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Kentsel Ulaşımda Esnek, Akıllı ve Yeni Bir Planlama Yaklaşımı: Sürdürülebilir Kentsel Hareketlilik Planları

Year 2019, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 225 - 240, 15.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.537224

Abstract

Kentler;
hızla artan nüfus ve gelişme baskılarından kaynaklanan doğrudan/dolaylı ve
olumlu/olumsuz etkiler sonucunda doğal kaynakları ve üretim alanlarını tüketerek
ilerleyen birer organizma görünümündedirler. Kentleri bilinen tüm yönleriyle ve
planlama araçları vasıtasıyla kontrol etme çabası, bu karmaşık ve dinamik yapı
yaşamın ve hareketliliğin kendisini içerisinde barındırdığından yetersiz
kalmaktadır.

Dünyada
olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de hareketlilik, fiziksel altyapıya dayalı araç odaklı
ulaşım olarak algılanmaktadır. Bu sebeple planlamacılar, ilgili tüm
kurum/kuruluş ve sorumlular artan araç hareketliliğinin getirdiği sorunlara
sürekli çözüm arayışı içerisindedir. Bu çözüm arayışları Avrupa kıtasında
özellikle 2000’li yıllarda etkisini göstermeye başlamıştır. 2000’li yıllarda
Avrupa Birliği (AB) kentlerinde yaşam kalitesini arttırmak için sürdürülebilir,
entegre, esnek, akıllı ve yeni bir planlama yaklaşımı benimsenmiştir. Bu
dönemde AB kentleri de Türkiye’deki gibi kentsel ulaşım problemleriyle yüz yüze
gelmiş ve bu problemleri ulaşım ana planları ile çözemedikleri için, Avrupa
Komisyonu (AK) 2009 yılında Kentsel Hareketlilik Aksiyon Planı ve Sürdürülebilir
Kentsel Hareketlilik Planlarını bu sorunların çözümüne bir alternatif olarak
sunmuştur.

Bu
makalede kentsel ulaşımda, esnek, akıllı ve yeni bir planlama yaklaşımı olan Sürdürülebilir
Kentsel Hareketlilik Planları değerlendirilmektedir. Sürdürülebilir Kentsel
Hareketlilik Planlaması, hareketlilikle ilgili kavramların Türkçe karşılıkları
ile birlikte irdelenmekte, Türkiye’de geliştirilmesi hedeflenen özgün
Sürdürülebilir Kentsel Hareketlilik Planı rehber literatürü oluşturulmaya
çalışılmaktadır.

Kentsel
ulaşımda dünya kentlerinde, özellikle Avrupa kıtası kentlerinde, son çeyrek
asırda, Sürdürülebilir Kentsel Hareketlilik Planlarının araştırılıp, etkin bir
değerlendirme süreci ile birlikte, kentsel ulaşım problemleri çözümlemelerinde
kullanıldığı gözlenmektedir. Türkiye’de ise kentsel ulaşım çalışmalarının
modern anlayışın aksine geleneksel ulaşım planlama araçları sürdürüldüğü
anlaşılmaktadır.









Bu nedenle çıkarılan teorik sonuç, Sürdürülebilir Kentsel Hareketlilik
Planlarının kentsel ulaşımda en etkili planlama araçlarından biri olduğudur. Türkiye’de
kentlerin; özgün Sürdürülebilir Kentsel Hareketlilik Planı çalışmalarını
hazırlık, plan, uygulama ve izleme süreçleriyle ele alıp, ulaşım temelli
sorunlarını çözerek, kentsel yaşam kalitesini bu yolla arttırması gerekmektedir.

