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Examining the Effects of Universityization Policy on Regional Economic Development and Growth

Year 2024, , 1339 - 1360, 16.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1441982

Abstract

Nowadays, universities, that go beyond academic activities such as teaching and research, have begun to be widely accepted as critical actors of regional development, growth, and competition by taking on a third mission. Universities, which are large-scale employment providers and service recipients, make significant contributions to the development and growth of regional economies with their roles in research and development, innovations, technological developments, spatial knowledge production and dissemination, networks, and collaborations. As a result of the government policy of 'at least one university in every province, as of 2008, at least one university has been established in all 81 NUTS-III regions in Türkiye. However, there are almost no studies measuring the economic impact of established universities on all regions. Using a comprehensive data set of 81 NUTS-III regions for the period 1990-2020, this article tries to examine the
impact of universities in Turkey on the level of regional economic development and growth rates. Additionally, this research tries to shed light 1 Corresponding Author: (Dr. Öğr. Üyesi) Atatürk Üniversitesi, idemirdag@atauni.edu.tr, ORCID: 0000-0002-6241-8547 Examining the Effects of University Establishment Policy in Türkiye on Regional Economic Development and Growth
Urban Academy | Urban Culture and Management ISSN: 2146-9229 1340 on the roles of universities in interregional convergence during the same period. The study first tests the relationship between independent variables representing the university and the level of regional development, measured as average GDP per capita, using Multiple Regression Analysis. It then analyzes the effects of universities on the regional economic growth rate (GDP growth rate) using the average annual growth rates of the independent variables over the period 1990-2020. Finally, using Quadrant Analysis, the article divides the 81 NUTS-III regions in Turkey into four different development categories and reveals how the factors representing the university differ between development categories through MANOVA-ANOVA analysis methods. The findings reveal that universities have versatile effects on the economic development, growth and convergence of regions. In other words, universities are critical tools for regions to reach a high level of development and growth performance with the demands they create in the market, the human capital they provide, the innovations they make, the new knowledge they produce and the various networks they create.

