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Mincane fındık çeşidinde klon seleksiyonu: Yağ asitleri bileşimi

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 600 - 612, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.962692

Abstract

Çalışma 2014-2019 yılları arasında Trabzon ili Esiroğlu vadisinde Mincane fındık çeşidinde yağ asitleri bakımından üstün özellikteki klonları belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın yürütüldüğü bu vadideki farklı lokasyonlarda 14 adet Mincane klonu tespit edilmiştir. Bölgede günümüze kadar yağ asitleri bakımından değerlendirilemeyen Mincane çeşidi içerisinde büyük bir varyasyon olduğu görülmüş ve bu farklılık istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmuştur (P˂0.001). İncelenen Mincane fındık klonlarında C14:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, C16:1, C17:1, C18:1, C20:1 ve C24:1, C18:2 ve C13:3 olmak üzere toplam 13 yağ asidi tespit edilmiş, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C24:0, C22:1, C20:2 ve C22:2 toplam 8 yağ asidinin ise tespit edilebilir seviyede olmadığı saptanmıştır (<%0.001). Çalışmada doymuş yağ asitleri %5.78-8.18, tekli doymamış %79.17-84.23 ve çoklu doymamış yağ asidi değerleri ise %8.88-12.69 arasında değişkenlik göstermiştir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen verilere göre, G13 klonu doymamış yağ asitleri bakımından ümitvar bulunmuştur.

