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VIOLATION OF COOPERATION OBLIGATIONS WITH THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT AND ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 703 - 738, 30.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.59909/khm.1491881

Abstract

The founding treaty of the International Criminal Court, the Rome Statute, is an international treaty that envisions a cooperation regime based on consent. Due to lack of its own enforcement powers, the ICC relies on effective state cooperation for its activities such as gathering evidence, hearing witnesses, protecting witnesses, and arresting and surrendering individuals to the Court. Therefore the cooperation regime is considered the most crucial component of the Court. States which are parties to the Rome Statute are obligated to cooperate under Article 86 of the Statute. Non-party states, however, are not under such an obligation. Nevertheless, the Rome Statute grants certain powers to the UN Security Council. With this power the UN Security Council may refer a situation to the Court. This referral allows the Court to act in relation to crimes committed in the territory of non-party states. For example, investigations into crimes committed in Sudan and Libya, both non-party states, were initiated through UN Security Council Resolutions 1593 (2005) and 1970 (2011). The cooperation obligations of these non-party states stem from the UN Charter, not the Rome Statute. However, the Court has struggled to secure effective cooperation from both party and non-party states and has issued decisions under Article 87(7) of the Statute regarding violations of cooperation obligations. The Court has referred these violations to the Assembly of States Parties and the UN Security Council requesting necessary measures to be taken to ensure cooperation with the Court. Nonetheless, the measures taken by these bodies have not secured cooperation with the Court. In this context, the first part of this study will outline the legal framework of the cooperation regime envisaged by the Court. In the second part of the study, the voluntary cooperation regime will be analysed in light of the ICC’s decisions on Sudan, Libya and Kenya. The final section of the study will critically examine the impact of the measures taken by the Assembly of States Parties and the UN Security Council on the functioning of the Court.