References

  • Altıntaş, V. (2015). Türkiye’de Üniversitelerin Bölgesel Ve Yerel Gelişmeye Etkileri. İstanbul: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Altuğ, F. (2021). Bölgelerin kalkınması ve şehirlerin gelişmesinde üniversitelerin etkileri: Teori, politika ve uygulamalar-Giresun Üniversitesi örneği. Ankara: Nobel Bilimsel Eserler.
  • Altuğ, F. (2022). Üniversitelerin bölgelerin inovasyon performansına katkısı: Düzey 3 ölçeğinde yoğunlaşma ve uzmanlaşma eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education (IGGE), 45, 148-173.
  • Arslan, F. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin şehirle kurduğu ekonomik ve sosyal ilişkilerden memnuniyet analizi: Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi örneği. Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches, 5(4), 1103-1120. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.60715.
  • Benneworth, P., & Dahl Fitjar, R. (2019). Contextualizing the role of universities to regional development: introduction to the special issue. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 16(1), 331-338. doi: 10.1080/21681376.2019.1601593.
  • Benneworth, P. (2018). Universities and Regional Economic Development: Engaging with the Periphery. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Brekke, T. (2021). What Do We Know about the University Contribution to Regional Economic Development? A Conceptual Framework. International Regional Science Review, 44(2), 229-261. DOI: 10.1177/0160017620909538.
  • Çokgezen, M., & Altun, T. (2018). Üniversitelerin bölge ekonomisine katkısı ve ”her ile bir üniversite” politikası: Türkiye’ye ilişkin çalışmalar üzerinden kısa bir değerlendirme. In M. Karagül, L. G. Kaya, & O. Sungur (Ed.), Bölgesel kalkınma ve bölge bilimi üzerine yazılar (ss. 307-318). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Çubuk, M. (2023). R&D and Innovation Map of Turkey: Hybrid Model Approach. Turkish Journal of Science & Technology, 18(2): 487-502. doi: 10.55525/tjst.1340408.
  • Demirdag, I., & Eraydin, A. (2022). Distinctive Role of Region-Specific Institutions in Regional Entrepreneurship Patterns: Evidence from Turkish Regions. European Planning Studies, 31(6): 1095-1118. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2022.2061308.
  • Deniz, M. (2020). Bölgesel Kalkınmada Yükseköğretim Kurumlarının Rolü: Son Dönemde Kurulan Yeni Üniversitelerden Birkaç Örnek. Euroasia Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 7(2): 78-93.
  • Erilli, N. A. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bulundukları il ekonomisine katkıları: Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi örneği. Uluslararası Ekonomi İşletme ve Politika Dergisi, 2(1), 79-96. https://doi.org/10.29216/ueip.403069.
  • Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations. Research Policy, 29(2): 109–123. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00055-4.
  • Faggian, A., Modrego, F., & McCann, P. (2019). Human capital and regional development. In R Capello and P Nijkamp (eds.), Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories, pp. 149–171. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Fonseca, L., & Nieth, L. (2021). The role of universities in regional development strategies: A comparison across actors and policy stages. European Urban and Regional Studies, 28(3): 298–315. DOI: 10.1177/0969776421999743.
  • Harrison, J., & Turok, I. (2017). Universities, knowledge and regional development. Regional Studies, 51(7): 977-981. DOI: 10.1080/00343404.2017.1328189.
  • Hartt, M., Zwick, A., & Revington, N. (2019). Resilient shrinking cities. In MA Burayidi, Allen, A., Twigg, J., & Wamsler, C. (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Urban Resilience, pp.172–183. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Incera, A.C., Kitsos, A., & Gutierrez-Posada, D. (2022). Universities, students and regional economies: a symbiotic relationship? Regional Studies, 56(6): 892-908. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2021.1925236
  • Kempton, L., Conceição Rego, M., Alves, L.R., Vallance, P., Aguiar Serra, M., & Tewdwr-Jones, M. (2021). 2. Understanding the contributions of universities to regional development, Regional Studies Policy Impact Books. 3:(1): 13-32, doi: 10.1080/2578711X.2021.1891765
  • Kiracı, A., & Dilmaç, E. (2019). The Role of Siirt University in Regional Development. Journal of Academic Value Studies, 5(4): 450-475. http://dx.doi.org/10.23929/javs.921
  • Klofsten, M., Fayolle, A., Guerrero, M., Mian, S., Urbano, D., & Wright, M. (2019). The entrepreneurial university as driver for economic growth and social change - Key strategic challenges. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 141: 149-158. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2018.12.004
  • Lamza-Maronić, M., Barišić, Z., & Glavaš, J. (2013). The Role of University in Regional Development – Case Study. Management, 3(3): 169-173. DOI:10.5923/j.mm.20130303.05
  • Marozau, R., Guerrero, M., & Urbano, D. (2021). Impacts of universities in different stages of economic development. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 12: 1–21. doi: 10.1007/s13132-016-0359-7.
  • Munro, M., Turok, I., & Livingston, M. (2009). Students in cities: A preliminary analysis of their patterns and effects. Environment and Planning A, 41(8): 1805–1825. Doi: 10.1068/a41133
  • Nieth, L. (2019). Understanding the strategic ‘black hole’ in regional innovation coalitions: reflections from the twente region. Eastern Netherlands. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 6(1): 203-216. doi: 10.1080/21681376.2019.1578259.
  • Oxford Economics. (2017). The economic impact of universities in 2014–15: Report for universities UK. Universities UK.
  • Özdemir, P. (2022). Reflections on the Benefits of a Regional Development-Oriented University in Maritime: The Case of Tuzla Region. Kent Akademisi Dergisi, 15(4):1742-1758. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1165345.
  • Polishchuk, Y., Kornyliuk, A., & Ivashchenko, A. (2021). University Impact on Regional Development in the Context of Smart Specialisation. Education of Economists and Managers. 59 (1): 59–83. https://econjournals.sgh.waw.pl/EEiM/article/view/2454
  • Pugh, R., Lamine, W., Jack, S., & Hamilton, E. (2018). The entrepreneurial university and the region: What role for entrepreneurship departments? European Planning Studies, 26: 1835–1855. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2018.1447551.
  • Raagmaa, G., & Keerberg, A. (2017). Regional higher education institutions in regional leadership and development. Regional Studies, 51(2): 260–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1215600
  • Thomas, E., Pugh, R., Soetanto, D., & Jack, S.L. (2023). Beyond ambidexterity: universities and their changing roles in driving regional development in challenging times. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 48: 2054-2073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-022-09992-4.
  • Trippl, M., Sinozic, T., & Smith, H.L. (2015). The Role of Universities in Regional Development: Conceptual Models and Policy Institutions in the UK, Sweden and Austria. European Planning Studies, 23:1722–40. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2015.1052782.
  • Uyarra, E. (2010). Conceptualizing the Regional Roles of Universities, Implications and Contradictions. European Planning Studies, 18:1227–46. doi: 10.1080/09654311003791275.
  • Valeroa, A., & Van Reenen, J. (2019). The economic impact of universities: Evidence from across the globe. Economics of Education Review. 68: 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.09.001
  • Wolfe, D.A. (2005). The Role Of Universities In Regional Development And Cluster Formation. In Glen Jones , Patricia McCarney and Michael Skolnik (eds), Creating Knowledge, Strengthening Nations The Changing Role of Higher Education. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.

