Antalya, İzmir ve İzmit Körfezlerinin Sedimentlerinde Ağır Metal Birikiminin Mevsimsel Olarak İncelenmesi

Year 2024, , 700 - 718, 18.06.2024

Ersan Oğuzhan Pınar , Mustafa Türkmen

https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1427457

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Antalya, İzmir ve İzmit körfezi olarak seçilen üç örnekleme noktasında çevresel kirlilik seviyelerinin ölçülmesi için 4 mevsim alınan sediment örneklerinin ağır metal içerikleri analiz edilmiştir. Sedimentlerde ağır metal kirlilik seviyelerini belirleme analizlerinde ise Cu, Cd, Zn, Cr, Ni ve Pb ağır metal konsantrasyonları sediment kalite kılavuzu (SQG) değerlerine göre ppm olarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Değerlendirme sonuçlarına göre kurşun (Pb), çinko (Zn) ve kadmiyum (Cd) konsantrasyonlarının tüm körfezlerde ve tüm mevsimlerde sınır değerlerin altında kaldığı ölçülmüştür. Körfezleri kirlilik bakımından en yüksek derecede etkileyen ağır metaller, sediment kalite kılavuzuna göre belirlenmiş olan TEL (eşik etki seviyesi), LEL (en düşük etki seviyesi) ve MET (minimum etki eşiği) etki seviyeleri ile karşılaştırıldığında; Ni, Cr ve Cu olarak belirlenmiş olup, özellikle bu ağır metallerin bazı sediment ortamlarındaki konsantrasyonları kabul edilen belirli kirlilik kriter seviyelerinin çok üzerinde olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

Sediment, Kontaminasyon, Sediment kalite kılavuzu, Metal

Seasonal Investigation of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Sediments of Antalya, Izmir and Izmit Bays

Abstract

In this study, heavy metal contents of sediment samples taken in 4 seasons were analyzed to measure environmental pollution levels at three sampling points selected as Antalya, Izmir and Izmit bays.In analyzes to determine heavy metal pollution levels in sediments, heavy metal concentrations of Cu, Cd, Zn, Cr, Ni and Pb were compared in ppm according to sediment quality guide (SQG) values. According to the evaluation results, it was measured that lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations remained below the limit values in all gulfs and in all seasons. When the heavy metals that affect the bays to the highest degree in terms of pollution are compared with the TEL (threshold impact level), LEL (lowest impact level) and MET (minimum impact threshold) impact levels determined according to the sediment quality guide; They were determined as Ni, Cr and Cu, and especially the concentrations of these heavy metals in some sediment environments were determined to be well above certain accepted pollution criterion levels.