References

  • Akande, Dapo, “International Law Immunities and the International Criminal Court”, The American Journal of International Law, C: 98, S: 3, 2003, s. 407-433.
  • Akande, Dapo “The jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over Nationals of non-parties: Legal Basis and Limits”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, C:1, S:3, 2003, s.618-650.
  • Akande, Dapo and Dias, Souza, “Cooperation with the ICC-what the Security Council and ASP Must Do”, ISS Africa Report, Cilt 15.
  • Bekou, Olympia “Dealing with Non-Cooperation at the ICC: Towards a More Holistic Approach”, Internatio-nal Criminal Law Review, Vol.19, Issue 6, 2019.
  • Binder, Guyora, Treaty Conflict and Political Contradiction: The Dialectic of Duplicity, Praeger, New York, 1988.
  • Boschiero, Nerina, “The ICC Judicial Finding on non-cooperation against the DRC and No- Immunity for Al-Bashir Based on UNSC Resolution 1593”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, C:13, S:3, 2015, s.625-653.
  • Bo, Marta “The Situation in Libya and the ICC’s Understanding of Complementarity in the Context of UNSC-Referred Cases”, Criminal Law Forum, Cilt 25, Sayı 3.
  • Candan, Tolga ve Kayacan, Derya Nur “Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin Rusya Federasyonu Devlet Başkanı Vladimir Putin Hakkında Tutuklama Kararı”, Türk-Alman Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı 2, 2023, s.971-1006.
  • Cassese, Antonio, “On the Current Trends towards Criminal Prosecution and Punishment of Breaches of In-ternational Humanitarian Law”, European Journal of International Law, Cilt 9, Sayı 2, 1998.
  • Ciampi, Annalisa “Legal Rules, Policy Choices and Political Realities in the Functioning of the Cooperation Regime of the International Criminal Court”, Cooperation and the International Criminal Court, (Edi-törler Dominic McGoldrick ve David Harris), Leiden, Brill Nijhoff, 2016.
  • Cryer, Robert; Friman, Hakan; Robinson, Darryl and Wilmshurst, Elizabeth, An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure, (2nd Edition), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Crootof, Rebecca, “Change Without Consent: How Customary International Law Modifies Treaties”, Yale Journal of International Law, C: 41, 2016, s. 238-283.
  • Dietz, S. Jeffrey, “Protecting the Protectors: Can the United States Successfully Exempt US Persons from The International Criminal Court with US Article 98 Agreements”, Houston Journal of International Law, C:27, S:1, 2004, s.139-179.
  • Dönmezer, Sulhi; Erman, Sahir vd., Nazari ve Tatbiki Ceza Hukuku, (14. Baskı), İstanbul, Der Yayınları, 2021. Erkiner, Hakkı Hakan, Devletin Haksız Fiilden Kaynaklanan Uluslararası Sorumluluğu, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2010.
  • Gaeta, Paola, “Does President Al Bashir Enjoy Immunity from Arrest?”, Journal of International Criminal Justi-ce, C: 7, S: 2, 2009, s.315-332.
  • Guzman, Andrew, “The Consent problem in International Law”, UC Berkeley: Berkeley Program in Law and Economics, Working Paper Series, 2011.
  • Greenawalt, Alexander KA. “International Criminal Court: Decisions Pursuant to Article 87 (7) of the Rome Statute on the Failure by the Republic of Malawi and the Republic of Chad to Comply with the Coo-peration Requests Issued by the Court with Respect to the Arrest and Surrender of Omar Hassan Ah-mad Al Bashir & African Union Response”, International Legal Materials, C.51, S.2, 2012, s.393-417.
  • Imoedemhe, Ovo Catherine, Complementarity Regime of the International Criminal Court, 1. Baskı, Springer, Leicester, United Kingdom, 2017.
  • Joyner, H. Daniel, “The Security Council as a Legal Hegemon”, Georgetown Journal of International Law, C:43, S: 2, 2011, s.225-251.
  • Jones, Annika, “Non-cooperation and the Efficiency of the International Criminal Court”, Cooperation and the International Criminal Court, (Editörler Dominic McGoldrick ve David Harris), Leiden, Brill Nijhoff, 2016.
  • Kassoti, Eva, “Beyond State Consent? International Legal Scholarship and the Challenge of Informal Internati-onal Law-Making”, Netherlands International Law Review, C: 63, S: 2, 2016, s. 99-131.
  • Krisch, Nico, “The Decay of Consent: International Law in an Age of Global Public Goods”, American Journal of International Law, C:108, S:1, 2014, s. 1-40.
  • Kreß, Claus and Prost, Kimberly, “Requests for Cooperation: General Provisions”, The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, (Editörler: Kai Ambos and Otto Triffterer), Baden, Nomos Verlagsge-sellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2015.
  • Kuşoğlu, Baran, “Libya: Arap Baharı’na NATO “Katkısı”, Yasama Dergisi, Cilt 22, 2012.
  • Lin, Lorraine Smith-van “Non-compliance and The Law and Politics of State Cooperation: Lessons From the Al Bashir and Kenyatta Cases”, Cooperation and the International Criminal Court, (Editörler Dominic McGoldrick ve David Harris), Leiden, Brill Nijhoff, 2016.
  • Lee, Katie A., “Kenyatta and the Government Shield: Leveraging Article 87 (7) as a Tool for Cooperation at the International Criminal Court”, Berkeley Journal of International Law, Cilt 38, 2020.
  • Lister, Matthew, “The Legitimating Role of Consent in International Law”, Chicago Journal of International Law, C: 11, S: 2, 2010.
  • Lhotský, Jan, “The ICC Arrest Warrant for the Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir in Connection with his Visit to the Republic of South Africa”, Czech Yearbook of Public & Private International Law, C:7, S:1, 2016, s.330-341.
  • Lauterpacht, Hersch, “The Covenant as the Higher Law”, British Year Book of International Law, C:17, 1936.
  • Pavel, E. Carmen, Law Beyond the State: Dynamic Coordination, State Consent, and Binding International Law, Oxford University Press, 2021.
  • Pazarcı, Hüseyin, Uluslararası Hukuk, (Gözden Geçirilmiş 21. Bası), Ankara, Turhan Kitabevi, 2022.
  • Pirim, Ceren Zeynep “Görevdeki Devlet Başkanlarının Dokunulmazlıkları ve Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesinin Vladimir Putin Hakkında Çıkardığı Tutuklama Kararının Uluslararası Hukuka Uygunluğu”, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı 2, 2023, (s.1035-1070).
  • Rastan, Rod, “Testing Co-operation: the International Criminal Court And National Authorities”, Leiden Journal of International Law, Cilt 21, Sayı 2, 2008.
  • Shaw, N. Malcolm, International Law, Sixth Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008.
  • Ssenyonjo, Manisuli, “II. The International Criminal Court Arrest Warrant Decision for President Al Bashir of Sudan”, International & Comparative Law Quarterly, C:59, S:1, 2010, s. 205-225.
  • Steytler, Isabeau, “A Structuralist Approach to the ICC/AU Conflict over the Immunity of Al-Bashir”, South African Yearbook of International Law, C: 45, S: 1, 2020, s. 1-25.
  • Şafak, Erdi, “Uluslararası Hukukta Yaptırım Kavramı ve Devletler Açısından Bağlayıcılığı Meselesi”, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı 2, 2021
  • Şen, Ersan Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2009.
  • Tallman, A. David, “Catch 98 (2): Article 98 Agreements and the Dilemma of Treaty Conflict”, Georgetown Law Journal, C:92, S:5, 2004, s.1033-1056.
  • Tezcan, Durmuş; Erdem, Mustafa Ruhan ve Önok, Rifat Murat, Uluslararası Ceza Hukuku, (Güncellenmiş 7. Baskı), Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2023.
  • Tezcan, Durmuş, “Uluslararası Adalet Divanı Açısından Uluslararası Adli Yardım”, Uluslararası Ceza Divanı, (Editör Feridun Yenisey), İstanbul, Arıkan Yayınevi, 2007.
  • Thakur, Ramesh, “Law, Legitimacy and United Nations”, Melbourne Journal of International Law, C:11, S:1, 2010, s.1-26.
  • Tladi, Dire, “The duty on South Africa to Arrest and Surrender President Al-Bashir under South African and International law: A Perspective from International Law”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, C: 13, S: 5, 2015, s.1027-1047.
  • Tladi, Dire, “The ICC decisions on Chad and Malawi: on Cooperation, Immunities, and Article 98”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, C:11, S:1, 2013, s.199-221.