References

  • Andrei, C.A., Papuc, E.I., (2016), A Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan Solution for a City of the Future?, The 4th İnternational Conference of the NORD Events, Rethinking Global Space, Culture and Change in Organizations, The Bucharest Academiy of Economic Studies, Romania, s. 1-5.
  • Cirit, F., (2014), Sürdürülebilir Kentiçi Ulaşım Politikaları ve Toplu Taşıma Sistemlerinin Karşılaştırılması, T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, Uzmanlık Tezi, s. 9-103.
  • Comune di Rimini, (2016), Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan, Infrastructure and Mobility Area Mobility Office, s 2.
  • European Cities and Regions Networking for İnnovative Transport Solutions, (2013), The Urban Mobility Package “Together Towards Competitive and Resource Efficient Urban Mobility, Adopted by the European Commission On 17.12.3013, s 2.
  • European Commission, (2013), A Concept for Sustainable Mobility Plans, Brussels, Retrieved:http://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/urban/doc/ump/com(2013)913-annex_en.pdf, s 2.
  • European Metropolitan Transport Authorities, (2009), Mobility Plans: The Way Forward for a Sustainable Urban Mobility, Paris, 1-5. Accessed on: 10.06.2018, Available at: https://www.emta.com/IMG/pdf/EMTAbried_2_basse_def_.pdf
  • Kaygusuz, S., (2009), Mersin’de Kentsel Hareketlilik: Mersin Esnafının Mekânsal Hareketliliği Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Mersin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, s. 30-32.
  • Kaynak, Z., (2005), Kentsel Alanlarda Ulaşım Politikaları ve Ulaşımda Sürdürülebilirlik, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, s 25.
  • Kjærulff, A.A., (2011), Motility Finding a Way to Mobility Attitude and Behavior, Proceedings From the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, ISSN: 1603-9696, Available at: www.trafikdage.dk/artikelarkiv, s. 1-9.
  • Mercatelli, L., (2016), Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans European Practice, European Unions Horizon 2020 Research and İnnovation Programme, Italy, s. 3-6.
  • Özübal, C.O., (2009), Bergama Örneğinde, Kentsel Açık Mekânlarda Yaya Hareketlerinin Çözümlenmesi Konusunda Bir Yöntem, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, s 10.
  • Uluç, A., (2014), A Framework for Sustainable Urban Mobility in Historic Urban Landscape: A Proposal for Antalya Kaleiçi, A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Techical University, s 48.
  • United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, (1987), Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, Available at: http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf, s300.
  • Yerli, G., (2015), Sürdürülebilir Kent İçi Hareketlilik Planları (SUMP) Çalıştay Raporu, Dünya Kaynakları Enstitüsü Ross Sürdürülebilir Şehirler Merkezi, s 2.
  • Böhler, S., Kost, C., Merforth, M., Kumar, K., (2014), Urban Mobility Plans National Approaches and Local Practice Moving Towards Strategic, Sustainable and Inclusive Urban Transport Planning, Sustainable Urban Transport Technical Document #13, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, s. 5-62.
  • Czepkiewicz, M., Brudka, C., Jankowski, P., Kaczmarek, T., Zwolinski, Z., Mikula, L., Bakowska, E., Mlodkowski, M., Wojcicki, M., (2016), Public Participation GIS for Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning: Methods, Applications and Challenges, Rozwoj Regionalry i Polityka Regionalna, 35:9-35, s. 2-5.
  • Dávila, D.J., (2013), Urban Mobility & Poverty Lessons from Medellín and Soacha, Colombia, Development Planning Unit, UCL & Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, ISBN 978-0-9574823-3-3 PDF, ISBN 978-0-9574823-2-6,Paperback, s. 1-216.
  • Banister, D., (2007), The Sustainable Mobility Paradigm, Transport Policy, 15(2008), 73–80, Elsevier, Transport Studies Unit, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Oxford, UK, s. 6-7.
  • Flamm, M., Kaufmann, V., (2006), Operationalising the Concept of Motility: A Qualitative Study, Mobilities, 1:2, 167-189, DOI: 10.1080/17450100600726563.
  • Kaufmann, V., (2012a), Mobility, Mobile Lives Forum, Accessed on: 05.06.2018, Available at: http://en.forumviesmobiles.org/marks/mobility-450
  • Kaufmann, V., (2012b), Movement, Mobile Lives Forum, Accessed on: 05.06.2018,Available at: http://en.forumviesmobiles.org/marks/movement-460
  • Kaufmann, V., (2012c), Motility, Mobile Lives Forum, Accessed on: 06.06.2018, Available at: http://en.forumviesmobiles.org/marks/motility-461
  • Kaufmann, V., (2016), Mobility, Motility: What Determines Our Ability to Move?, Mobile Lives Forum, Accessed on: 05.06.2018, Available at: http://en.forumviesmobiles.org/video/2016/06/07/mobility-motility-wgat-determines-our-ability-move-3260
  • May, D. A., (2015), Encouraging Good Practice in the Development of Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans, Elsevier, Case Studies on Transport Policy 3(2015), 3–11, s 2.
  • Ohnmacht, T., Maksim, H., Bergman, M.M., (2009), Mobilities and inequality: Making connections, Mobilities and Inequality, 7-26, Available at: : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37468344
  • Özalp, M., Öcalır, V. E., (2008), Türkiye’deki Kentiçi Ulaşım Planlaması Çalışmalarının Değerlendirilmesi (1). METU JFA 2008/2, (25:2) 71-97, 1-27.
  • Pozoukidou, G., Gavanas, N., Verani, E., (2017), Land Use Models and Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans: An İntegrative Approach for Strategic Planning, 867-882, s. 2-8.
  • Rudolph, F., Black, C., Glensor, K., Hging, H., Lah, O., McGeever, J., Mingardo, G., Parkhurst, G., Plevnik, A., Shergold, I., Streng, M., (2015), Decision-Making in Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning: Common Practice and Future Directions, World Transport Policy and Practice, 21(3), 54-64, ISSN 1352-7614, Available from: http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/28625, http://worldtransportjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/29th-Oct-opt.pdf, s 2.
  • Cambridge Dictionary, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/move,https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/s%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk/ingilizce/mobile,https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/s%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk/ingilizce/ability,https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/s%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk/ingilizce/object,https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/internal,https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/external?q=EXTERNAL
  • Dictionary, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/vulgus
  • Etimoloji Sözlüğü, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. https://www.etimolojiturkce.com/kelime/mobil,https://www.etimolojiturkce.com/kelime/hareket
  • Etymology Dictionary, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. https://www.etymonline.com/word/mob
  • İngilizce Latince Sözlük, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. https://ingilizce-latince.cevirsozluk.com/51218745-motion#la|tr|motio
  • Macmillian Dictionary, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/mobility
  • Quia Web, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. https://www.quia.com/jg/2816350list.html
  • Tureng Türkçe İngilizce Sözlük, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. http://tureng.com/tr/turkce-ingilizce/urban
  • Türk Dil Kurumu, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&kelime=DEV%C4%B0N%C4%B0M,http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&kelime=NESNE,http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&arama=gts&guid=TDK.GTS.5b1cf4ff445f98.57544560 Türkçe Terimler Sözlüğü, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. http://www.sozce.com/nedir/90675-devinim, http://www.kursunkalem.com/biyoloji-terimi/hareket/

