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Yaşayan Tarih: Savaş Alanları Turizmi ve Yeniden Canlandırma Toplulukları Örneği

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 439 - 451, 15.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.988625

Abstract

Post-modern toplumda refah düzeyindeki iyileşme, bilgi iletişim teknolojileri ve ulaşımdaki teknolojik gelişmelerle artan turizm hareketliliği tarihi sunum çeşitliliğini artırmıştır. İnsanlık tarihi boyunca yaşanmış dönemler, olaylar ve savaşlar; internet, film, dizi, bilgisayar oyunları ve turizm gibi ortamlardaki sunumlarla tekrar erişime açılmıştır. Kitle turizminin dünyaya yayılması sonrasında alternatif turizm ve özel ilgi turizmi de turizmin işleyiş biçimini çeşitlendirmiştir. Turizmin artan çeşitliliği geleneksel turizm türlerinden deneyim odaklı turizm türlerine geçişi hızlandırmıştır. Savaş alanları turizmi ve yaşayan tarih, deneyim odaklı turizmin parçasıdır. Yaşayan bir olgu olan tarihin ağırlıklı olarak ölü olarak adlandırılabilecek sayfalarla sunumu günümüzde farklılaşmaktadır. Bu sunumlardan biri de savaş alanları turizmi kapsamında yaşayan tarih topluluklarıdır. Bu çalışmada yaşayan tarih toplulukları betimleyici örnek olay çalışması ile ele alınmıştır. İkincil kaynaklardan veriler elde edilmiştir. Bu veriler ışığında dünya genelinde yer alan yaşayan tarih toplulukları ile ilgili bilgiler derlenmiştir. Tarihin turizm yoluyla hem öğrenme hem de eğlenme aracılığıyla gelecek nesillere aktarılması konusunda bazı öneriler getirilmiştir.