Türkiye'deki Üniversiteleşme Politikasının Bölgesel Ekonomik Kalkınma ve Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Year 2024, , 1339 - 1360, 16.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1441982

Abstract

Günümüzde, öğretim ve araştırma gibi akademik faaliyetlerin ötesine geçen üniversiteler, üçüncü bir misyon yüklenerek bölgesel kalkınmanın, büyümenin ve rekabetin kritik aktörleri olarak yaygın olarak kabul görmeye başlamıştır. Büyük çaplı istihdam sağlayıcıları ve hizmet alıcıları olan üniversiteler araştırma-geliştirme, yenilikler, teknolojik gelişmeler, mekânsal bilgi üretimi ve transferi, ağlar ve iş birliklerindeki rolleriyle bölge ekonomilerinin gelişmesine ve büyümesine kayda değer katkılar sunmaktadır. Her ile en az bir üniversite söylemiyle yola çıkılan hükümet
politikası sonucunda, 2008’den itibaren Türkiye’deki 81 NUTS-III bölgesinin tamamında en az bir üniversite kurulmuştur. Ancak kurulan üniversitelerin bütün bölgeler üzerindeki ekonomik etkisini ölçen çalışma sayısı yok denecek kadar azdır. 81 NUTS-III bölgesinin 1990-2020 dönemine ait geniş kapsamlı veri setini kullanan bu makale, Türkiye’deki üniversitelerin bölgesel ekonomik kalkınma düzeyi ve büyüme hızları üzerindeki etkisini incelemeye çalışmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu araştırma aynı dönem içinde üniversitelerin bölgelerarası yakınsamadaki rollerine de ışık tutmaya çalışmaktadır. Çalışma, ilk olarak Çoklu Regresyon Analizini kullanarak üniversiteyi temsil eden bağımsız değişkenler ile kişi başına düşen ortalama GSYH olarak ölçülen bölgesel kalkınma düzeyi arasındaki ilişkiyi test etmektedir. Daha sonra, bağımsız değişkenlerin 1990-2020 dönemi içindeki ortalama yıllık büyüme hızlarını kullanarak üniversitelerin bölgesel ekonomik büyüme hızı (GSYH büyüme hızı) üzerindeki etkilerini analiz etmektedir. Son olarak, Quadrant Analizini kullanan makale, Türkiye’deki 81 NUTS-III bölgesini dört farklı gelişme kategorisine ayırmakta ve MANOVA-ANOVA analiz yöntemleriyle üniversiteyi temsil eden faktörlerin gelişme kategorileri arasında nasıl farklılaştığını ortaya koymaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, üniversitelerin bölgelerin ekonomik olarak kalkınmasında, büyümesinde ve yakınsamasında çok yönlü etkilere sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Diğer bir ifadeyle, üniversiteler piyasada oluşturdukları talepler, sağladıkları beşerî sermaye, yaptıkları yenilikler, ürettikleri yeni bilgiler ve oluşturdukları çeşitli ağlarla bölgelerin yüksek kalkınma düzeyine ve büyüme performansına erişmesinde kritik birer araçtır.