A Flexible, Intelligent and New Planning Approach in Urban Transport: Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans

Year 2019, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 225 - 240, 15.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.537224

Abstract

Cities;
As a result of direct / indirect and positive / negative effects caused by
rapidly increasing population and development pressures, they seem to be an
organism advancing by consuming natural resources and production areas. The
effort to control cities through all its known aspects and through the means of
planning means this complex and dynamic structure is insufficient as it
involves life and mobility itself.

In
Turkey, as well as in the world of mobility it is perceived as car-oriented
transportation based on the physical infrastructure. For this reason, planners,
all relevant institutions / organizations and responsible people are in search
of continuous solutions to the problems caused by increased vehicle mobility. The
search for this solution has begun to be effective in Europe, especially in the
2000s. In the 2000s, a sustainable, integrated, flexible, intelligent and new
planning approach has been adopted to improve the quality of life in European
Union (EU) cities. During this period, European cities also came face to face
with urban transport problems, such as in Turkey and can not solve this problem
of transportation master plans, the European Commission (EC) in 2009, the Urban
Mobility Action Plan and Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans have been submitted
to the solution of these problems as an alternative.

In
this article, Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans which are flexible, smart and
new planning approach are evaluated in urban transportation. Sustainable Urban
Mobility Planning, mobility-related concepts are discussed together with their
Turkish counterparts, targeted development in Turkey Sustainable Urban Mobility
Plan guide the original literature is pursued.