References

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  • Agnew V., Lamb J. ve Tomann J. (2020). Introductıon: What is Reenactment Studies? V. Agnew, J. Lamb, J. Tomann (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook Of Reenactment Studies Key Terms in the Field (s.1-10). Oxon: Routledge.
  • Basarin V. J. (2011). Battlefield Tourism-Anzac Day Commemorations at Gallipoli: An Empirical Analysis, (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi) Deakin University, Avusturalya.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Turizm Örgütü-UNWTO. (2021), Why Tourism. https://www.unwto.org/why-tourism, Erişim Tarihi 12 Nisan 2021.
  • Blade M. (2019, 24 Haziran), Happy Mount Park Echoed to the Sound of Swords and Shields but it was all in the Name of Entertainment. The Visitor. https://www.thevisitor.co.uk/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/news-pictures-norman-battle-happy-mount-park-morecambe-640166 Erişim Tarihi: 23 Haziran 2021
  • Coleman T. (2002). The Nelson Touch The Life and Legend of Horatio Nelson. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Cook A. (2004). The Use and Abuse of Historical Reenactment: Thoughts on Recent Trends in Public History. Criticism, 46, 73, 487-96.
  • Cramer, M. A. (2010). Medieval Fantasy as Performance The Society for Creative Anachronism and the Current Middle Ages. Marryland: Scarecrow Press.
  • Curry A. (2002). Essential Histories The Hundred Years' War 1337-1453. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
  • Daugbjerg, M. (2017). Battle, V. Agnew, J. Lamb, J. Tomann (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook Of Reenactment Studies Key Terms in the Field (s.25-29). Oxon: Routledge.
  • Demir M. Ş. (2017). XI. Asırda Değişen Anadolu’da Türkler: Malazgirt Savaşı (26 ağustos 1071). Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 4, 11, 240-256.
  • Foley M. ve Lennon J. (1996). Editorial: Heart of Darkness. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2, 4, 195-197.
  • Gaunt P. (2003). The English Civil Wars 1642-1651. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
  • Getz D. (2007). Event Studies: Theory, Research, and Policy for Planned Events. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Güncel Türkçe Sözlük, https://sozluk.gov.tr/ Erişim Tarihi: 2 Haziran 2021
  • Hall J., Basarin V. J. ve Lockstone-Binney L. (2010). An Empirical Analysis of Attendance at a Commemorative Event: Anzac Day at Gallipoli. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 245-253.
  • Hall J., Basarin V. J. ve Lockstone-Binney L. (2011). Pre- and Posttrip Factors Influencing the Visitor Experience at a Battlefield Commemorative Event: Gallipoli, a Case Study. Tourism Analysis, 16, 4, 419-429.
  • Hicks M. (2003). Essential Histories The Wars of the Roses 1455-1485, Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
  • Hillenbrand C. (2007). Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol The Battle of Manzikert. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Hirst, M. (Senarist) & Donnelly, C. (Yönetmen). (2010). The Tudors [Televizyon Dizisi], Flynn J. (Yapımcı). ABD: Reveille Eire, Working Title Television, Octagon Entertainment, Peace Arch Entertainment, Showtime Networks
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  • History.com. (2021). Viking History. https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/vikings-history Erişim Tarihi: 8 Nisan 2021
  • Honeywell C. ve Spear G. (1993). The English Civil War Recreated in Colorfull Photographs. London: Windrow & Greene.
  • Howe J. (1991). Saint George. Dragon, 2, 9-11.
  • Hughes T. (2018, 1, Kasım), Why Was 900 Years of European History Labelled ‘the Dark Ages’? https://www.historyhit.com/why-were-the-early-middle-ages-called-the-dark-ages/ Erişim Tarihi: 8 Temmuz 2021
  • Hunt, S. J. (2004). Acting the Part: ‘Living History’ as a Serious Leisure Pursuit. Leisure Studies, 23, 4, 387-403.
  • Kagan D. (2007). Antik Yunan Tarihine Giriş. https://acikders.tuba.gov.tr/file.php/101/Lectures/PDF/Ders03.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 10 Ocak 2021
  • Konstam A. (2011). Horatio Nelson Leadership Strategy Conflict, Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
  • Kurnaz H. A., Çeken H. ve Kılıç B. (2013). Hüzün Turizmi Katılımcılarının Seyahat Motivasyonlarının Belirlenmesi. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5, 2, 57-73.