References

  • Altıntaş, V. (2015). Türkiye’de Üniversitelerin Bölgesel Ve Yerel Gelişmeye Etkileri. İstanbul: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Altuğ, F. (2021). Bölgelerin kalkınması ve şehirlerin gelişmesinde üniversitelerin etkileri: Teori, politika ve uygulamalar-Giresun Üniversitesi örneği. Ankara: Nobel Bilimsel Eserler.
  • Altuğ, F. (2022). Üniversitelerin bölgelerin inovasyon performansına katkısı: Düzey 3 ölçeğinde yoğunlaşma ve uzmanlaşma eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education (IGGE), 45, 148-173.
  • Arslan, F. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin şehirle kurduğu ekonomik ve sosyal ilişkilerden memnuniyet analizi: Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi örneği. Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches, 5(4), 1103-1120. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.60715.
  • Benneworth, P., & Dahl Fitjar, R. (2019). Contextualizing the role of universities to regional development: introduction to the special issue. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 16(1), 331-338. doi: 10.1080/21681376.2019.1601593.
  • Benneworth, P. (2018). Universities and Regional Economic Development: Engaging with the Periphery. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Brekke, T. (2021). What Do We Know about the University Contribution to Regional Economic Development? A Conceptual Framework. International Regional Science Review, 44(2), 229-261. DOI: 10.1177/0160017620909538.
  • Çokgezen, M., & Altun, T. (2018). Üniversitelerin bölge ekonomisine katkısı ve ”her ile bir üniversite” politikası: Türkiye’ye ilişkin çalışmalar üzerinden kısa bir değerlendirme. In M. Karagül, L. G. Kaya, & O. Sungur (Ed.), Bölgesel kalkınma ve bölge bilimi üzerine yazılar (ss. 307-318). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Çubuk, M. (2023). R&D and Innovation Map of Turkey: Hybrid Model Approach. Turkish Journal of Science & Technology, 18(2): 487-502. doi: 10.55525/tjst.1340408.
  • Demirdag, I., & Eraydin, A. (2022). Distinctive Role of Region-Specific Institutions in Regional Entrepreneurship Patterns: Evidence from Turkish Regions. European Planning Studies, 31(6): 1095-1118. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2022.2061308.
  • Deniz, M. (2020). Bölgesel Kalkınmada Yükseköğretim Kurumlarının Rolü: Son Dönemde Kurulan Yeni Üniversitelerden Birkaç Örnek. Euroasia Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 7(2): 78-93.
  • Erilli, N. A. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bulundukları il ekonomisine katkıları: Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi örneği. Uluslararası Ekonomi İşletme ve Politika Dergisi, 2(1), 79-96. https://doi.org/10.29216/ueip.403069.
  • Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations. Research Policy, 29(2): 109–123. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00055-4.
  • Faggian, A., Modrego, F., & McCann, P. (2019). Human capital and regional development. In R Capello and P Nijkamp (eds.), Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories, pp. 149–171. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Fonseca, L., & Nieth, L. (2021). The role of universities in regional development strategies: A comparison across actors and policy stages. European Urban and Regional Studies, 28(3): 298–315. DOI: 10.1177/0969776421999743.
  • Harrison, J., & Turok, I. (2017). Universities, knowledge and regional development. Regional Studies, 51(7): 977-981. DOI: 10.1080/00343404.2017.1328189.
  • Hartt, M., Zwick, A., & Revington, N. (2019). Resilient shrinking cities. In MA Burayidi, Allen, A., Twigg, J., & Wamsler, C. (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Urban Resilience, pp.172–183. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Incera, A.C., Kitsos, A., & Gutierrez-Posada, D. (2022). Universities, students and regional economies: a symbiotic relationship? Regional Studies, 56(6): 892-908. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2021.1925236
  • Kempton, L., Conceição Rego, M., Alves, L.R., Vallance, P., Aguiar Serra, M., & Tewdwr-Jones, M. (2021). 2. Understanding the contributions of universities to regional development, Regional Studies Policy Impact Books. 3:(1): 13-32, doi: 10.1080/2578711X.2021.1891765
