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İRAN-HİZBULLAH İLİŞKİLERİ (1980-1995): ULUS-AŞIRILAŞAN ŞİDDET

Year 2018, Volume: 10 Issue: 18, 29 - 42, 30.05.2018
https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.428599

Abstract

Bu çalışma son dönemde daha yoğun nitelik kazanan İran
ile Ortadoğu bölgesindeki en etkili silahlı devlet dışı aktörlerden (armed
non-state actors) Hizbullah arasındaki ilişkilerin kuruluş ve gelişme aşamasını
şiddetin ulus-aşırılaşması çerçevesinde değerlendirmektedir. Bu iki aktör
arasındaki kültürel, politik, siyasal ve ekonomik yoğun ilişkiyi değerlendiren
yeterince çalışma mevcuttur. Diğer taraftan Hizbullah oluşumunun kuruluş ve erken
dönemlerinde başvurduğu terörizm boyutuna yaklaşan şiddet eylemlerinde İran’ın
konumu büyük oranda tartışma konusu olmasına rağmen bu ilişkiyi değerlendiren
çalışmalar sınırlıdır. Uluslararası hukuk ve uluslararası ilişkiler literatürü
silahlı devlet dışı aktörler ile devletler arasındaki ulus-aşırılaşan şiddet
durumuna yönelik çeşitli kavramsallaştırmalar yapmıştır. Devlet destekli
terörizm ve vekil savaşları kavramları bu kavramsallaştırmaların başında
gelmektedir. Bu kavramların Hizbullah-İran ilişkilerini açıklamadaki
eksikliklerine ilişkin kısa değerlendirme sonrasında, bazı zamanlar terörizm
boyutuna varan ve ulus-aşırı etkileşimi barındıran Hizbullah’ın şiddet
eylemleri (1980-1995) ulus-aşırılaşan şiddet kavramı ile tasvir edilmektedir.