  • Lloyd D. W. (1998). Battlefield Tourism Pilgrimage and the Commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919–1939 (1. Basım). Oxford: Berg.
  • Lowenthal D. (1999). The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History (7. Basım). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Miles S. T. (2012). Battlefield Tourism: Meanings and Interpretations. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). University of Glasgow, Glasgow.
  • Okçular Vakfı, (2021a). Tarihçe. http://www.okcularvakfi.org/Tarihce-s-1 Erişim Tarihi: 10 Haziran 2021
  • Okçular Vakfı, (2021b). Malazgirt 1071 Anma Etkinlikleri. http://www.okcularvakfi.org/Malazgirt-1071-Anma-Etkinlikleri-s-21 Erişim Tarihi: 11 Haziran 2021
  • Prideaux B. (2007). Echoes of War: Battlefield Tourism. Ryan, C. (Ed.). Battlefield Tourism: History, Place and Interpretation (s. 17-27). Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Reddy K. S. ve Agrawal R. (2012). Designing Case Studies from Secondary Sources – A Conceptual Framework, International Management Review, 8, 2, 63-70.
  • Regia Anglorum, (2021). About Regia Anglorum, https://regia.org/about.php Erişim Tarihi: 13 Şubat 2021
  • Rose G. (1995). Place and Identity: A Sense of Place. Massey, D. ve Jess, P. (Ed.). A Place in the World?: Places, Cultures and Globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ryan C. (2007). Introduction. Battlefield Tourism. Ryan, C. (Ed.). Battlefield Tourism: History, Place and Interpretation (s. 13-15). Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Seaton A. V. (1996). From Thanatopsis to Thanatourism: Guided by the Dark. Journal of International Heritage Studies, 22, 234–244.
  • Seaton A. V. (1999). War and Thanatourism: Waterloo 1815–1914. Annals of Tourism Research, 26, 1, 1999, 130-158.
  • Sharpley R. (2009). Shedding Light on Dark Tourism: An Introduction. Sharpley, R. ve Stone, P. R. (Ed.) The Darker Side of Travel the Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism. (s.3-22). Bristol: Channel View Publications.
  • Sharpley R. ve Stone P. R. (2009). (Re)presenting the Macabre: Interpretation, Kitschification and Authenticity.
  • Sharpley, R. ve Stone, P. R. (Ed.) The Darker Side of Travel the Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism. (s. 109-128). Bristol: Channel View Publications.
  • Slade P. (2003). Gallipoli Thanatourism: The Meaning of ANZAC. Annals of Tourism Research, 30, 4, 779-794.
  • Smith V. L. (1998). War and Tourism An American Ethnography. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 1, 202-227.
  • Society for Creative Anachronism, (2021). About SCA. https://www.sca.org/about/ Erişim Tarihi: 7 Şubat 2021
  • Society Pax Romana, (2021). About Pax Romana.,https://www.paxromana.eu/?page_id=557&lang=en Erişim Tarihi: 12 Şubat 2021
  • The Company of Saynte George, (2021). About Us: Portrait of the Company of Saynt George. https://companie-of-st-george.ch/about-us/ Erişim Tarihi: 22 Nisan 2021.
  • The English Civil War Society, (2021) About the English Civil War Society. http://www.ecws.org.uk/about-the-ecws/ Erişim Tarihi: 21 Nisan 2021
  • The Ermine Street Guard. (2021a), About. http://erminestreetguard.co.uk/#about Erişim Tarihi: 26 Mayıs 2021
  • The Ermine Street Guard. (2021b), Information Pack. http://erminestreetguard.co.uk/assets/the-ermine-street-guard-information-pack-final-version.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 13 Haziran 2021
  • The Historical Maritime Society, (2021). What We Do. https://sites.google.com/site/historicalmaritimesociety/what-we-do erişim Tarihi: 1 Mart 2021
  • The Medieval Siege Society, (2021). About Us. https://www.medieval-siege-society.co.uk/about-us/ Erişim Tarihi: 10 Ocak 2021
  • The Sealed Knot, (2021). About Us. http://www.thesealedknot.org.uk/about-us Erişim Tarihi: 8 Haziran 2021
  • Urry J. ve Larsen J. (2011). The Tourist Gaze 3.0 (3. Basım). London: Sage.
  • Vikings of Middle England, (2021). About Us. https://vikingsof.me/about Erişim Tarihi: 15 Ocak 2021
  • Vikings, (2021). About Us. https://www.vikingsonline.org.uk/About-Us Erişim Tarihi: 12 Ocak 2021
  • Wagner K. A. (2007). Farbs, Stickjocks, and Costume Nazis: A Study of the Living History Subculture in Modern America. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi) ABD: Youngstown State University.
  • Yin R. K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (3. Basım), London: Sage Publications.

