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Public Transport by Municipal Bus Service as a Public Social Policy: Mersin Case

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 753 - 779, 15.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1452622

Abstract

In this study, urban "social policy" is narrowly defined as "a policy that aims to provide a minimum level of welfare for all or to reduce welfare inequalities", and the extent to which public transport service provides social benefits as a social policy instrument is examined. While more concrete and measurable targets are set for rail systems in urban transport planning, the bus system is often left in the background. On the other hand, the number of passengers traveling on rail systems, which are constructed in metropolitan cities by allocating large amounts of public funds, is still far behind the number of passengers transported by buses. This is because rail systems provide access to a limited population on a corridor. If the number of passengers in the relevant corridor is very high, transporting passengers by rail system is an effective approach that can reduce the number of vehicles in traffic on the one hand and provide social benefits on the other hand. On the other hand, the bus system is a transport system that is more flexible according to demand, can provide access to wider areas and population, and therefore has a higher share in total transport. According to the liberal approach, which advocates the provision of public services by the market, bus transport service is one of the biggest cost items for municipalities and should be transferred to the market to reduce losses. In recent years, municipalities have been discussing the method by which the service can be transferred to the private sector based on the recommendations emphasized in various reports of the IMF and the World Bank. However, there is a limited number of studies on how services can be provided more efficiently and effectively by the public sector and how social benefits can be increased. The studies mostly focus on policy analyses for the provision of services by the public or private sector. Some of the studies present technical models and methods to increase the efficiency of the systems. This study, on the other hand, argues that the service provided by buses, when taken together with its indirect benefits, can serve various social policy objectives if it is provided by the public sector based on multidimensional needs and benefit analyses.