References

  • Alasalvar C., Amaral, J.S., ve Shahidi, F., (2006).“Functional lipid characteristics of Turkish tombul hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.),” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(26), 10177–10183.
  • Bezerra, C.V., Rodrigues A.M.C., Olivera, P.D., Silva, D.A., ve Silva, L.H.M. (2017). Technological properties of amazonian oil and fats and their applications in the food industry. Food Chem, 221, 1466-1473.
  • Cittadini, M.C., Martin, D., Gallo, S., Fuente, G., Bodoira, R., Martinez, M., ve Maestri, D., (2020). Evaluation of hazelnut and walnut oil chemical traits from conventional cultivars and native genetic resources in a non-traditional crop environment from Argentina. Eur food Res Technol, 246, 833-843.
  • Comlekcioğlu, N ve kutlu, M., (2021). Fatty acids, bioactive substances, antioxidant and antimicrobialactivity of Ankyropetalum spp., a novel source of nervonic acid. Grasas Y Aceties, e399.
  • Cristofori V, Ferramondo S, Bertazza G, ve Bignami C., (2008). Nut and kernel traits and chemical composition of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars. J Sci Food Agric, 88, 1091–1098.
  • Eroğlu, M., Çoşkuner K.A., ve Usta, Y., (2017). Anoplophora chinensis (Forster, 1771) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Trabzon’da; tanıtımı, gelişimi ve zararı. Kastamonu Üniv, Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 17 (4), 565-579.
  • Esteki, M., Ahmadi, P., Vander Heyden, Y., ve Simal-Gandara, J., (2019). Fatty Acids-Based Quality Index to Differentiate Worldwide Commercial Pistachio Cultivars. Molecules, 24, 58.
  • EFSA, (2011). Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to nuts and essential fatty acids (omega-3/omega-6) in nut oil (ID 741, 1129, 1130 1305, 1407) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1324/2006. EFSA Journal, 9(4), 2032.
  • Fan, L., Ren, J., Yang, Y., ve Zhang, L., (2020). Comparative analysis on essential nutrient compositions of 23 wild Hazelnuts (Corylus heterophylla) grown in Northeast China. Journal Of Food Quality, 2020, 9.
  • FDA, (2003). Qualified health claims: Letter of enforcement discretion- nuts and coronary heart disease. Docket No 02P-0505. Washington DC: Food and Drug Administration.
  • Fernandes, I., Fernandes, T., ve Cordeiro, N., (2019). Nutritional value and fatty acid profile of two wild edible limpets from the Madeira Archipelago. Eur Food Res. Technol, 245, 895-905.
  • Ficarra, A., Lo Fiego, D.P., Minelli, G., ve Antonelli, A., (2010). Ultra fast analysis of subcutaneous pork fat. Food Chem, 121, 809–814.
  • Gillingham, L.G., Harris-Janz, S., ve Jones, P.J., (2011). Dietary monounsaturated fatty acids are protective against metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Lipids, 46(3), 209–228.
  • Ghisoni, S., Lucini, L., Rocchetti, G., Chiodelli, G., Farinelli, D., Tombesi, S., ve Trevisan, M., (2020). Untargeted metabolomics with multivariate analysis to discriminate hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars and their geographical origin. J Sci Food Agric, 100, 500–508.
  • Granata, M.U., Bracco, F., Gratani, Catoni, R., Corana, F., Mannucci, Sartori, F., ve Martino, E., (2017). Fatty acid content profile and main constituents of Corylus avellana kernel in wild type and cultivars growing in Italy. Natural Product Research, 31(2), 204-209.
  • GTHB, (2017). Fındık entegre mücadele teknik talimatı. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü, Bitki Sağlığı Araştırmaları Daire Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Hammad, S., Pu, S., ve Jones, P.S., (2016). Current evidence supporting teh link dietary fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Lipids, 51, 507-517.
  • Hosseinpour, A., Seifi, E., Javadi, D., Ramezanpour, S.S., Molnar, T.J., (2013). Nut and kernel characteristics of twelve hazelnut cultivars grown in Iran. Sci Hortic, 150, 410–413.
  • Kennedy, A., Martinez, K., Chuang, C.C., LaPoint. K., ve McIntosh. M., (2009). Saturated fatty acid-mediated inflammation and insülin resistance in adipose tissue: mechanisms of action and implications. J Nutr, 139(1), 1–4.
  • Köksal, A.İ., (2018). Türk fındık çeşit kataloğu. Fındık Tanıtım Grubu, Ankara.
  • Krol, K., ve Gantner, M., (2020). Morphological traits and chemical composition of hazelnut from different geographical origins: A review. Agriculture, 10, 375.
  • Matthaus, B., ve Özcan, M.M. (2012). The comparison of properties of the oil and kernels of various hazelnuts from Germany and Turkey. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 114(7), 801–806.