Living History: The Case Of Battlefield Tourism and Re-Enactment Societies

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 439 - 451, 15.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.988625

Abstract

In the post-modern society, tourism mobility has increased with the improvement in welfare, information and communication technologies, and technological developments in transportation. Such mobility has also increased the diversity of historical presentations. Periods, events, and wars experienced throughout the history of humanity have also been reopened with representations in media such as the internet, movies, TV series, computer games, and tourism. After the spread of mass tourism throughout the world, alternative tourism and special interest tourism have also diversified the way tourism operates. The increasing diversity of tourism has accelerated the transition from traditional tourism types to experience-oriented tourism types. Battlefield tourism and living history are identified as a part of experience-oriented tourism. History, which is a living phenomenon, has dominantly been presented mostly in pages, which have dead characteristics. However, this case is altering recently. One of these live presentations within the scope of battlefield tourism is living history communities. In this study, living historical societies are discussed through a descriptive case study. Data were obtained from secondary sources. In the light of these data, information about living history communities around the world has been compiled. Some suggestions have been made about the transmission of history to future generations by tourism through both learning and entertainment.

References

  • Agnew V. (2004). Introduction: What is Reenactment? Criticism, 46, 3, 327-339.
  • Agnew V., Lamb J. ve Tomann J. (2020). Introductıon: What is Reenactment Studies? V. Agnew, J. Lamb, J. Tomann (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook Of Reenactment Studies Key Terms in the Field (s.1-10). Oxon: Routledge.
  • Basarin V. J. (2011). Battlefield Tourism-Anzac Day Commemorations at Gallipoli: An Empirical Analysis, (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi) Deakin University, Avusturalya.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Turizm Örgütü-UNWTO. (2021), Why Tourism. https://www.unwto.org/why-tourism, Erişim Tarihi 12 Nisan 2021.
  • Blade M. (2019, 24 Haziran), Happy Mount Park Echoed to the Sound of Swords and Shields but it was all in the Name of Entertainment. The Visitor. https://www.thevisitor.co.uk/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/news-pictures-norman-battle-happy-mount-park-morecambe-640166 Erişim Tarihi: 23 Haziran 2021
  • Coleman T. (2002). The Nelson Touch The Life and Legend of Horatio Nelson. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Cook A. (2004). The Use and Abuse of Historical Reenactment: Thoughts on Recent Trends in Public History. Criticism, 46, 73, 487-96.
  • Cramer, M. A. (2010). Medieval Fantasy as Performance The Society for Creative Anachronism and the Current Middle Ages. Marryland: Scarecrow Press.
  • Curry A. (2002). Essential Histories The Hundred Years' War 1337-1453. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
  • Daugbjerg, M. (2017). Battle, V. Agnew, J. Lamb, J. Tomann (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook Of Reenactment Studies Key Terms in the Field (s.25-29). Oxon: Routledge.
  • Demir M. Ş. (2017). XI. Asırda Değişen Anadolu’da Türkler: Malazgirt Savaşı (26 ağustos 1071). Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 4, 11, 240-256.
  • Foley M. ve Lennon J. (1996). Editorial: Heart of Darkness. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2, 4, 195-197.
  • Gaunt P. (2003). The English Civil Wars 1642-1651. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
  • Getz D. (2007). Event Studies: Theory, Research, and Policy for Planned Events. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Güncel Türkçe Sözlük, https://sozluk.gov.tr/ Erişim Tarihi: 2 Haziran 2021
  • Hall J., Basarin V. J. ve Lockstone-Binney L. (2010). An Empirical Analysis of Attendance at a Commemorative Event: Anzac Day at Gallipoli. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 245-253.
  • Hall J., Basarin V. J. ve Lockstone-Binney L. (2011). Pre- and Posttrip Factors Influencing the Visitor Experience at a Battlefield Commemorative Event: Gallipoli, a Case Study. Tourism Analysis, 16, 4, 419-429.
  • Hicks M. (2003). Essential Histories The Wars of the Roses 1455-1485, Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
  • Hillenbrand C. (2007). Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol The Battle of Manzikert. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Hirst, M. (Senarist) & Donnelly, C. (Yönetmen). (2010). The Tudors [Televizyon Dizisi], Flynn J. (Yapımcı). ABD: Reveille Eire, Working Title Television, Octagon Entertainment, Peace Arch Entertainment, Showtime Networks
  • Historia Normannis. (2021). Recreating History. https://normannis.co.uk/wp/recreating-history/ Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mart 2021.
  • History.com. (2021). Viking History. https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/vikings-history Erişim Tarihi: 8 Nisan 2021
  • Honeywell C. ve Spear G. (1993). The English Civil War Recreated in Colorfull Photographs. London: Windrow & Greene.
  • Howe J. (1991). Saint George. Dragon, 2, 9-11.
  • Hughes T. (2018, 1, Kasım), Why Was 900 Years of European History Labelled ‘the Dark Ages’? https://www.historyhit.com/why-were-the-early-middle-ages-called-the-dark-ages/ Erişim Tarihi: 8 Temmuz 2021
