Ar-Ge Harcamaları ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Seçilmiş Yeni Sanayileşen Ülkelerde Panel Veri Analizi

Abstract

Dünya ekonomisinde meydana gelen gelişmeler ve ülkeler arasında artan rekabet ile birlikte, ekonomik büyümenin belirleyicileri değişikliğe uğramıştır. Bu bağlamda, 1980 sonrası dönemde, dünya ekonomisinde artan küresel rekabete bağlı olarak teknolojik yenilik olgusu önem kazanmış, teknolojik yeniliği ortaya çıkaran ve ekonomik büyümenin itici gücü olarak değerlendirilen araştırma geliştirme (Ar&Ge) faaliyetlerine verilen önem artmıştır. Çalışmada; Ar&Ge harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla seçilmiş yeni sanayileşen ülkelerde (Newly Industrialized Countries: NIC Countries: Güney Afrika, Meksika, Brezilya, Çin, Hindistan, Endonezya, Malezya, Filipinler, Tayland ve Türkiye) 1996-2019 dönemine ait Ar&Ge harcamaları (ARGEHAR, Milyon Dolar), Ar&Ge alanında çalışan araştırmacı sayısı (ARGEARS, 1000 000 kişi başına düşen) ve ülkelerin toplam faktör verimliliği (TFV) yıllık verileri Panel Veri Analizi Yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Toplam Faktör Verimliliği verileri PWT (2020)’den ve diğer veriler World Bank (2020a, 2020b, 2020c, 2020d)’den alınmıştır. ARGEHAR verileri; Ar&Ge harcamalarının GSYH’ye oranı ve GSYH verileri kullanılarak tarafımızdan elde edilmiştir. ARGEHAR verileri 1996 yılından başladığı için çalışma 1996-2019 dönemi verileri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz döneminde yer alan 2008 Küresel Ekonomik Krizi de kukla değişkenle analize dâhil edilmiştir. Korelasyon analizinde; NIC ülkelerinde Ar&Ge harcamaları ve Ar&Ge alanında çalışan araştırmacı sayıları ile ekonomik büyüme ve toplam faktör verimliliği arasında pozitif korelasyonların olduğu görülmüştür. Ekonomik büyüme ile olan korelasyonlar daha güçlü iken, toplam faktör verimliliği ile olanlar daha düşük çıkmıştır. Ar&Ge alanında çalışan araştırmacı sayısı ile ekonomik büyüme ve toplam faktör verimliliği arasındaki ilişkilerin, Ar&Ge harcamalarından daha büyük olduğu da görülmüştür. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara dayanarak; Ar&Ge harcamalarının ve Ar&Ge alanında çalışan araştırmacı sayısının fazla olmasının ekonomik büyümeye ve toplam faktör verimliliğine olumlu yönde etki edeceği ancak, bu verilerin büyüklüğü kadar niteliğinin de önemli olduğu ifade edilebilir.

Keywords

• Ar&Ge Çalışmaları
• Ekonomik Büyüme
• Son Dönemlerde Sanayileşen Ülkeler
• Panel Veri Analizi.

The Relationship Between R&D Expenditures And Economic Growth: Panel Data Analysis in Selected New Industrializing Countries

Abstract

It reveals that developments in the world economy and increased competition between countries have highlighted some other factors related to the economic growth. In this context, the determinants of economic growth include technological innovation due to the increasing global competition, and research and development (R&D) activities which are considered as the driving force of economic growth in the post-1980 period. The study investigates the effect of R&D spending, such as R&D expenditures (million dollars), the total number of researchers in the field (per 1000 000 people), as well as total factor productivity (TFP) annual reports on total factor productivity and economic growth in newly industrialized countries (South Africa, Mexico, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Turkey) using panel data analysis over the period 1996-2019. The source of total factor productivity data come from PWT (2020) and other data from World Bank (2020a, 2020b, 2020c, 2020d). R&D spending indicator is measured using GDP data and the ratio of R&D expenditures to GDP. The study used the data of the years over 1996-2019 as the necessary data is available for that period. The 2008 global economic crisis, which took place during the analysis period, was also included in the analysis with the dummy variable. Correlation analysis showed positive correlations between R&D expenditures and the number of researchers working in the field of R&D in NIC countries and economic growth and total factor productivity. It was also observed that the relationship between the number of researchers working in the field of R&D and economic growth and overall factor productivity is greater than R&D expenditures. According to the research findings, it is suggested that R&D expenditures and the large number of researchers working in the field of R&D will have a positive impact on economic growth and overall factor productivity, but the nature of these data is as important as the size.

Keywords

• R&D Activities
• Economic Growth
• Newly Industrialized Countries
• Panel Data Analysis

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