In
urban transportation, in the cities of the world, especially in the European
continent, in the last quarter century, it is observed that Sustainable Urban
Mobility Plans are researched and used together with an effective evaluation
process in the analysis of urban transportation problems. In Turkey, unlike the
modern understanding of urban transport it is understood that traditional
transportation planning tools continued.









The
theoretical conclusion is that Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans are one of the
most effective planning tools in urban transport. Of cities in Turkey; It
should take care of the original Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan in the
preparation, planning, implementation and monitoring processes and solve the
problems related to transportation and thus increase the quality of urban life
in this way.

References

  • Andrei, C.A., Papuc, E.I., (2016), A Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan Solution for a City of the Future?, The 4th İnternational Conference of the NORD Events, Rethinking Global Space, Culture and Change in Organizations, The Bucharest Academiy of Economic Studies, Romania, s. 1-5.
  • Cirit, F., (2014), Sürdürülebilir Kentiçi Ulaşım Politikaları ve Toplu Taşıma Sistemlerinin Karşılaştırılması, T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, Uzmanlık Tezi, s. 9-103.
  • Comune di Rimini, (2016), Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan, Infrastructure and Mobility Area Mobility Office, s 2.
  • European Cities and Regions Networking for İnnovative Transport Solutions, (2013), The Urban Mobility Package “Together Towards Competitive and Resource Efficient Urban Mobility, Adopted by the European Commission On 17.12.3013, s 2.
  • European Commission, (2013), A Concept for Sustainable Mobility Plans, Brussels, Retrieved:http://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/urban/doc/ump/com(2013)913-annex_en.pdf, s 2.
  • European Metropolitan Transport Authorities, (2009), Mobility Plans: The Way Forward for a Sustainable Urban Mobility, Paris, 1-5. Accessed on: 10.06.2018, Available at: https://www.emta.com/IMG/pdf/EMTAbried_2_basse_def_.pdf
  • Kaygusuz, S., (2009), Mersin’de Kentsel Hareketlilik: Mersin Esnafının Mekânsal Hareketliliği Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Mersin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, s. 30-32.
  • Kaynak, Z., (2005), Kentsel Alanlarda Ulaşım Politikaları ve Ulaşımda Sürdürülebilirlik, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, s 25.
  • Kjærulff, A.A., (2011), Motility Finding a Way to Mobility Attitude and Behavior, Proceedings From the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, ISSN: 1603-9696, Available at: www.trafikdage.dk/artikelarkiv, s. 1-9.
  • Mercatelli, L., (2016), Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans European Practice, European Unions Horizon 2020 Research and İnnovation Programme, Italy, s. 3-6.
  • Özübal, C.O., (2009), Bergama Örneğinde, Kentsel Açık Mekânlarda Yaya Hareketlerinin Çözümlenmesi Konusunda Bir Yöntem, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, s 10.
  • Uluç, A., (2014), A Framework for Sustainable Urban Mobility in Historic Urban Landscape: A Proposal for Antalya Kaleiçi, A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Techical University, s 48.
  • United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, (1987), Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, Available at: http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf, s300.
  • Yerli, G., (2015), Sürdürülebilir Kent İçi Hareketlilik Planları (SUMP) Çalıştay Raporu, Dünya Kaynakları Enstitüsü Ross Sürdürülebilir Şehirler Merkezi, s 2.
  • Böhler, S., Kost, C., Merforth, M., Kumar, K., (2014), Urban Mobility Plans National Approaches and Local Practice Moving Towards Strategic, Sustainable and Inclusive Urban Transport Planning, Sustainable Urban Transport Technical Document #13, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, s. 5-62.
  • Czepkiewicz, M., Brudka, C., Jankowski, P., Kaczmarek, T., Zwolinski, Z., Mikula, L., Bakowska, E., Mlodkowski, M., Wojcicki, M., (2016), Public Participation GIS for Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning: Methods, Applications and Challenges, Rozwoj Regionalry i Polityka Regionalna, 35:9-35, s. 2-5.
  • Dávila, D.J., (2013), Urban Mobility & Poverty Lessons from Medellín and Soacha, Colombia, Development Planning Unit, UCL & Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, ISBN 978-0-9574823-3-3 PDF, ISBN 978-0-9574823-2-6,Paperback, s. 1-216.