Keywords

Sediment, Contamination, Sediment quality guide, Metal

References

• Agemian, H. And Chau, A. S. Y. 1975. An atomic absorption method for the determination of 20 elements in lake sediments after acid digestion. Analytica Chemica Acta, 80: 61-66
• Akbulut, A., Akbulut, N.E. (2010).The study of heavy metal pollution and accumulation in water, sediment and fish tissue in Kızılırmak RiverBasin in Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 167: 521-526.
• Aksu, N. Balkıs, Ö. S. Taşkın And M. S. Erşan 2011. Toxic Metal (Pb, Cd, As And Hg) And Organochlorine Residue Levels In Hake (Merluccius Merluccius) From The Marmara Sea, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring And Assesment, 182: 509-521. Doi 10.1007/S10661-011-1893-1.
• Aloupi, M. and Angelides, M. O. 2001. Geochemistry of natural and anthropogenic metals in the coastal sediments of the island of Lesvos, Aegean Sea. Environmental Pollution, 113:211-219.
• Aydın-Önen, S.,Küçüksezgin, F., Kocak, F., Açık, S. (2015).Assessment of heavy metal contamination in hediste diversicolor (O.F. Müller, 1776), Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758), and surface sediments of Bafa Lake (Eastern Aegean). Environ Sci Pollut Res 22: 8702-8718.
• Ayşegül Mülayim, Nuray Balkıs, Hüsamettin Balkıs, Abdullah Aksu (2011). Distributions of total metals in the surface sediments of the Bandırma and Erdek Gulfs, Marmara Sea, Turkey. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 94: 1, 56-69. DOI:10.1080/02772248.2011.633914
• Balkıs, N. 1998. Geochemistry of sediments of the Erdek Bay. PhD Thesis, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, University of İstanbul, s 209, İstanbul.
• Balkıs, Erdinç Şenol and Abdullah Aksu 2007. Trace Metal Distributions in water column and surface sediments of İzmit Bay (Turkey) after Marmara (İzmit) Eartquake. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, Vol. 16, No: 8, pp. 910-916
• Banerjee, S., Kumar, A., Maiti, S. K., & Chowdhury, A. (2016). Seasonal variation in heavy metal contaminations in water and sediments of Jamshedpur stretch of Subarnarekha river, India. Environmental earth sciences, 75, 1-12.
• Barkay, T., Gillman, M., & Turner, R. R., 1997. Effects ofdissolved organic carbon and salinity on bioavailability of mercury. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63: 4267–4271.
• Basmacı, A., Bostan, Z., Sönmez, V. Z., & Sivri, N. (2021). Türkiye'nin Sucul Ekosistemlerinde Ağır Metal Üzerine Yapılan Araştırmaların Tarihsel İncelemesi ve Bibliyometrik Analizi (2000-2020). Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 6 (4), 567-577.
• Başyiğit, B., Tekin-Özan S. (2013). Concentration of some heavy metals in water, sediment, and tissues of pike perch (Sander lucioperca) from Karataş Lake related to physicochemical parameters, fish size, and seasons. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 22 (3): 633-644.
• Bilos, C., Colombo, J. C., & Presa, M. J. (1998). Trace metals in suspended particles, sediments and Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) of the Río de la Plata Estuary, Argentina. Environmental Pollution, 99(1), 1-11.
• Bradford, W. L. and Luoma, S. N. 1980. Some perspectives on heavy metal concentrations in shellfish and sediment in San Francisco Bay, California. Contaminants and Sediments, 2:501-531.
• Bubb, J.M., Lester, JN., 1994. Anthropogenic heavy metal inputs to Lowland Rıver systems, A Case Study. The Rıver Stour, U.K. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 78: 279-296.
• Burdige, D.J., 1993. The biogeochemistry of manganese and iron reduction in marine sediments. Earth-Sci Rev., 35: 249-284.
• Burton, G.A. 2002.Sediment Quality Criteria İn Use Around The World. Limnology, 3:65–76.
• Canário, J., Prego, R., Vale, C., Branco, V., 2007. Distribution of Mercury and Monomethylmercury in Sediments of Vigo Ria, NW Iberian Peninsula. Water Air Soil Pollut., 182: 21–29.Demir, T.A.,Isıklı, B., Ürer, S.M., Berber, A., Akar, T., Canbek, M. and Kalyoncu, C. 2005.Nickel Expose And İts Effects. Biometals, 18, 7-13.
• Duman, F. (2005). Sapanca ve Abant gölü Su, Sediment ve Sucul Bitki Örneklerinde Ağır Metal Konsantrasyonlarının Karşılaştırmalı Olarak İncelenmesi. Doktora Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara
• Duffus, J. (2002). "Heavy metals" a meaningless term? (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 74(5), 793-807.
• Edwards, J. W., Edyvane, K. S., Boxalls, V. A., Hamann, M. and Soole, K. L. 2001. Metal levels in seston and marine fish flesh near industrial and metropolitan centres in South Australia. Marine pollution Bulletin, 42(5) :389-396.
• Eisler, R. (2000). Kimyasal risk değerlendirmesi el kitabı: insanlar, bitkiler ve hayvanlara yönelik sağlık tehlikeleri, üç ciltlik set.
• Erdem, Sayin., Canan, Eronat. (2017). The dynamics of İzmir Bay under the effects of wind and thermohaline forces. Ocean Science, doi: 10.5194/OS-14-285-2018
• Eqani, S.,Kanwal, A., Ali, S. M., So hail, M., Bhowmik, A.K, Ambreen, A., Ali, N., Fasola, M. And Shen, H. 2016.Spatial Distribution Of Dust–Bound Trace Metals From Pakistan And İts İmplications For Human Exposure. Environmental Pollution, 213: 213–222.
