Mega Kentlerde iyileştirme bahçeleri, Tahran Örneği

Year 2017, Volume: 10 Issue: 30, 139 - 156, 15.06.2017

Sima Pouya

Abstract

Yapılan araştırmalar, iyileştirme bahçelerinin sadece
hastaneler ve sağlık merkezlerinde değil, kentsel alanlarda da vatandaşlar için
özel bir yeri olduğunu göstermektedir. Kentsel alanlardaki araştırmalar,
vejetasyona sahip kentsel yerleşim sakinlerinin daha fazla sosyal temasta
bulunduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Özellikle Tahran (Iran başkentı) gibi mega
kentlerde nüfus ve yapıların artmasından dolayı, iyileştirme bahçeleri
oluşturmak için açık ve uygun yer belirleme oranı daha düşüktür. Tahran’da
genelikle bahçeler şehir merkezlerinden uzakta tasarlandığından, bu alanların
kullanılabilirliği ve kullanımı, özellikle yaşlılar ve çocuklar için
sınırlıdır. Bu kentte en hızlı büyüyen yapılanmalardan biri, çıplak çatı
alanlarında huzurlu mekanlar oluşturmak için yeşil çatılar veya çatı
bahçelerinin tasarlanmasıdır. Ayrıca peyzaj tasarımcıları yeşil alanların
eksikliğini azaltmak için binanın çatısını yeşilendirmektedir. Çatı ve
iyileştirme bahçeleri göz önünde bulundurulursa, bu iki bahçenin binaların
çatıları ile birleşmesi halkın iyileşmesi ve sağlık problemlerine yardımcı
olmasının yanı sıra çevreye ve ekolojik sisteme katkısı büyüktür. Bu çalışmanın
amacı, Tahran’daki binaların çatısında iyileştirici bahçeler oluşturmak için
gerekli olan bazı faktörlerin ve kriterlerin belirlenmesidir. Bu doğrultuda,
çatı bahçeleri ve iyileştirme bahçelerinin entegrasyonu analiz edilip
değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışma sonucunda, Tahran gibi mega kentlerde, bu tür
alanların tasarlanması ileriye dönük bir adım olabilir. Bu alanlar, şehir ve
bölge planlamacıları ve Peyzaj mimarları için çatı alanlarında iyileştirme
bahçelerinin oluşturulmasına yönelik planlama ve tasarım özellikleri sunarak,
bir yol gösterici olabilir. 

Keywords

İyileştirme bahçeleri, Çatı bahçeleri, Planlama, Peyzaj Mimarı, Tahran

Healing Gardens In The Mega Cities; Example Of Tehran

Abstract

Studies showed about healing
gardens have confirmed obligation and specific place of these gardens not only
in hospitals and health centers, but in urban spaces for various ages of
citizens. Research in urban settings indicates that residents of urban settings
with more vegetation have higher social contact too. With growing population
and building structures especially in Tehran (capital city of Iran), it is less
likely to designate open and suitable place for to create the healing gardens.
In most cases, as the gardens are designed far from the city centers, the
availability and utilization of the healing gardens are limited specially for
elderly people and children.  One of the
fastest growing tendency in Tehran is the designs of green roofs, or roof
gardens, to create peaceful places on otherwise barren rooftop places. Landscape
designers used to create the roof of building in order to decrease the lack of green
spaces in Tehran. In this research, with regard to benefits and advantages roof
garden and healing garden, the integration of these two garden in the rooftop
buildings, can contribute to the health problems of the residents as well as
providing ecological profits and ecosystem services. The goal of this article
is to provide some factors and criteria which are essential to create healing
gardens in the roof of the buildings in Tehran. To do so, roof gardens and
their integration with healing gardens are analyzed and evaluated. The result
of this article can be an initiative step for creating these kinds of spaces in
the mega cities such as Tehran. Appropriate characteristics of these spaces
planning and designing can be a valuable guide for landscape and urban planners
to create roof healing gardens. 