References

  • Acer, Ö.D. (2007) Belediye Hizmetlerinde Özelleştirme Uygulamaları: Amaçlar, Yöntemler ve Sonuçlar, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Adinata, R., Wike, W., & Wanto, A. H. (2021). Public transport in developing countries, JPAS (Journal of Public Administration Studies), 6(2), 35-39.
  • Aktürk Çetin, B. (2019) Türkiye’de büyükşehir belediye hizmetlerinde özelleştirme, Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(16), 49-62.
  • Bagloee S. and Ceder A. (2011) Transit-network design methodology for actual-size road networks, Transportation Research Part B, 45: 1787-1804.
  • Black A. (1979) Optimizing urban mass transit systems: a general model, Transportation Research Record, 677:41-47.
  • Bradshaw, J., Kemp, P., Baldwin, S., and Rowe, A. (2004) The Drivers of Social Exclusion: A Review of the Literature for the Social Exclusion Unit in the Breaking the Cycle Series, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, London.
  • Byrne B. (1975) Public transportation line positions and headways for minimum user and system cost in a radial case, Transportation Research Record, 9: 97-102.
  • Byrne, B., Vuchic, V., (1972) Public transportation line positions and headways for minimum cost. In: Newell, F. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Traffic Flow and Transportation, 347–360.
  • Clifton, K and Lucas, K. (2004) Examining the Empirical Evidence of Transport Inequality in the US and UK, in Lucas, K. (Ed.) Running on empty: Transport, social exclusion and environmental justice. Policy Press, pp.15-36.
  • Daganzo C. (2010) Structure of competitive transit networks, Transportation Research Part B, 44: 434-446.
  • Davies, B.P. (1968) Social Needs and Resources in Local Services: A Study of Variations in Provision of Social Services between Local Authority Areas. Joseph Rowntree, London.
  • Elkins, T., McLaren, D. and Hillman, M. (1991) Reviving the City: Towards Sustainable Urban Development, London: Friends of the Earth.
  • Goodwin, P. (1990) Demographic impacts, social consequences and transport policy debate, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 6(2), pp. 76-90.
  • Hay, A. and Trinder, E. (1991) Concepts of equity, fairness and justice expressed by local transport policymakers, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 9, pp. 435-465.
  • Holryod, E. (1967). Optimum bus service: a theoretical model for a large uniform urban area, L. Edie (Ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Theory of Traffic Flow, Elsevier (1967), pp. 308-328.
  • Hurdle, V. (1973) Minimum cost locations for parallel public transit lines, Transportation Science, 7: 340-350.
  • Karacasu, M. ve Yayla, N. (2010). Kentiçi otobüs taşımacılığında özelleştirme için bir karar destek modeli önerisi: Eskişehir örneği. İTÜDERGİSİ/d, 3(6), p:59-70.
  • Litman, T. (2024). Evaluating public transit benefits and costs. Victoria, BC, Canada: Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
  • Lucas, K. (2004) Locating Transport as a Social Policy Problem, in Lucas, K. (Ed.) Running on empty: Transport, social exclusion and environmental justice. Policy Press, pp.7-13.
  • Lucas, K. and Tyler, S. (2006) Moving from Welfare to Work: The Role of Transport. FIA Foundation for the Automobile and Society, London.
  • Lucas, K., Tyler, S. and Christodoulou, G. (2009). Assessing the value of new transport initiatives in deprived neighborhoods in the UK. Transport Policy, 16(3), pp. 115-122.
  • Luz, G., & Portugal, L. (2022). Understanding transport-related social exclusion through the lens of capabilities approach, Transport Reviews, 42(4), 503-525.
  • Lyons, G. (2004) Transport and society, Transport Reviews, 24(4), pp. 485-509.
  • Marwah, B. Umrigar, F. Patnaik S. (1984) Optimal design of bus routes and frequencies for Ahmedabad, Transportation Research Record, 994: 41-47.
  • Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi (2014) Faaliyet Raporu, (https://www.mersin.bel.tr/dokumanlar/2014-yili-faaliyet-raporu) adresinden 14/11/2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi (2015) Faaliyet Raporu, (https://www.mersin.bel.tr/dokumanlar/2015-yili-faaliyet-raporu) adresinden 14/11/2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi (2018) Faaliyet Raporu, (https://www.mersin.bel.tr/dokumanlar/mbb-2018-mali-yili-faaliyet-raporupdf) adresinden 14/11/2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi (2021) Faaliyet Raporu, (https://www.mersin.bel.tr/dokumanlar/mbb-2021-yili-faaliyet-raporupdf) adresinden 14/11/2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • MUAP (Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi Mersin Kent İçi ve Yakın Çevre Ulaşım Ana Planı Revizyonu) (2015), Mersin Kent İçi ve Yakın Çevre Ulaşım Ana Planı, Mevcut Bilgilerin Toplanması ve Değerlendirilmesi Raporu, Boğaziçi Proje Mühendislik Planlama.
  • MUAP (Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi Mersin Ulaşım Ana Planı) (2022), Mevcut Bilgilerin Toplanması ve Değerlendirilmesi Raporu, Boğaziçi Proje Mühendislik Planlama.
  • Pickvance, C. (2011) The Impact of Social Policy in J. Baldock, N. Manning, L. Mitton and S. Vickerstaff (eds) Social Policy, Fourth edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 420-436.
  • Saif, M.A., Zefreh, M.M., & Torok, A. (2019). Public transport accessibility: A literature review. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering, 47(1), 36-43.
  • Salzborn, F. (1972) Optimum bus scheduling, Transportation Science, 6: 137-148.
  • Stanley, J., and Lucas, K. (2008) Social exclusion: What can public transport offer? Research in Transportation Economics, 22(1), pp.36-40.
  • Tahmasbi, B., & Haghshenas, H. (2019). Public transport accessibility measure based on weighted door to door travel time. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 76, 163-177.
  • TRaC at the University of North London (2000). Social Exclusion and the Provision and Availability of Public Transport: Report. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, London.
  • Wang, Y., Cao, M., Liu, Y., Ye, R., Gao, X., & Ma, L. (2022). Public transport equity in Shenyang: Using structural equation modelling, Research in Transportation Business & Management, 42, 100555.

Bir Kamu Sosyal Politikası Olarak Belediye Otobüs Hizmeti ile Toplu Taşıma: Mersin Örneği

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 753 - 779, 15.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1452622