  • Kiracı, A., & Dilmaç, E. (2019). The Role of Siirt University in Regional Development. Journal of Academic Value Studies, 5(4): 450-475. http://dx.doi.org/10.23929/javs.921
  • Klofsten, M., Fayolle, A., Guerrero, M., Mian, S., Urbano, D., & Wright, M. (2019). The entrepreneurial university as driver for economic growth and social change - Key strategic challenges. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 141: 149-158. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2018.12.004
  • Lamza-Maronić, M., Barišić, Z., & Glavaš, J. (2013). The Role of University in Regional Development – Case Study. Management, 3(3): 169-173. DOI:10.5923/j.mm.20130303.05
  • Marozau, R., Guerrero, M., & Urbano, D. (2021). Impacts of universities in different stages of economic development. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 12: 1–21. doi: 10.1007/s13132-016-0359-7.
  • Munro, M., Turok, I., & Livingston, M. (2009). Students in cities: A preliminary analysis of their patterns and effects. Environment and Planning A, 41(8): 1805–1825. Doi: 10.1068/a41133
  • Nieth, L. (2019). Understanding the strategic ‘black hole’ in regional innovation coalitions: reflections from the twente region. Eastern Netherlands. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 6(1): 203-216. doi: 10.1080/21681376.2019.1578259.
  • Oxford Economics. (2017). The economic impact of universities in 2014–15: Report for universities UK. Universities UK.
  • Özdemir, P. (2022). Reflections on the Benefits of a Regional Development-Oriented University in Maritime: The Case of Tuzla Region. Kent Akademisi Dergisi, 15(4):1742-1758. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1165345.
  • Polishchuk, Y., Kornyliuk, A., & Ivashchenko, A. (2021). University Impact on Regional Development in the Context of Smart Specialisation. Education of Economists and Managers. 59 (1): 59–83. https://econjournals.sgh.waw.pl/EEiM/article/view/2454
  • Pugh, R., Lamine, W., Jack, S., & Hamilton, E. (2018). The entrepreneurial university and the region: What role for entrepreneurship departments? European Planning Studies, 26: 1835–1855. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2018.1447551.
  • Raagmaa, G., & Keerberg, A. (2017). Regional higher education institutions in regional leadership and development. Regional Studies, 51(2): 260–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1215600
  • Thomas, E., Pugh, R., Soetanto, D., & Jack, S.L. (2023). Beyond ambidexterity: universities and their changing roles in driving regional development in challenging times. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 48: 2054-2073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-022-09992-4.
  • Trippl, M., Sinozic, T., & Smith, H.L. (2015). The Role of Universities in Regional Development: Conceptual Models and Policy Institutions in the UK, Sweden and Austria. European Planning Studies, 23:1722–40. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2015.1052782.
  • Uyarra, E. (2010). Conceptualizing the Regional Roles of Universities, Implications and Contradictions. European Planning Studies, 18:1227–46. doi: 10.1080/09654311003791275.
  • Valeroa, A., & Van Reenen, J. (2019). The economic impact of universities: Evidence from across the globe. Economics of Education Review. 68: 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.09.001
  • Wolfe, D.A. (2005). The Role Of Universities In Regional Development And Cluster Formation. In Glen Jones , Patricia McCarney and Michael Skolnik (eds), Creating Knowledge, Strengthening Nations The Changing Role of Higher Education. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Regional Analysis and Development
Journal Section All Articles
Authors

İsmail Demirdağ 0000-0002-6241-8547

Publication Date July 16, 2024
Submission Date February 23, 2024
Acceptance Date July 15, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Demirdağ, İ. (2024). Türkiye’deki Üniversiteleşme Politikasının Bölgesel Ekonomik Kalkınma ve Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Kent Akademisi, 17(4), 1339-1360. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1441982

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