• Erdoğan, N. (2022). Coastal Development–Architectural and Urban Design Proposals in the İzmit Bay, Turkey. In Handbook of Waterfront Cities and Urbanism (pp. 206-221).
• Erol, S.,Cukrov, N., Francˇisˇkovic´-Bilinski, S., Kurt, M.A., Mihri, H. (2016). Contamination assessment of ecotoxic metals in recent sediments from the Ergene River, Turkey. Environmental Earth Science 75: 1051-1062.
• Gale, R.J.B., Gale, S.J., Winchester, H.P.M., 2006. Inorganic pollution of the sediments of the River Torrens, South Australia. Environ Geol., 50: 62–75.
• Gambrell, R.P.,Reddy, C.N. and Khalid, R.A. 1983.Characterization Of Trace And Toxic Materials İn Sediments Of A Lake Being Restored. Journal–Water Pollution Control Federation, 55:1201–1210.
• Great Lakes Water Quality Board, 1982.Guidelines and Register For The Evaluation of Great Lakes Dredging Projects. International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
• Hung, T. C., Meng, P. J., Han, B. C., Chuang, A. and Huang, C.C. 2001. Trace metals in different species of mollusca, water and sediments from Taiwan coastal area. Chemosphere, 44:833-841
• Güven., Mehmet, Özbaş. (2022). Antalya Körfezi’nde Dağılım Gösteren Mürekkep Balığı (Sepiaofficinalis, Linnaeus, 1758) Türü Popülasyonunun Üreme Özellikleri. Turkish Journal of Agriculture: Food Science and Technology, doi: 10.24925/turjaf.v10isp1.2640-2645.5582
• Haraldson, C. and Westerlund, S. 1991. Total and suspended cadmium, cobalt, cpper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc in the water column of the Black Sea. Black Sea Oceanography, 351:161-172.
• Howarı, F.M., Banat, K.M., 2001. Assessment Of Fe, Zn, Cd, Hg, And Pb In The Jordan and Yarmouk River Sediments In Relation To Their Physicochemical Properties and Sequential Extraction Characterization. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 132: 43–59.
• Karadavut, I. S., Saydam, A. C., Kalipci, E., Karadavut, S., Ozdemir, C. & Durduran, S. (2012a). Pollution in Melendiz water basin groundwater. Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 21(3), 659.
• Karadede, H. and Ünlü, E., 2000. Concentrations of some heavy metals in water, sediment and fish species from the Atatürk Dam Lake (Euphrates), Turkey. Chemosphere, 41:1371-1376.
• Karayakar, F., Erdem, C. & Cicik, B. (2007).Seasonal variation in copper, zinc, chromium, lead and cadmium levels in hepatopancreas, gilland muscle tissues of the mussel Brachidontespharaonis Fischer, collecteda long the Mersin coast, Turkey. Bulletin of Environmental Contaminationand Toxicology, 79(3), 350-355.
• Katip, A. (2010). Uluabat Gölü su kalitesinin izlenmesi (Doctoral dissertation, Bursa Uludag University (Turkey)
• Keskin, F. (2012). Köyceğiz Gölü sedimentinde ağır metal fraksiyonlarının incelenmesi (Master's thesis, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
• Kükrer, S.,Erginal, A. E., Şeker, S., Karabıyıkoğlu, M. (2015). Distribution and environmental risk evaluation of heavy metal in core sediments from Lake Çıldır (NE Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187: 453-467
• Levent, Yurga. (2022). Investigation of harmful algae in İzmir Bay for the 30 years. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, doi: 10.12714/egejfas.39.1.09
• Lorin, H. D. And Rantala, R. T. T. 1992. Manual for the geochemical analyses of marine sediments and suspended particulate matter. Earth-Science Reviews, 32:235-383.
• Masindi, V. And Muedi, K.L. (2018).Environ mental contamination by heavy metals. Heavy metals, 10, 115-132.
• Moody, J.R. and Lindstom, R.N., 1977. Selection and cleaning of plastic containers for storage of trace element samples. Analytical Chemistry, 49:2264-2267.
• NOAA, U. (1999). Screening Quick Reference Tables (SQuiRTs). Coastal protection and restoration division. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Our Living Oceans. Report on the status of US living marine resources.
• Özan, C. (2016). Isparta Deresi'nin Su ve Sedimentindeki Ağır Metal Birikiminin İncelenmesi (Doctoral dissertation, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta).
• Özdamar, K., 1999. SPSS İle Biyoistatistik. Kaan Kitapevi Yayınları, s 454, Eskişehir.
• Özden, Y. (2008). Enne ve Porsuk barajı sedimentine bağlı ağır metallerin Cyprinus carpionun değişik dokularına biyoakümülasyonunun araştırılması (Master's thesis, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
• Parlak, H. (1985) Mugilspp. Ve Chasmichtys glusus Üzerinde Kadmiyum, Demir ve Kurşunun Ayrı Ayrı ve Birlikte Oluşturdukları Toksik Etkilerin Araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Biyoloji Bölümü Hidrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.
• Peng, K., Luo, C., Lou, L., Li, X., Shen, Z., 2008. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by the aquatic plants Potamogeton pectinatus L. and Potamogeton malaianus Miq. And their potential use for contamination indicators and in wastewater treatment. Science of the Total Environment, 392: 22-29.
• Pham N.T.T., Pulkownik, A., Buckney, R.T., 2007. Assesment of heavy metals in sediments and aquatic organisms in West Lake (Ho Tay), Hanoi, Vietnam. Lake & Reservoirs: Research and Management, 12: 285-294.
