Space From Perspective of National Security

Year 2023, Volume: 2 Issue: 43, 384 - 397, 03.11.2023

Alime Ozyıldırım

https://doi.org/10.17134/khosbd.1210635

Abstract

Space is significant asset for prosperity and security of countries. Space brings noteworthy benefits in various areas from environment and weather monitoring, agriculture, to communications, navigation, science and exploration. Demands for space technology is increasing all over the world since particularly security issues are becoming even more prominent. Contrast to past, security issues are dramatically changed today since there are unorganised or organised, uncertain, unpredictable perpetrators that are threats to national securities. In addition to man-made threats, the effects of natural hazards such as climate change are felt more and countries have started experiencing unexpected and strange impacts. Many countries and organisations have been using satellite technologies effectively to cope threats to national securities for a while. Today it becomes apparent that investments in space technology and capability development will dramatically increase for the future prosperity of the nations. In this paper, benefits brought by satellite technologies are being articulated from the perspective of national security. In addition, emerging technologies that will become more prominent in space field for national security are also being introduced.

Keywords

Space, National Security, International Security, Threats, Emerging Technologies.

References

• Airbus (2020). Ensuring Future Air Power Capability - Key to European and National sovereignty. https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/stories/2020-06-ensuring-future-air-power-capability-key-to-european-and-national
• An EU Approach for Space Traffic Management (2022). An EU contribution addressing a global challenge. Joint Communication to the European Parliament and Council.
• Blue Origin (2021). Blue Origin and Sierra Space announce plans for commercial space station. https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-and-sierra-space-announce-plans-for-commercial-space-station/
• Brunner K.H. (2021). Space and Security NATO’s role. Special Report, Science and Technology Committee (STC).
• Chapeaux T. (2022). The new NATO Space Centre of Excellence: A Newcomer in the World of Space Expertise for NATO’s Benefit. https://www.japcc.org/online-feature/the-new-nato-space-centre-of-excellence/
• Csepregi Z., Dobrowiecki P., Jankowski D., Smura T. and Spišák M. (2021). The V4 towards a new NATO Strategic Concept and the EU Strategic Compass.
• ESA, LEO PNT (2022). https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2022/07/LEO_PNT
• ESPI Report 79: Emerging Spacefaring Nations-Full Report (2021), European Space Policy Institute (ESPI).
• ESPI Report 80: Space in Support of Security Missions-Full Report (2022), European Space Policy Institute (ESPI).
• Fiott, D. (2020). The European space sector as an enabler of EU strategic autonomy. Policy Department for External Relations-Directorate General for External Policies of the Union.
• Greenemeier L. (2016). GPS and the World's First "Space War". Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gps-and-the-world-s-first-space
• Hamourtziadou L. (2019). Security challenges of the 21st century: new challenges and perspectives, Journal of Global Faultlines, 6 (2), 121-123.
• Hayes A. (2022). Vertical Integration Explained: How It Works, With Types and Examples. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/verticalintegration.asp
• İnce F. and Kanalsan M. (2008), Uzay-Tabanlı Güvenlik Çalışmaları. Havacılık ve Uzay Teknolojileri Dergisi, 3, 39-51.
• Mahnamfar A. and Ünlü N. (2022). Cyber-Physical Systems and their Security Issues. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, 41, 97-118. https://doi.org/10.17134/khosbd.1100660
• NATO (2019). NATO's Approach to Space. https://www.act.nato.int/space
• NATO (2022). NATO’s Overarching Space Policy. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_190862.htm
• Pawlikowski E., Loverro D. and Cristler T. (2013). Resiliency and Disaggregated Space Architectures. Technical Report. Air Force Space Command Colorado Springs United States.
• Perry B. and Fuller J. (2021). Leveraging Responsive Space and Rapid Reconstitution: Enabling Resilient Space-Based Data, Products, and Services for NATO. https://www.japcc.org/essays/leveraging-responsive-space-and-rapid-reconstitution/.
• Pollpeter K. L, Chase M. S. and Heginbotham E. (2017). The Creation of the PLA Strategic Support Force and Its Implications for Chinese Military Space Operations. RAND. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR2000/RR2058/RAND_RR2058.pdf
• Reding D.F. and Eaton J. (2020). NATO Science and Technology Trends 2020-2040.Technical Report. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1131124.pdf
• Rocket Lab (2022). Responsive Space. https://www.rocketlabusa.com/launch/responsive-space/
• Russian Space Forces (2022). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces
• Samson V. (2021). NATO and its changing approach to space. TPQ, 75-83. http://turkishpolicy.com/article/1068/nato-and-its-changing-approach-to-space
• Satnews (2022). Maxar Continues to Capture Satellite Imagery Of The Russian-Ukraine Invasion. https://news.satnews.com/2022/03/21/maxars-satellite-imagery-captures-continue-of-the-russian-ukraine-invasion/
• Space-EDA (2022). https://eda.europa.eu/what-we-do/capability-development/space#
• SpaceX (2022). Benefits of Vertical Integration, According to Elon Musk. https://www.shortform.com/blog/benefits-of-vertical-integration/
• Starling C. G., Massa M. J., Mulder C. P. and Siegel J. T. (2021). The Future of Security in Space: A Thirty-Year US Strategy. Atlantic Council, Scowcoft Center for Strategy and Security. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/content-series/atlantic-council-strategy-paper-series/the-future-of-security-in-space/
• Stone C. (2022). Enhanced Space-Based Missile Tracking. https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/enhanced-space-based-missile-tracking/
• UKEssays (2018). Main Security Threats in the 21st Century. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/security/main-security-threats-in-the-21st-century.php?vref=1
• UNGA Res. 75/36 (2020). Reducing Space Threats Through Norms, Rules and Principles Of Responsible Behaviours,” (2020, December 7). https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/75/36
• USC Satellite Database (2022). https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database
• Vinion K. (2022). How Elon Musk's Starlink Became Invaluable to Ukraine's War Effort. https://www.rferl.org/a/starlink-elon-musk-ukraine-war-russia-funding/32091045.html