Keywords

Healing gardens, Roof gardens, Planning, Landscape Architect

References

• Adhémar, A. J. Nature as clinical psychological intervention: evidence, applications and implications. 2008, University of Arthus, 7.
• Whitehouse S. et al. Evaluating a Children’s Hospital Garden Environment: Utilization and Consumer Satisfaction. Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol. 21, 2001, 301-314.
• Ghazali, R., & Abbas, M. Y. Paediatric wards: Healing environment assessment. Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies, 2(1), 2011, 63-75.
• Olds, A. R. Nature as healer. Children's environments quarterly, 6, 1989, 27-32.
• Cooper Marcus, C.C. & Barnes, M. Gardens in health- care facilities: uses, therapeutic benefits, and design recommendations. 1995, Martinez, CA: The Center for Health Design.
• Ulrich, RS., Effects of gardens on health outcomes: Theory and research. ın healing gardens therapeutic benefits and design recommendations, ed. Clare Cooper Marcus and Marni Barnes, 27-86. 1999. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
• Kaplan, R., Kaplan, S., The Experience of Nature, 1990. Cambridge University Press.
• Pouya, S., & Demirel, Ö. What is a healing garden?. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(1). 2015.
• Ulrich, R. S., Health benefits of gardens in hospitals. In Paper for conference, Plants for People International Exhibition Floriade, Vol. 17, 5, 2002, 2010.
• Nedučin, D., Krklješ, M., & Kurtović-Folić, N., Hospital outdoor spaces: Therapeutic benefits and design considerations. Facta universitatis-series: Architecture and Civil Engineering, 8(3), 2010. 293-305.
• http://www.smdailyjournal.com/articles/lnews/2013-07-15/older-and-isolated-expanding-aging-population-seeks-social-interaction/1771750.html Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2017.
• Stigsdotter, U. A., Landscape Architecture and Health: Evidence-based health-promoting design and planning. Doctoral thesis. Department of Landscape Planning Alnarp. 2005.Swedish University of Agricultural Science.
• Vapaa, AG., Healing Gardens: Creating places for restoration, meditation and sanctuary, Master thesis, College of Architecture and Urban Studies. 2002, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
• Stark, A., Creating Outstanding Environments with Geomancy and Feng Shui: Guidelines for Healing Gardens, 2004. Available online at: http://www.alexstark.com
• Hopper, L. J., Landscape Architectural: Graphic Standards. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 2007, Hoboken. New Jersey.
• Gehl, J., Life Between Buildings, Using Public Space, 2010, Copenhagen: The Danish Architectural press.
• Shahrad, A., What are the design principles of healing gardens. Degree Project in Landscape Planning , 2013. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Landscape Planning, Horticulture and Agricultural Sciences.
• https://landperspectives.com/tag/therapeutic-garden/ Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2017.
• http://www.djc.com/news/co/11184021.html Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2017.
• Ulrich, R.S., Simons, R., Losito, B.D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M.A., Zelson, M., Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol.11, 1991, 201–230.
• Van den Berg A.E., Hartig, T., Staats, H., Preference for nature in urbanized societies: stress, restoration, and the pursuit of sustainability. Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 63(1), 2007, 79-96.
• Pouya S, Development planning approach for children with orthopedic disabilities; example of METU Eymir Lake (Ankara), Dissertation, 2016, Karadeniz Technical University.
• Samiei, K. Vertical Greenery In Iran-Attitudes and Prospects. Case Study: City of Tehran. 2012, The City as Nature - Exploring New Urban Aesthetics and Ethics : Biotope City Journal.
• Asadi A. Role of NGOs in green space development in Tehran, 2005, The 8th Asian Urbanization Conference, 20-23 Agust, 2005, Japan.