  • Mozaffarian, D., Micha, R., ve Wallace, S., (2010). Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic reviewand meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med, 7(3):, e1000252.
  • Pelvan, E., Olun, E.Ö., Karadağ, A., ve alaşalvar, C., (2018). Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of Turkish Tombul hazelnut samples (natural, roasted, and roasted hazelnut skin). Food Chem, 244, 102-108.
  • Piskernik, Vidrih, R., Demsar, L., Koron, D., Rogelj, M., Zontar, P.Z. (2018). Fatty acids profiles of seeds from different Ribes species. LWT Food Science and Technol, 98,424-427.
  • Phuc, D., Popovich, D., (2017). Screening for paclitaxel and other taxanes in kernel and shell of Corylus avellana (Hazelnut). J Pharmacogn Phytochem, 6, 247–254.
  • Pischon, T., Hankinson, S.E., Hotamisligil, G.S., Rifai, N., Willett., W.C., ve Rimm. E.B. (2003). Habitual dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in relation to inflammatory markers among US men and women. Circulation, 108(2), 155–160
  • Rabadan, A., Alvarez-Orti, M., ve Pardo, J.E., (2019). A comparison of the effect of genotype and weather conditions on the nutritional composition of most important commercial nuts, Scientia Horticulturae, 244, 218-224.
  • Rizwan, S., Benincasa, C., Mehmood, K., Arjum, S., Mehmood, Z., Alizai, H.G., Azam, M.,perri, E., ve Sajjad, A., (2019). Fatty acids and phenolic profiles of extravirgin olive oils from selected ıtalian cultivars ıntroduced in southwestern province of Pakistan. Journal Of Oleo Science, 68(1), 33-43.
  • Roncero, J.M., Alvarez-Ortí, M., Pardo-Giménez, A., Gómez, R., Rabadán, A., ve Pardo, J.E., (2016). Virgin almond oil: extraction methods and composition. Grasas y Aceites, 67.
  • Schwingshack, L., ve Hoffmann, G., (2012) Monounsaturated fatty acids and risk of cardiovascular disease: synopsis of the evidence available from systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Nutrients, 4(12), 1989–2007.
  • Sciubba, F., Di Cocco, M.E., Gianferr, R., Impellizzeri, D., Mannina, L., De Salvador, F.R., Venditti, A., ve Delfini, M., 2014. Metabolic profile of different Italian cultivars of hazelnut (Corylus avellana) bynuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nat Prod Res, 28, 1075–1081.
  • Stuetz, W., Schlormann, W., ve Glei, M., (2017). B-vitamins, carotenoids and a-/c-tocopherol in raw and roasted nuts. Food Chem, 221, 222-227.
  • Torabian, S., Haddad, E., Rajara, S., Banta, J., ve Sabate, J., (2009). Acute effect of nut consumption on plasma total polyphenols, antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation. J Hum Nutr Diet, 22, 64–71.
  • Turan, A., (2007). Giresun ili Bulancak ilçesi Tombul fındık klon seleksiyonu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Samsun.
  • Turan, A., ve Beyhan, N., (2009). Investigation of the pomological characteristics of selected Tombul hazelnut clones in the Bulancak area of Giresun province. Seventh International Congress on Hazelnut, Book of Proceeding (61–66), 23–27 June, Viterbo, Italy.
  • Turan, A., (2017). Fındıkta kurutma yöntemlerinin meyve kalitesi ve muhafazası üzerine etkileri. Doktora Tezi, Ordu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Giresun.
  • Turan, A., (2018a). Effect of drying methods on nut quality of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.). Journal of Food Science and Technology, 11, 4554–4565.
  • Turan, A., (2018b). Effect of drying methods on fatty acid profile and oil oxidation of hazelnut oil during storage. European Food Research and Technology, 12, 2181–2190.
  • Turan, A., ve İslam, A., (2019a). Tombul fındık çeşidinde yağ oksidasyonunu azaltacak kurutma yönteminin belirlenmesi. GIDA,44 (4), 563-575.
  • Turan, A., ve İslam, A., (2019b). Hasat sonrası işlemlerin Palaz fındık çeşidinin kimyasal özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(3), 1407-1416.
  • Turan, A., (2019). Effect of drying on the chemical composition of Çakıldak (cv) hazelnuts during storage. Grasas y Aceites, 70(1): e296.
  • Turan, A., (2021a, July). Evaluation of traits of selection breeding studies conducted in hazelnut. II. International Applied Statistics Conference (pp: 105-113). Tokat, Türkiye: Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi.
  • Turan, A., (2021b). Effect of the damages caused by the green shield bug (Palomena prasina L.) on the qualitative traits of hazelnuts. Grasas Aceites 72 (1), e391.
  • Wang, C, Sun, Y, Zhou, Y, Cui, Y., Yao, W., Yu, H., Gou, Y., ve Xie, Y., (2021). Dynamic monitoring oxidation process of nut oils through Raman technology combined with PLSR and RF-PLSR model. LWT Food Science and Technol, 146,111290.