• Salomans, W.,Rooij N.M., Kerdijk, H. ve Bril. J. 1987. Sediments as a source for contaminants. Hydrobiologia, 149: 13-30.
• Sarı, E. ve Çağatay, M.N., 2001. Distributions of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the Gulf of Saros, NE Aegean sea. Environment International, 26:169-173.
• Sastre, J.,Sahuquillo, A., Vidal, M. And Rauret, G., 2002.Determination of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in environmental samples: micro wave-assisted total digestion versus aquaregia and nitricacidextraction. Analytica Chimica Acta, 462:59-72.
• Şavran, G.,& Küçük, F. (2022). Sucul Canlılarda Ağır Metal Birikimi ve Etkileri. Akademia Doğa ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 65-78.
• Şenocak, M., 1998. Biyoistatistik. İstanbul Üniv., Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak., Yayınları, Fak., No: 214, s 314, İstanbul. Tanner, P.A. andLeong, L.S., 2000.Metals in a marine sediment core from near MaWan, Hong Kong. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 121:309-325.
• Taskin, Kavzoglu., Merve, Goral. (2022). Google Earth Engine for Monitoring Marine Mucilage: Izmit Bay in Spring 2021. Hydrology, doi: 10.3390/hydrology9080135
• Taylan, Z. S.,&Özkoç, H. B. (2007). Potansiyel ağır metal kirliliğinin belirlenmesinde akuatik organizmaların bio kullanılabilirliliği. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(2), 17-33.
• Thomas, R.L. 1987. A Protocol For The Selection Of Process Oriented Remedial Options To Control İn Situ Sediment Contaminants. Hydrobiologia, 149:247–258.
• Tekin-Özan. (2015). Levels of some heavy metals in water and sediment compared with season and some physico-chemical parameters from Antalya Bay.
• Töz., Muge, Buber., Burak, Koseoglu., Cenk, Sakar. (2021). An estimation of shipping emissions to analysing air pollution density in the Izmir Bay. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, doi: 10.1007/S11869-020-00914-7
• Trefry, J.H., Natio, K.L. and Metz, S., 1996. Assessing the potential for enhanced bioaccumulation of heavy metals from produced water discharges to the gulf of Mexico. Envitonmental Issues and Mitigation Technologies, 32:339-354.
• Türkmen, A. (2011). İskenderun Körfezi’nde deniz suyu ve sedimentte oluşan ağır metal birikiminin incelenmesi. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 1-23.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1987. An Over view of Sediment Quality in The United States. EPA 905/9-88-002. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, DC, And EPA Region 5, Chicago.
• U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1993.Guidance Manual E Bedded Sediment Bioaccumulation Test. EPA-600-R-93-183. Office Of Research And Development, Washington, DC, USA.
• U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1998.EPA’s Contaminated Sediment Management Strategy. U.S. Environental Protection Agency Office Of Water, Washington, DC.Epa 823/R-98/001.
• U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2000.Methods For Assessing The Toxicity And Bioaccumulation Of Sediment-Associated Contaminants With Fresh water In vertebrates. EPA-600-R-99-064, Seconded. Office Of Research And Development, Washington,DC, USA.
• U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2002. A Guidance Manual To Support The Assessment Of Contaminated Sediments İn Fresh water Ecosystems, Volume II - Design And Implementation Of Sediment Quality Investigations, Macdonald, D. D.,Ingersoll, C. G. (Ed), EPA-905-B02-001-B, Chicago.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2002a. A Guidance Manual To Support The Assessment Of Contaminated Sediments İn Fresh water Ecosystems, Volume I - An Ecosystem-Based Framework For Assessing And Managing Contaminated Sediments, MacDonald, D. D.,Ingersoll, C. G. (Ed), EPA-905- B02-001-A, Chicago. 137
• US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2012.Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment Benchmarks (Esbs) For The Protection Of Benthic Organisms: Procedures For The Determination Of The Freely Dissolved Interstitial Water Concentrations Of Nonionic Organics. EPA-600-R-02-12. Office of Researchand Development, Washington, DC, USA.
• Wright, P. and Mason, C.F., 1999. Spatial and seasonal variation in heavy metals in the sediments and biota of the adjacent estuaries, the Orwell and the Stour in eastern England. The Science of The Total Environment, 226:139-156.
• Voutsinou-Taliadouri, F., Zeri, C. and Moriki, A., 2000. Distribution and transfer of trace metals in the Aegean Seawater (Eastern Mediterranean Basin), Mediterranean Marine Science, 1 (2):5-30.
• Yarsan, E., Bilgili, A. ve Türel, İ. 2000. Van Gölü’nden toplanan midye (Uniostevenianus Krynicki) örneklerindeki ağır metal düzeyleri. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 24: 93-96.
• Yücesoy, F., 1991. Geochemistry of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the southern Black Sea shelf and upper slope. MSc Thesis, Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Tech. Univ., s 150, İstanbul.