DEVLETLERİN ULUSLARARASI CEZA MAHKEMESİ İLE İŞBİRLİĞİ YÜKÜMLÜLÜKLERİNİN İHLALİ VE YAPTIRIM MEKANİZMALARI

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 703 - 738, 30.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.59909/khm.1491881

Abstract

Uluslararası bir andlaşma niteliğini haiz olan Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin kurucu andlaşması Roma Statüsü, rıza temelli bir iş birliği rejimi öngörmektedir. Kendi kolluk gücü olmayan Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi, suçun işlendiği yer bakımından delillerin toplanması, tanıkların dinlenmesi, tanıkların korunması, kişilerin tutuklanıp Mahkemeye teslim edilmesi gibi konularda etkin bir devlet iş birliğine ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bu nedenle iş birliği rejimi Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin en önemli bileşeni olarak kabul edilmektedir. Roma Statüsü'ne taraf olan devletler, Statünün 86. maddesi kapsamında iş birliği yükümlülüğü altındadırlar. Roma Statüsü’ne taraf olmayan devletler bakımından ise böyle bir zorunluluk yoktur. Fakat Roma Statüsü çerçevesinde BM Güvenlik Konseyi’ne tanımlanan bazı yetkiler taraf olmayan devlet ülkesinde işlenen suçlar bakımından da Mahkemenin harekete geçmesine olanak tanımaktadır. Örneğin Roma Statüsü’ne taraf olmayan devletlerden Sudan ve Libya üzerinde işlenen suçların soruşturulması BM Güvenlik Konseyi’nin sırasıyla 1593 (2005) ve 1970 (2011) sayılı Kararları ile olmuştur. Taraf olmayan her iki devletin de iş birliği yapma yükümlülüğü Roma Statüsü’nden değil BM Şartı’ndan kaynaklanmıştır. Ancak Mahkeme hem Statü’ye taraf olan hem de olmayan devletler bakımından etkin bir iş birliği elde edememiş ve Statü’nün 87(7) maddesi doğrultusunda iş birliği yükümlülüğünün ihlaline dair kararlar vermiştir. Mahkeme ihlal kararlarını Taraf Devletler Meclisine ve Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi’ne ileterek iş birliğinin sağlanması için gerekli önlemlerin alınmasını talep etmiştir. Fakat her iki organın da aldığı önlemler iş birliğinin güvence altına alınmasını sağlayamamıştır. Bu nedenle bu çalışma öncelikle Mahkemenin öngördüğü iş birliği rejiminin yasal çerçevesini çizecektir. Devamında Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin kararları ışığında gönüllü iş birliği rejimi analiz edilecek ve iş birliği yükümlülüğünün ihlal edildiğine dair verilen üç temel karar (Sudan, Libya ve Kenya) inceleme konusu yapılacaktır. Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise Mahkemenin iş birliği konusunda verdiği ihlal kararlarını Taraf Devletler Meclisine ve Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyine iletmesi neticesinde alınan tedbirlerin devletler üzerindeki yaptırım gücüne eleştirel bir inceleme sunulacaktır.