Clonal selection in Mincane (cv) hazelnuts: Fatty acids profiles

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 600 - 612, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.962692

Abstract

The aim of this work was to determine type with superior traits in terms of fatty acids profiles in Mincane cv in Esiroğlu district of Trabzon province between 2014 and 2019. In the study, 14 Mincane clones were identified in different locations in the Esiroğlu valley. It was observed that there was a large variation within the Mincane variety, which could not be evaluated in terms of fatty acids in the region until recently, and this difference was found to be statistically significant (P˂0.001). C14:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, C16:1, C17:1, C18:1, C20:1 and C24:1, C18:2 and C13:3 total 13 fatty acids were identified in Mincane cv, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C24:0, C22:1, C20:2, and C22:2 total 8 fatty acids were not found at detectable levels (<0.001%). In the study, saturated 5.78-8.18%, monounsaturated 79.17-84.23%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids varied between 8.88% and 12.69%. According to the data obtained from this work, G13 clone was found to be promising in terms of its unsaturated fatty acids profiles.

References

  • Alasalvar C., Amaral, J.S., ve Shahidi, F., (2006).“Functional lipid characteristics of Turkish tombul hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.),” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(26), 10177–10183.
  • Bezerra, C.V., Rodrigues A.M.C., Olivera, P.D., Silva, D.A., ve Silva, L.H.M. (2017). Technological properties of amazonian oil and fats and their applications in the food industry. Food Chem, 221, 1466-1473.
  • Cittadini, M.C., Martin, D., Gallo, S., Fuente, G., Bodoira, R., Martinez, M., ve Maestri, D., (2020). Evaluation of hazelnut and walnut oil chemical traits from conventional cultivars and native genetic resources in a non-traditional crop environment from Argentina. Eur food Res Technol, 246, 833-843.
  • Comlekcioğlu, N ve kutlu, M., (2021). Fatty acids, bioactive substances, antioxidant and antimicrobialactivity of Ankyropetalum spp., a novel source of nervonic acid. Grasas Y Aceties, e399.
  • Cristofori V, Ferramondo S, Bertazza G, ve Bignami C., (2008). Nut and kernel traits and chemical composition of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars. J Sci Food Agric, 88, 1091–1098.
  • Eroğlu, M., Çoşkuner K.A., ve Usta, Y., (2017). Anoplophora chinensis (Forster, 1771) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Trabzon’da; tanıtımı, gelişimi ve zararı. Kastamonu Üniv, Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 17 (4), 565-579.
  • Esteki, M., Ahmadi, P., Vander Heyden, Y., ve Simal-Gandara, J., (2019). Fatty Acids-Based Quality Index to Differentiate Worldwide Commercial Pistachio Cultivars. Molecules, 24, 58.
  • EFSA, (2011). Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to nuts and essential fatty acids (omega-3/omega-6) in nut oil (ID 741, 1129, 1130 1305, 1407) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1324/2006. EFSA Journal, 9(4), 2032.
  • Fan, L., Ren, J., Yang, Y., ve Zhang, L., (2020). Comparative analysis on essential nutrient compositions of 23 wild Hazelnuts (Corylus heterophylla) grown in Northeast China. Journal Of Food Quality, 2020, 9.
  • FDA, (2003). Qualified health claims: Letter of enforcement discretion- nuts and coronary heart disease. Docket No 02P-0505. Washington DC: Food and Drug Administration.
  • Fernandes, I., Fernandes, T., ve Cordeiro, N., (2019). Nutritional value and fatty acid profile of two wild edible limpets from the Madeira Archipelago. Eur Food Res. Technol, 245, 895-905.
  • Ficarra, A., Lo Fiego, D.P., Minelli, G., ve Antonelli, A., (2010). Ultra fast analysis of subcutaneous pork fat. Food Chem, 121, 809–814.
  • Gillingham, L.G., Harris-Janz, S., ve Jones, P.J., (2011). Dietary monounsaturated fatty acids are protective against metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Lipids, 46(3), 209–228.
  • Ghisoni, S., Lucini, L., Rocchetti, G., Chiodelli, G., Farinelli, D., Tombesi, S., ve Trevisan, M., (2020). Untargeted metabolomics with multivariate analysis to discriminate hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars and their geographical origin. J Sci Food Agric, 100, 500–508.
  • Granata, M.U., Bracco, F., Gratani, Catoni, R., Corana, F., Mannucci, Sartori, F., ve Martino, E., (2017). Fatty acid content profile and main constituents of Corylus avellana kernel in wild type and cultivars growing in Italy. Natural Product Research, 31(2), 204-209.
  • GTHB, (2017). Fındık entegre mücadele teknik talimatı. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü, Bitki Sağlığı Araştırmaları Daire Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Hammad, S., Pu, S., ve Jones, P.S., (2016). Current evidence supporting teh link dietary fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Lipids, 51, 507-517.
  • Hosseinpour, A., Seifi, E., Javadi, D., Ramezanpour, S.S., Molnar, T.J., (2013). Nut and kernel characteristics of twelve hazelnut cultivars grown in Iran. Sci Hortic, 150, 410–413.
  • Kennedy, A., Martinez, K., Chuang, C.C., LaPoint. K., ve McIntosh. M., (2009). Saturated fatty acid-mediated inflammation and insülin resistance in adipose tissue: mechanisms of action and implications. J Nutr, 139(1), 1–4.