Abstract

Bu çalışmada kentsel “sosyal politika” dar anlamıyla "herkes için asgari düzeyde refah sağlamayı veya refah eşitsizliklerini azaltmayı amaçlayan bir politika" olarak tanımlanmış ve toplu taşıma hizmetinin bir soysal politika aracı olarak ne düzeyde toplumsal yarar sağladığı irdelenmiştir. Kentsel ulaşım planlamasında raylı sistemlere yönelik daha somut ve ölçülebilir hedefler belirlenirken otobüs sistemi çoğunlukla geri planda kalmaktadır. Buna karşın, büyükşehirlerde yüksek miktarda kamu kaynağı ayrılarak yapılan raylı sistem yolcu sayıları henüz otobüslerle taşınan yolcu sayılarının çok gerisinde kalmaktadır. Bunun nedeni raylı sistemlerin bir koridor üzerinde ve sınırlı bir nüfusa erişim sağlamasıdır. İlgili koridorda yolcu sayısının çok yüksek olması durumunda, yolcuların raylı sistemle taşınması, bir yandan trafikteki taşıt sayısının azaltılmasını, diğer yandan da sosyal açıdan kamusal yararlar sağlayabilen etkili bir yaklaşımdır. Buna karşın otobüs sistemi talebe göre daha esnek, daha geniş alanlara ve nüfusa erişim sağlayabilen ve bu nedenle toplam taşımadaki payı daha yüksek olan bir taşıma sistemidir. Kamu hizmetlerinin piyasa eliyle sunulmasını savunan liberal yaklaşıma göre otobüs ulaşım hizmeti belediyeler için en büyük maliyet kalemlerinden biridir ve zararın azaltılması için piyasaya devredilmesi gerekir. Belediyeler son yıllarda IMF ve Dünya Bankası’nın çeşitli raporlarında vurgulanan tavsiyeler üzerine hizmetin özel sektöre devrinin hangi yöntemle gerçekleştirilebileceğini tartışmaktadır. Buna karşın hizmetin kamu eliyle nasıl daha verimli ve etkin sunulabileceği ve toplumsal yararların nasıl arttırılabileceğine yönelik sınırlı sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalar çoğunlukla hizmetin kamu veya özel sektör eliyle sunumuna yönelik politika analizlerine yoğunlaşmaktadır. Çalışmaların bir kısmı ise sistemlerin verimliliğini arttırmaya yönelik teknik düzeyde model¬ler ve yöntemler sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma ise otobüslerle yapılan hizmetin, dolaylı yararları ile birlikte ele alındığında, kamu eliyle ve çok yönlü ihtiyaç ve yarar analizlerine dayalı olarak sunumunun yapılması durumunda; çeşitli sosyal politika amaçlarına hizmet edebileceğini savunmaktadır.