References

  • Akande, Dapo, “International Law Immunities and the International Criminal Court”, The American Journal of International Law, C: 98, S: 3, 2003, s. 407-433.
  • Akande, Dapo “The jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over Nationals of non-parties: Legal Basis and Limits”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, C:1, S:3, 2003, s.618-650.
  • Akande, Dapo and Dias, Souza, “Cooperation with the ICC-what the Security Council and ASP Must Do”, ISS Africa Report, Cilt 15.
  • Bekou, Olympia “Dealing with Non-Cooperation at the ICC: Towards a More Holistic Approach”, Internatio-nal Criminal Law Review, Vol.19, Issue 6, 2019.
  • Binder, Guyora, Treaty Conflict and Political Contradiction: The Dialectic of Duplicity, Praeger, New York, 1988.
  • Boschiero, Nerina, “The ICC Judicial Finding on non-cooperation against the DRC and No- Immunity for Al-Bashir Based on UNSC Resolution 1593”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, C:13, S:3, 2015, s.625-653.
  • Bo, Marta “The Situation in Libya and the ICC’s Understanding of Complementarity in the Context of UNSC-Referred Cases”, Criminal Law Forum, Cilt 25, Sayı 3.
  • Candan, Tolga ve Kayacan, Derya Nur “Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin Rusya Federasyonu Devlet Başkanı Vladimir Putin Hakkında Tutuklama Kararı”, Türk-Alman Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı 2, 2023, s.971-1006.
  • Cassese, Antonio, “On the Current Trends towards Criminal Prosecution and Punishment of Breaches of In-ternational Humanitarian Law”, European Journal of International Law, Cilt 9, Sayı 2, 1998.
  • Ciampi, Annalisa “Legal Rules, Policy Choices and Political Realities in the Functioning of the Cooperation Regime of the International Criminal Court”, Cooperation and the International Criminal Court, (Edi-törler Dominic McGoldrick ve David Harris), Leiden, Brill Nijhoff, 2016.
  • Cryer, Robert; Friman, Hakan; Robinson, Darryl and Wilmshurst, Elizabeth, An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure, (2nd Edition), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Crootof, Rebecca, “Change Without Consent: How Customary International Law Modifies Treaties”, Yale Journal of International Law, C: 41, 2016, s. 238-283.
  • Dietz, S. Jeffrey, “Protecting the Protectors: Can the United States Successfully Exempt US Persons from The International Criminal Court with US Article 98 Agreements”, Houston Journal of International Law, C:27, S:1, 2004, s.139-179.
  • Dönmezer, Sulhi; Erman, Sahir vd., Nazari ve Tatbiki Ceza Hukuku, (14. Baskı), İstanbul, Der Yayınları, 2021. Erkiner, Hakkı Hakan, Devletin Haksız Fiilden Kaynaklanan Uluslararası Sorumluluğu, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2010.
  • Gaeta, Paola, “Does President Al Bashir Enjoy Immunity from Arrest?”, Journal of International Criminal Justi-ce, C: 7, S: 2, 2009, s.315-332.
  • Guzman, Andrew, “The Consent problem in International Law”, UC Berkeley: Berkeley Program in Law and Economics, Working Paper Series, 2011.
  • Greenawalt, Alexander KA. “International Criminal Court: Decisions Pursuant to Article 87 (7) of the Rome Statute on the Failure by the Republic of Malawi and the Republic of Chad to Comply with the Coo-peration Requests Issued by the Court with Respect to the Arrest and Surrender of Omar Hassan Ah-mad Al Bashir & African Union Response”, International Legal Materials, C.51, S.2, 2012, s.393-417.
  • Imoedemhe, Ovo Catherine, Complementarity Regime of the International Criminal Court, 1. Baskı, Springer, Leicester, United Kingdom, 2017.
  • Joyner, H. Daniel, “The Security Council as a Legal Hegemon”, Georgetown Journal of International Law, C:43, S: 2, 2011, s.225-251.
  • Jones, Annika, “Non-cooperation and the Efficiency of the International Criminal Court”, Cooperation and the International Criminal Court, (Editörler Dominic McGoldrick ve David Harris), Leiden, Brill Nijhoff, 2016.
  • Kassoti, Eva, “Beyond State Consent? International Legal Scholarship and the Challenge of Informal Internati-onal Law-Making”, Netherlands International Law Review, C: 63, S: 2, 2016, s. 99-131.
  • Krisch, Nico, “The Decay of Consent: International Law in an Age of Global Public Goods”, American Journal of International Law, C:108, S:1, 2014, s. 1-40.