  • Köksal, A.İ., (2018). Türk fındık çeşit kataloğu. Fındık Tanıtım Grubu, Ankara.
  • Krol, K., ve Gantner, M., (2020). Morphological traits and chemical composition of hazelnut from different geographical origins: A review. Agriculture, 10, 375.
  • Matthaus, B., ve Özcan, M.M. (2012). The comparison of properties of the oil and kernels of various hazelnuts from Germany and Turkey. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 114(7), 801–806.
  • Mozaffarian, D., Micha, R., ve Wallace, S., (2010). Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic reviewand meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med, 7(3):, e1000252.
  • Pelvan, E., Olun, E.Ö., Karadağ, A., ve alaşalvar, C., (2018). Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of Turkish Tombul hazelnut samples (natural, roasted, and roasted hazelnut skin). Food Chem, 244, 102-108.
  • Piskernik, Vidrih, R., Demsar, L., Koron, D., Rogelj, M., Zontar, P.Z. (2018). Fatty acids profiles of seeds from different Ribes species. LWT Food Science and Technol, 98,424-427.
  • Phuc, D., Popovich, D., (2017). Screening for paclitaxel and other taxanes in kernel and shell of Corylus avellana (Hazelnut). J Pharmacogn Phytochem, 6, 247–254.
  • Pischon, T., Hankinson, S.E., Hotamisligil, G.S., Rifai, N., Willett., W.C., ve Rimm. E.B. (2003). Habitual dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in relation to inflammatory markers among US men and women. Circulation, 108(2), 155–160
  • Rabadan, A., Alvarez-Orti, M., ve Pardo, J.E., (2019). A comparison of the effect of genotype and weather conditions on the nutritional composition of most important commercial nuts, Scientia Horticulturae, 244, 218-224.
  • Rizwan, S., Benincasa, C., Mehmood, K., Arjum, S., Mehmood, Z., Alizai, H.G., Azam, M.,perri, E., ve Sajjad, A., (2019). Fatty acids and phenolic profiles of extravirgin olive oils from selected ıtalian cultivars ıntroduced in southwestern province of Pakistan. Journal Of Oleo Science, 68(1), 33-43.
  • Roncero, J.M., Alvarez-Ortí, M., Pardo-Giménez, A., Gómez, R., Rabadán, A., ve Pardo, J.E., (2016). Virgin almond oil: extraction methods and composition. Grasas y Aceites, 67.
  • Schwingshack, L., ve Hoffmann, G., (2012) Monounsaturated fatty acids and risk of cardiovascular disease: synopsis of the evidence available from systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Nutrients, 4(12), 1989–2007.
  • Sciubba, F., Di Cocco, M.E., Gianferr, R., Impellizzeri, D., Mannina, L., De Salvador, F.R., Venditti, A., ve Delfini, M., 2014. Metabolic profile of different Italian cultivars of hazelnut (Corylus avellana) bynuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nat Prod Res, 28, 1075–1081.
  • Stuetz, W., Schlormann, W., ve Glei, M., (2017). B-vitamins, carotenoids and a-/c-tocopherol in raw and roasted nuts. Food Chem, 221, 222-227.
  • Torabian, S., Haddad, E., Rajara, S., Banta, J., ve Sabate, J., (2009). Acute effect of nut consumption on plasma total polyphenols, antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation. J Hum Nutr Diet, 22, 64–71.
  • Turan, A., (2007). Giresun ili Bulancak ilçesi Tombul fındık klon seleksiyonu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Samsun.
  • Turan, A., ve Beyhan, N., (2009). Investigation of the pomological characteristics of selected Tombul hazelnut clones in the Bulancak area of Giresun province. Seventh International Congress on Hazelnut, Book of Proceeding (61–66), 23–27 June, Viterbo, Italy.
  • Turan, A., (2017). Fındıkta kurutma yöntemlerinin meyve kalitesi ve muhafazası üzerine etkileri. Doktora Tezi, Ordu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Giresun.
  • Turan, A., (2018a). Effect of drying methods on nut quality of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.). Journal of Food Science and Technology, 11, 4554–4565.
  • Turan, A., (2018b). Effect of drying methods on fatty acid profile and oil oxidation of hazelnut oil during storage. European Food Research and Technology, 12, 2181–2190.
  • Turan, A., ve İslam, A., (2019a). Tombul fındık çeşidinde yağ oksidasyonunu azaltacak kurutma yönteminin belirlenmesi. GIDA,44 (4), 563-575.
  • Turan, A., ve İslam, A., (2019b). Hasat sonrası işlemlerin Palaz fındık çeşidinin kimyasal özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(3), 1407-1416.
  • Turan, A., (2019). Effect of drying on the chemical composition of Çakıldak (cv) hazelnuts during storage. Grasas y Aceites, 70(1): e296.
  • Turan, A., (2021a, July). Evaluation of traits of selection breeding studies conducted in hazelnut. II. International Applied Statistics Conference (pp: 105-113). Tokat, Türkiye: Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi.
  • Turan, A., (2021b). Effect of the damages caused by the green shield bug (Palomena prasina L.) on the qualitative traits of hazelnuts. Grasas Aceites 72 (1), e391.
  • Wang, C, Sun, Y, Zhou, Y, Cui, Y., Yao, W., Yu, H., Gou, Y., ve Xie, Y., (2021). Dynamic monitoring oxidation process of nut oils through Raman technology combined with PLSR and RF-PLSR model. LWT Food Science and Technol, 146,111290.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ali Turan 0000-0002-2961-6605

Publication Date December 15, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Turan, A. (2021). Mincane fındık çeşidinde klon seleksiyonu: Yağ asitleri bileşimi. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 600-612. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.962692