References

  • Acer, Ö.D. (2007) Belediye Hizmetlerinde Özelleştirme Uygulamaları: Amaçlar, Yöntemler ve Sonuçlar, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Adinata, R., Wike, W., & Wanto, A. H. (2021). Public transport in developing countries, JPAS (Journal of Public Administration Studies), 6(2), 35-39.
  • Aktürk Çetin, B. (2019) Türkiye’de büyükşehir belediye hizmetlerinde özelleştirme, Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(16), 49-62.
  • Bagloee S. and Ceder A. (2011) Transit-network design methodology for actual-size road networks, Transportation Research Part B, 45: 1787-1804.
  • Black A. (1979) Optimizing urban mass transit systems: a general model, Transportation Research Record, 677:41-47.
  • Bradshaw, J., Kemp, P., Baldwin, S., and Rowe, A. (2004) The Drivers of Social Exclusion: A Review of the Literature for the Social Exclusion Unit in the Breaking the Cycle Series, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, London.
  • Byrne B. (1975) Public transportation line positions and headways for minimum user and system cost in a radial case, Transportation Research Record, 9: 97-102.
  • Byrne, B., Vuchic, V., (1972) Public transportation line positions and headways for minimum cost. In: Newell, F. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Traffic Flow and Transportation, 347–360.
  • Clifton, K and Lucas, K. (2004) Examining the Empirical Evidence of Transport Inequality in the US and UK, in Lucas, K. (Ed.) Running on empty: Transport, social exclusion and environmental justice. Policy Press, pp.15-36.
  • Daganzo C. (2010) Structure of competitive transit networks, Transportation Research Part B, 44: 434-446.
  • Davies, B.P. (1968) Social Needs and Resources in Local Services: A Study of Variations in Provision of Social Services between Local Authority Areas. Joseph Rowntree, London.
  • Elkins, T., McLaren, D. and Hillman, M. (1991) Reviving the City: Towards Sustainable Urban Development, London: Friends of the Earth.
  • Goodwin, P. (1990) Demographic impacts, social consequences and transport policy debate, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 6(2), pp. 76-90.
  • Hay, A. and Trinder, E. (1991) Concepts of equity, fairness and justice expressed by local transport policymakers, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 9, pp. 435-465.
  • Holryod, E. (1967). Optimum bus service: a theoretical model for a large uniform urban area, L. Edie (Ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Theory of Traffic Flow, Elsevier (1967), pp. 308-328.
  • Hurdle, V. (1973) Minimum cost locations for parallel public transit lines, Transportation Science, 7: 340-350.
  • Karacasu, M. ve Yayla, N. (2010). Kentiçi otobüs taşımacılığında özelleştirme için bir karar destek modeli önerisi: Eskişehir örneği. İTÜDERGİSİ/d, 3(6), p:59-70.
  • Litman, T. (2024). Evaluating public transit benefits and costs. Victoria, BC, Canada: Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
  • Lucas, K. (2004) Locating Transport as a Social Policy Problem, in Lucas, K. (Ed.) Running on empty: Transport, social exclusion and environmental justice. Policy Press, pp.7-13.
  • Lucas, K. and Tyler, S. (2006) Moving from Welfare to Work: The Role of Transport. FIA Foundation for the Automobile and Society, London.
  • Lucas, K., Tyler, S. and Christodoulou, G. (2009). Assessing the value of new transport initiatives in deprived neighborhoods in the UK. Transport Policy, 16(3), pp. 115-122.
  • Luz, G., & Portugal, L. (2022). Understanding transport-related social exclusion through the lens of capabilities approach, Transport Reviews, 42(4), 503-525.
  • Lyons, G. (2004) Transport and society, Transport Reviews, 24(4), pp. 485-509.
  • Marwah, B. Umrigar, F. Patnaik S. (1984) Optimal design of bus routes and frequencies for Ahmedabad, Transportation Research Record, 994: 41-47.
  • Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi (2014) Faaliyet Raporu, (https://www.mersin.bel.tr/dokumanlar/2014-yili-faaliyet-raporu) adresinden 14/11/2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi (2015) Faaliyet Raporu, (https://www.mersin.bel.tr/dokumanlar/2015-yili-faaliyet-raporu) adresinden 14/11/2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi (2018) Faaliyet Raporu, (https://www.mersin.bel.tr/dokumanlar/mbb-2018-mali-yili-faaliyet-raporupdf) adresinden 14/11/2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi (2021) Faaliyet Raporu, (https://www.mersin.bel.tr/dokumanlar/mbb-2021-yili-faaliyet-raporupdf) adresinden 14/11/2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • MUAP (Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi Mersin Kent İçi ve Yakın Çevre Ulaşım Ana Planı Revizyonu) (2015), Mersin Kent İçi ve Yakın Çevre Ulaşım Ana Planı, Mevcut Bilgilerin Toplanması ve Değerlendirilmesi Raporu, Boğaziçi Proje Mühendislik Planlama.
  • MUAP (Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi Mersin Ulaşım Ana Planı) (2022), Mevcut Bilgilerin Toplanması ve Değerlendirilmesi Raporu, Boğaziçi Proje Mühendislik Planlama.
  • Pickvance, C. (2011) The Impact of Social Policy in J. Baldock, N. Manning, L. Mitton and S. Vickerstaff (eds) Social Policy, Fourth edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 420-436.
  • Saif, M.A., Zefreh, M.M., & Torok, A. (2019). Public transport accessibility: A literature review. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering, 47(1), 36-43.
  • Salzborn, F. (1972) Optimum bus scheduling, Transportation Science, 6: 137-148.
  • Stanley, J., and Lucas, K. (2008) Social exclusion: What can public transport offer? Research in Transportation Economics, 22(1), pp.36-40.
  • Tahmasbi, B., & Haghshenas, H. (2019). Public transport accessibility measure based on weighted door to door travel time. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 76, 163-177.
  • TRaC at the University of North London (2000). Social Exclusion and the Provision and Availability of Public Transport: Report. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, London.
  • Wang, Y., Cao, M., Liu, Y., Ye, R., Gao, X., & Ma, L. (2022). Public transport equity in Shenyang: Using structural equation modelling, Research in Transportation Business & Management, 42, 100555.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Transport Planning
Journal Section All Articles
Authors

Fikret Zorlu 0000-0002-9243-1398

Ali Cenap Yoloğlu 0000-0001-9305-7601

Publication Date March 15, 2025
Submission Date March 14, 2024
Acceptance Date January 8, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 18 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Zorlu, F., & Yoloğlu, A. C. (2025). Bir Kamu Sosyal Politikası Olarak Belediye Otobüs Hizmeti ile Toplu Taşıma: Mersin Örneği. Kent Akademisi, 18(2), 753-779. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1452622

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