  • Banister, D., (2007), The Sustainable Mobility Paradigm, Transport Policy, 15(2008), 73–80, Elsevier, Transport Studies Unit, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Oxford, UK, s. 6-7.
  • Flamm, M., Kaufmann, V., (2006), Operationalising the Concept of Motility: A Qualitative Study, Mobilities, 1:2, 167-189, DOI: 10.1080/17450100600726563.
  • Kaufmann, V., (2012a), Mobility, Mobile Lives Forum, Accessed on: 05.06.2018, Available at: http://en.forumviesmobiles.org/marks/mobility-450
  • Kaufmann, V., (2012b), Movement, Mobile Lives Forum, Accessed on: 05.06.2018,Available at: http://en.forumviesmobiles.org/marks/movement-460
  • Kaufmann, V., (2012c), Motility, Mobile Lives Forum, Accessed on: 06.06.2018, Available at: http://en.forumviesmobiles.org/marks/motility-461
  • Kaufmann, V., (2016), Mobility, Motility: What Determines Our Ability to Move?, Mobile Lives Forum, Accessed on: 05.06.2018, Available at: http://en.forumviesmobiles.org/video/2016/06/07/mobility-motility-wgat-determines-our-ability-move-3260
  • May, D. A., (2015), Encouraging Good Practice in the Development of Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans, Elsevier, Case Studies on Transport Policy 3(2015), 3–11, s 2.
  • Ohnmacht, T., Maksim, H., Bergman, M.M., (2009), Mobilities and inequality: Making connections, Mobilities and Inequality, 7-26, Available at: : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37468344
  • Özalp, M., Öcalır, V. E., (2008), Türkiye’deki Kentiçi Ulaşım Planlaması Çalışmalarının Değerlendirilmesi (1). METU JFA 2008/2, (25:2) 71-97, 1-27.
  • Pozoukidou, G., Gavanas, N., Verani, E., (2017), Land Use Models and Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans: An İntegrative Approach for Strategic Planning, 867-882, s. 2-8.
  • Rudolph, F., Black, C., Glensor, K., Hging, H., Lah, O., McGeever, J., Mingardo, G., Parkhurst, G., Plevnik, A., Shergold, I., Streng, M., (2015), Decision-Making in Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning: Common Practice and Future Directions, World Transport Policy and Practice, 21(3), 54-64, ISSN 1352-7614, Available from: http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/28625, http://worldtransportjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/29th-Oct-opt.pdf, s 2.
  • Cambridge Dictionary, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/move,https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/s%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk/ingilizce/mobile,https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/s%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk/ingilizce/ability,https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/s%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk/ingilizce/object,https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/internal,https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/external?q=EXTERNAL
  • Dictionary, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/vulgus
  • Etimoloji Sözlüğü, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. https://www.etimolojiturkce.com/kelime/mobil,https://www.etimolojiturkce.com/kelime/hareket
  • Etymology Dictionary, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. https://www.etymonline.com/word/mob
  • İngilizce Latince Sözlük, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. https://ingilizce-latince.cevirsozluk.com/51218745-motion#la|tr|motio
  • Macmillian Dictionary, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/mobility
  • Quia Web, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. https://www.quia.com/jg/2816350list.html
  • Tureng Türkçe İngilizce Sözlük, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. http://tureng.com/tr/turkce-ingilizce/urban
  • Türk Dil Kurumu, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&kelime=DEV%C4%B0N%C4%B0M,http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&kelime=NESNE,http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&arama=gts&guid=TDK.GTS.5b1cf4ff445f98.57544560 Türkçe Terimler Sözlüğü, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2018. http://www.sozce.com/nedir/90675-devinim, http://www.kursunkalem.com/biyoloji-terimi/hareket/
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Burak Korkmazyürek 0000-0002-9889-7199

Erkan Polat

Publication Date June 15, 2019
Submission Date March 8, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Korkmazyürek, B., & Polat, E. (2019). Kentsel Ulaşımda Esnek, Akıllı ve Yeni Bir Planlama Yaklaşımı: Sürdürülebilir Kentsel Hareketlilik Planları. Kent Akademisi, 12(2), 225-240. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.537224

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