  • Kreß, Claus and Prost, Kimberly, “Requests for Cooperation: General Provisions”, The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, (Editörler: Kai Ambos and Otto Triffterer), Baden, Nomos Verlagsge-sellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2015.
  • Kuşoğlu, Baran, “Libya: Arap Baharı’na NATO “Katkısı”, Yasama Dergisi, Cilt 22, 2012.
  • Lin, Lorraine Smith-van “Non-compliance and The Law and Politics of State Cooperation: Lessons From the Al Bashir and Kenyatta Cases”, Cooperation and the International Criminal Court, (Editörler Dominic McGoldrick ve David Harris), Leiden, Brill Nijhoff, 2016.
  • Lee, Katie A., “Kenyatta and the Government Shield: Leveraging Article 87 (7) as a Tool for Cooperation at the International Criminal Court”, Berkeley Journal of International Law, Cilt 38, 2020.
  • Lister, Matthew, “The Legitimating Role of Consent in International Law”, Chicago Journal of International Law, C: 11, S: 2, 2010.
  • Lhotský, Jan, “The ICC Arrest Warrant for the Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir in Connection with his Visit to the Republic of South Africa”, Czech Yearbook of Public & Private International Law, C:7, S:1, 2016, s.330-341.
  • Lauterpacht, Hersch, “The Covenant as the Higher Law”, British Year Book of International Law, C:17, 1936.
  • Pavel, E. Carmen, Law Beyond the State: Dynamic Coordination, State Consent, and Binding International Law, Oxford University Press, 2021.
  • Pazarcı, Hüseyin, Uluslararası Hukuk, (Gözden Geçirilmiş 21. Bası), Ankara, Turhan Kitabevi, 2022.
  • Pirim, Ceren Zeynep “Görevdeki Devlet Başkanlarının Dokunulmazlıkları ve Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesinin Vladimir Putin Hakkında Çıkardığı Tutuklama Kararının Uluslararası Hukuka Uygunluğu”, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı 2, 2023, (s.1035-1070).
  • Rastan, Rod, “Testing Co-operation: the International Criminal Court And National Authorities”, Leiden Journal of International Law, Cilt 21, Sayı 2, 2008.
  • Shaw, N. Malcolm, International Law, Sixth Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008.
  • Ssenyonjo, Manisuli, “II. The International Criminal Court Arrest Warrant Decision for President Al Bashir of Sudan”, International & Comparative Law Quarterly, C:59, S:1, 2010, s. 205-225.
  • Steytler, Isabeau, “A Structuralist Approach to the ICC/AU Conflict over the Immunity of Al-Bashir”, South African Yearbook of International Law, C: 45, S: 1, 2020, s. 1-25.
  • Şafak, Erdi, “Uluslararası Hukukta Yaptırım Kavramı ve Devletler Açısından Bağlayıcılığı Meselesi”, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı 2, 2021
  • Şen, Ersan Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2009.
  • Tallman, A. David, “Catch 98 (2): Article 98 Agreements and the Dilemma of Treaty Conflict”, Georgetown Law Journal, C:92, S:5, 2004, s.1033-1056.
  • Tezcan, Durmuş; Erdem, Mustafa Ruhan ve Önok, Rifat Murat, Uluslararası Ceza Hukuku, (Güncellenmiş 7. Baskı), Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2023.
  • Tezcan, Durmuş, “Uluslararası Adalet Divanı Açısından Uluslararası Adli Yardım”, Uluslararası Ceza Divanı, (Editör Feridun Yenisey), İstanbul, Arıkan Yayınevi, 2007.
  • Thakur, Ramesh, “Law, Legitimacy and United Nations”, Melbourne Journal of International Law, C:11, S:1, 2010, s.1-26.
  • Tladi, Dire, “The duty on South Africa to Arrest and Surrender President Al-Bashir under South African and International law: A Perspective from International Law”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, C: 13, S: 5, 2015, s.1027-1047.
  • Tladi, Dire, “The ICC decisions on Chad and Malawi: on Cooperation, Immunities, and Article 98”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, C:11, S:1, 2013, s.199-221.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Criminal Law, International Law
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Zeynep Erhan Bulut 0000-0002-5766-126X

Early Pub Date October 26, 2024
Publication Date October 30, 2024
Submission Date May 29, 2024
Acceptance Date July 6, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Erhan Bulut, Zeynep. “DEVLETLERİN ULUSLARARASI CEZA MAHKEMESİ İLE İŞBİRLİĞİ YÜKÜMLÜLÜKLERİNİN İHLALİ VE YAPTIRIM MEKANİZMALARI”. Kırıkkale Hukuk Mecmuası 4, no. 2 (October 2024): 703-38. https://doi.org/10.59909/khm.1491881.

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