• http://www.northeasttexan.com/headlines/2016/6/19/letter-to-boeing-american-companies-should-not-be-complicit.html Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2017.
• Kalantari, Kh. Investigating Factors Affecting Environmental Behavior of People in Urban Areas (A Case Study of Tehran’s Residents), 2005, The 8th Asian Urbanization Conference, 20-23 Agust, 2005, Japan.
• http://www.middleeastgreenbuildings.com/12089/tehran-rooftop-gardens-as-a-growing-trend/ Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2017.
• Martens, R., Bass, B., & Alcazar, S. S., “Roof–envelope ratio impact on green roof energy performance”. Urban Ecosystems, 11(4), 2008, 399-408.
• Ignatieva M, Stewart SG, Meurk, C., “Planning and design of ecological networks in urban areas”. Landsc Ecol Eng 7:17–25Kaplan R, Kaplan S (1990) Restorative experience: The healing power of nearby nature. In The meaning of gardens, ed. Francis M, Hester R T, 2011. 238-244. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Osmundson, T. ,“Roof gardens: history, design, and construction”. W.W. Norton & Co. Ltd, 1999, New York.
• Beyhan, F., & Erbas, M. “A Study on Green Roofs with the Examples from the World and Turkey”, Gazi University Journal of Science, 26(2), 2013, 303-318. Nektarios, P. A., Ntoulas, N., Paraskevopoulou, A. T., Zacharopoulou, A., & Chronopoulos, I., “Substrate and drainage system selection and slope stabilization in an intensive-type roof garden park: case study of Athens Concert Hall”. Landscape and ecological engineering, 10(1), 2014, 29-46.
• https://www.chidaneh.com/ideabooks/chidaneh-tours/residential-spaces/67876
• Larson, Jean, and Mary Jo Kreitzer. "Healing by design: Healing gardens and therapeutic landscapes." Implications 2.10, 2005, 1-5.
• Severtsen, B. Healing Gardens. Open Space Seattle 2100: Designing Seattle’s Green etwork for the next century. 2015.
• Marcus, C. C., Francis, C. People Places: Design Guidelines for Urban Open Spaces, 2nd ed. 1998. John wiley and Sons, Inc., NY.
• Foley, R., Healing Waters: Therapeutic Landscapes in Historic and Contemporary Ireland. Ashgate Publishing Company, 2010. Burlington, USA.
• El Barmelgy, H., Healing Gardens’ Design, International Journal of Education and Research Vol. 1 No. 6, 2013
• Tenngart Ivarsson, C., On the Use and Experience of a Health garden. Diss. Alnarp: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2011.
• Stigsdotter U. A. and Grahn P., What makes a garden a healing garden? Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, Vol. 13, 2002, 60-69.
• https://www.outdoorlights.com/residential/pathway/ Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2017.
• Pouya,S., Bayramoğlu, E. ve Demirel, Ö, Investigation of Healing Garden Design Methods, Kastamonu Unıversity, Journal of Forestry Faculty, 15, 1, 2015, 15-2.
• Ottosson J. The Importance of Nature in Coping, Creating increased understanding of the importance of pure experiences of nature to human health, Diss. Alnarp: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. 2007.
• Pouya, S., Bayramoğlu, E., & Demirel, Ö. Restorative Garden As An Useful Way To Relieve Stress In Megacities, A Case Study In Istanbul. İnönü Üniversitesi Sanat Ve Tasarim Dergisi, 6 (13), 2016.
• http://www.rooftoprestaurants.com/rooftop-restaurants-Iran.htm. Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2017.
• Akın, Z. Ş., Çocuklar İçin İyileştirme Bahçeleri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. 2006.
• Sevimli, G., Aydınlatmada Işık ve Renk Etkilerinin Ankara Kent İzmir Caddesi YAYA Bölgesi Örneğinde Peyzaj Tasarımı Açısından İrdelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans, Tezi, Fen bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara Üniversitesi. 2011.
• Hosseinpoor, A. R., Forouzanfar, M. H., Yunesian, M., Asghari, F., Naieni, K. H., & Farhood, D. Air pollution and hospitalization due to angina pectoris in Tehran, Iran: a time-series study. Environmental Research, 99(1), 2005.126-131.