  • Hunt, S. J. (2004). Acting the Part: ‘Living History’ as a Serious Leisure Pursuit. Leisure Studies, 23, 4, 387-403.
  • Kagan D. (2007). Antik Yunan Tarihine Giriş. https://acikders.tuba.gov.tr/file.php/101/Lectures/PDF/Ders03.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 10 Ocak 2021
  • Konstam A. (2011). Horatio Nelson Leadership Strategy Conflict, Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
  • Kurnaz H. A., Çeken H. ve Kılıç B. (2013). Hüzün Turizmi Katılımcılarının Seyahat Motivasyonlarının Belirlenmesi. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5, 2, 57-73.
  • Lloyd D. W. (1998). Battlefield Tourism Pilgrimage and the Commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919–1939 (1. Basım). Oxford: Berg.
  • Lowenthal D. (1999). The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History (7. Basım). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Miles S. T. (2012). Battlefield Tourism: Meanings and Interpretations. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). University of Glasgow, Glasgow.
  • Okçular Vakfı, (2021a). Tarihçe. http://www.okcularvakfi.org/Tarihce-s-1 Erişim Tarihi: 10 Haziran 2021
  • Okçular Vakfı, (2021b). Malazgirt 1071 Anma Etkinlikleri. http://www.okcularvakfi.org/Malazgirt-1071-Anma-Etkinlikleri-s-21 Erişim Tarihi: 11 Haziran 2021
  • Prideaux B. (2007). Echoes of War: Battlefield Tourism. Ryan, C. (Ed.). Battlefield Tourism: History, Place and Interpretation (s. 17-27). Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Reddy K. S. ve Agrawal R. (2012). Designing Case Studies from Secondary Sources – A Conceptual Framework, International Management Review, 8, 2, 63-70.
  • Regia Anglorum, (2021). About Regia Anglorum, https://regia.org/about.php Erişim Tarihi: 13 Şubat 2021
  • Rose G. (1995). Place and Identity: A Sense of Place. Massey, D. ve Jess, P. (Ed.). A Place in the World?: Places, Cultures and Globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ryan C. (2007). Introduction. Battlefield Tourism. Ryan, C. (Ed.). Battlefield Tourism: History, Place and Interpretation (s. 13-15). Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Seaton A. V. (1996). From Thanatopsis to Thanatourism: Guided by the Dark. Journal of International Heritage Studies, 22, 234–244.
  • Seaton A. V. (1999). War and Thanatourism: Waterloo 1815–1914. Annals of Tourism Research, 26, 1, 1999, 130-158.
  • Sharpley R. (2009). Shedding Light on Dark Tourism: An Introduction. Sharpley, R. ve Stone, P. R. (Ed.) The Darker Side of Travel the Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism. (s.3-22). Bristol: Channel View Publications.
  • Sharpley R. ve Stone P. R. (2009). (Re)presenting the Macabre: Interpretation, Kitschification and Authenticity.
  • Sharpley, R. ve Stone, P. R. (Ed.) The Darker Side of Travel the Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism. (s. 109-128). Bristol: Channel View Publications.
  • Slade P. (2003). Gallipoli Thanatourism: The Meaning of ANZAC. Annals of Tourism Research, 30, 4, 779-794.
  • Smith V. L. (1998). War and Tourism An American Ethnography. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 1, 202-227.
  • Society for Creative Anachronism, (2021). About SCA. https://www.sca.org/about/ Erişim Tarihi: 7 Şubat 2021
  • Society Pax Romana, (2021). About Pax Romana.,https://www.paxromana.eu/?page_id=557&lang=en Erişim Tarihi: 12 Şubat 2021
  • The Company of Saynte George, (2021). About Us: Portrait of the Company of Saynt George. https://companie-of-st-george.ch/about-us/ Erişim Tarihi: 22 Nisan 2021.
  • The English Civil War Society, (2021) About the English Civil War Society. http://www.ecws.org.uk/about-the-ecws/ Erişim Tarihi: 21 Nisan 2021
  • The Ermine Street Guard. (2021a), About. http://erminestreetguard.co.uk/#about Erişim Tarihi: 26 Mayıs 2021
  • The Ermine Street Guard. (2021b), Information Pack. http://erminestreetguard.co.uk/assets/the-ermine-street-guard-information-pack-final-version.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 13 Haziran 2021
  • The Historical Maritime Society, (2021). What We Do. https://sites.google.com/site/historicalmaritimesociety/what-we-do erişim Tarihi: 1 Mart 2021
  • The Medieval Siege Society, (2021). About Us. https://www.medieval-siege-society.co.uk/about-us/ Erişim Tarihi: 10 Ocak 2021
  • The Sealed Knot, (2021). About Us. http://www.thesealedknot.org.uk/about-us Erişim Tarihi: 8 Haziran 2021
  • Urry J. ve Larsen J. (2011). The Tourist Gaze 3.0 (3. Basım). London: Sage.
  • Vikings of Middle England, (2021). About Us. https://vikingsof.me/about Erişim Tarihi: 15 Ocak 2021
  • Vikings, (2021). About Us. https://www.vikingsonline.org.uk/About-Us Erişim Tarihi: 12 Ocak 2021
  • Wagner K. A. (2007). Farbs, Stickjocks, and Costume Nazis: A Study of the Living History Subculture in Modern America. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi) ABD: Youngstown State University.
  • Yin R. K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (3. Basım), London: Sage Publications.
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Onur Akbulut 0000-0002-1392-243X

Yakın Ekin 0000-0001-6434-6316

Publication Date June 15, 2022
Submission Date August 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akbulut, O., & Ekin, Y. (2022). Yaşayan Tarih: Savaş Alanları Turizmi ve Yeniden Canlandırma Toplulukları Örneği. Kent Akademisi, 15(2), 439-451. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.988625

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