in Curitiba, Brazil. A Look at the Outcome After 35 Years of Bus-Oriented Development. Transportation Research Record, Vol. 2193.
  • Litman, T. (2003). Measuring transportiation: traffic, mobility and accessibility. ITE Journal, 73 (10), 28-32.
  • Litman, T. (2011). Measuring Transportation: Traffic, Mobility and Accessibility. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. London.
  • Macedo, J. (2013). Planning a sustainable city, Journal of Planning History, 12(4), 334–353.
  • Macmillan, S. (2006). The value handbook Getting the most from your buildings and spaces, London.
  • Martellato, D., Nijkamp, P., Reggiani, A. (1998). Measurement and measures of network accessibility: economic perspectives, in: K. Button
  • Moffat, S., Suzuki, H., Iizuka, R. (2012). ECO2 Cities Guide: Ecological Cities as Economic Cities. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Mullins, J. A., Washington, E., Stokes, R. W. (1990). Land use impacts of the Houston transitway system, Transportation Research Record, 1237, 29–38.
  • Ping, Y. (2005). HsiehTravel and activity choices based on an individual accessibility model.
  • Rabinovitch, J., Leitman, J. (1996). Urban planning in Curitiba, Scientific American, 274(3), 46–53.
  • Rodriguez, J. P., Comtois, C., Slack, B. (2006). The geography of transport systems. Newyork: Routledge, 4th Edition.
  • Ross, W. (2000). Mobility & accessibility: the yin & yang of planning. World Transport Policy & Practice. Volume 6, Number 2.
  • Sayer, A. (1992). Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach, Londra: Routledge.
  • Smith, H., Raemaekers, J. (1998). Land use pattern and transport in Curitiba, Land Use Policy, 15(3), 233–251.
  • Suzuki H., Cervero R., Iuchi K.. (2013). Transforming Cities with Transit: Transit and Land-Use Integration for Sustainable Urban Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Tekeli, İ. (2009). Kentsel Arsa, Altyapı ve Kentsel Hizmetler. Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İlhan Tekeli Toplu Eserler. 6. İstanbul.
  • Tekeli, İ. (1992). Kentsel Topraklarda Mülkiyet Kurumunun Varlığının Toplumsal Sonuçları ve Yeniden Düzenleme Olanakları Üzerine, Planlama Kent Plancıları Odası Yayını.
  • Tümertekin, E. (1976). Ulaşım Coğrafyası. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Un-Habitat (2013). Planning and design for sustainable urban mobility: World report on human settlements.
  • Ünlü-Yücesoy, E. (2014). Constructing the Marketplace: A Socio-Spacial Analysis of Past Marketplaces in İstanbul, Built Environment Vol 39 No 2: Marketplaces as an Urban Development Strategy, Alexandrine Press.
  • Ünlü-Yücesoy, E., Güvenç, M. (2010). İlişkisel Katmanlaştırma; Kentsel Mekâna Yeni Bir Bakış, I. Ulusal Planlamada Sayısal Modeller Sempozumu, 24-26 Kasım 2010, İTÜ, İstanbul.
  • Ünver, Ü.Ö. (2013). Stratejik Mekânsal Gelişme Dinamikleri Çerçevesinde Transfer Merkezlerinin Kent Formuna Etkileri: Londra-Lizbon-İstanbul Deneyimleri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, MSGSÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı, İstanbul.
  • Ünver, Ü.Ö. (2021). Erişilebilirliğe Bağlı Arazi Değer Değişiminin Eleştirel Gerçekçilik Yöntemi ile İrdelenmesi: İstanbul Metrobüs Sistemi, Doktora Tezi, MSGSÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı, İstanbul.
  • Van Wee, B., Hagoort, M., Annema, J. A. (2001). Accessibility measures with competition. Journal of Transport Geography, 9 (3), 199-208.
  • Weisbrod, G., Reno, A. (2009). Economic impact of public transportation investments, American public transportation authority, (APTA) 2009, 1-77.
  • Wright, L. (2003). Bus Rapid Planning Guide. GTZ, Eschborn, Germany.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects City and Regional Planning
Journal Section All Articles
Authors

Ümit Özlem Ünver Göçer 0000-0003-4760-076X

Project Number 07
Publication Date December 16, 2023
Submission Date October 19, 2023
Acceptance Date November 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Ünver Göçer, Ü. Ö. (2023). The Value-Creation Role Of Accessibility Through the Critical Realism Method: Istanbul Bus Rapid Transit System. Kent Akademisi, 16(4), 2633-2650. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1378474

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