References

  • AKSAR, Y. (2015). Teori ve Uygulamada Uluslararası Hukuk II, Ankara: Seçkin Kitabevi.
  • ATZILI, B. (2010). “State Weakness and ‘Vacuum of Power’ in Lebanon”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33 (8): 757-782.
  • AZAI, E. (2008). Hezbollah: the story of the party of God: from revolution to institutionalization. USA: Palgrave Macmillan BAER, R. (2008). “Iranian Resurrection”. National Interest, (98): 36-45.
  • BAHGAT, G. (1999). “Peace in the Persian Gulf: The Shi’is Dimension”. Peace & Change, 24 (1): 76-86.
  • BAHGAT, G. (1999b). “Iran and Terrorism: The Transatlantic Responses”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 22 (2): 141–152. BAHGAT, G. (2003). “Iran, the United States, and the War on Terrorism”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 26 (93): 93-104.
  • BAL, İ. (2006). “Terör Nedir? Neden Terörist Olunur?”. Terörizm; Terör, Terörizm ve Küresel Terörle Mücadelede Ulusal ve Bölgesel Deneyimler. Der. İhsan Bal. Ankara: USAK Yayınları.
  • BAR, S. (2007). “Deterring Nonstate Terrorist Groups: The Case of Hizballah”. Comparative Strategy, 26 (5): 469-493.
  • BARAK, O. (2003). “Lebanon: Failure, Collapse, and Resuscitation”. State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror. Der. Robert I. Rotberg. Washington: The Brookings Institution Press.
  • BARZEGAR, K. (2008). “Iran The Shiite Crescent Myths and Realities”. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 15 (1): 88-98.
  • BYMAN, D. ve KREPS, S. E. (2010). “Agents of Destruction? Applying Principal-Agent Analysis to State-Sponsored Terrorism”. International Studies Perspectives, 11 (1): 1-18.
  • BYMAN, D. (2008). “Iran, Terrorism, and Weapons of Mass Destruction”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 31(3): 169–181.
  • CAUDİLL, S. W. (2008). “Hizballah Rising Iran’s Proxy Warriors”. Joint Force Quarterly, 49 (2): 128-134.
  • CAŞIN, M. H. (2008). Uluslararası Terörizm. Ankara: Nobel Yayın.
  • CONRAD, J. (2011). “Interstate Rivalry and Terrorism: An Uprobed Link”. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55 (4): 529-555.
  • DALACOURA, K. (2006). “Islamist Terrorism and the Middle East Democratic Deficit: Political Exclusion, Repression and the Causes of Extremisim”. Democratization, 13 (3): 508-525.
  • EKMEKÇİ, F. (2011). “Terrorism As War by Other Means: National Security and State Support for Terrorism”. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, 54 (1): 125-141.
  • EKŞI, M. (2017). "Regional Hegemony Quests in the Middle East from the Balance of Power System to the Balance of Proxy Wars: Turkey as Balancing Power for the Iran-Saudi Rivalry". Journal of Gazi Academic View, 11 (21): 133-156.
  • ERDAĞ, R. (2013). “Security Studies and International Terrorism”. European Scientific Journal, 9 (23): 62-73.
  • FLANIGAN, S. T. ve MOUNAH, A.S. (2009). “Hezbollah’s Social Jıhad: Nonporfits as Resistance Organizations”. Middle East Policy, 16 (2): 122-149.
  • GAUSE, F. G. (2009). “The International Politics of the Gulf”. International Relations of the Middle East. Der. Louise Fawcett. New York;Oxford University Press, pp. 272-290.
  • GHORAYEB, A. S. (2002). Hizbu’llah: Politics & Religion. London: Pluto Press.
  • GHORAYEB, A. S. (2003). “Lebanese Shi’a and Emergence of Hizbullah”. Journal of Islamic Studies 14 (3): 273-307.
  • HADDAD, S. (2006). “The Origins of Popular Support for Lebanon’s Hezbollah”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 29 (1): 21–34.
  • HAMZEH, A. N. (1993). “Lebanon's Hizbullah: from Islamic Revolution to Parliamentary Accommodation”. Third World Quarterly, 14 (2): 321-339.
  • HAZRAN, Y. (2010). “The Rise of Politicized Shi’ite Religiosity and the Territorial State in Iraq and Lebanon”. Middle East Journal 64 (4): 521-541.
  • HEUPEL, M. (2007). “Adapting to Transnational Terrorism: The UN Security Council’s Evolving Approach to Terrorism”. Security Dialogue, 38 (4): 476-497.
  • HUSSEINI, R. E. (2010). “Hezbollah and the Axis of Refusal: Hamas, Iran and Syria”. Third World Quarterly 31 (5): 803–815.
  • KALDOR, M. (2005). “Old Wars, Cold Wars, New Wars, And The War On Terror”, International Politics, 42(4): 491-498.
  • KARLSSON, I. (2005). Din, Terör ve Hoşgörü. İstanbul: Homer Kitabevi.
  • KESKİN, A. (2007). “Şii Jeopolitiği ve İran”. Avrasya Dosyası Şii Jeopolitiği 13 (3): 65-101.
  • MANSOUR, I. (2010). “Washington and Hezbollah: A Rare Convergence of Interests”. Middle East Policy, 17 (2): 82-102.
  • MATTAR, S., "Jordan Fears Growing Shiite Influence", The Associated Press, 17.11.2006.
  • MOHNS, E., ve BANK, A. (2012). "Syrian Revolt Fallout: End of the Resistance Axis?". Middle East Policy 19 (3): 25-35. MULAJ, K. (2010). “Violent Non-State Actors: Exploring Their State Relations, and Operationality”. Violent Non-State Actors in World Politics. Der. Kledja Mulaj. USA: Columbia University Press.
  • MUMFORD, A. (2013). "Proxy warfare and the future of conflict." The RUSI Journal 158.2: 40-46.
  • NORTON, A. R. (1987). Amal and the Shia: Struggle for the Soul. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • ÖKTEM, E. (2007). Terörizm, İnsancıl Hukuk ve İnsan Hakları. İstanbul: Derin Yayınları.
  • RUDNER, M. (2010). “Hizbullah Terrorism Finance: Fund-Raising and Money-Laundering”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 33 (8): 700-715.
  • SAOUL, A. (2003). “Lebanon’s Hizbullah The Quest for Survival”. World Affairs 166 (2): 71-82.
  • SHAPIRA, S. (1988). “The Origins of Hizballah”. Jerusalem Quarterly 46: 115-130.
  • OPEN LETTER (1985), www.foia.cia.gov/browse_docs.asp, [Erişim: 25.10.2011].
  • ÖZEREN, S. ve CİNOĞLU, H. (2006). “Terörizm ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri: 11 Eylül Öncesi ve Sonrası Terörle Mücadele Politikalarının Değerlendirilmesi”. Terörizm; Terör, Terörizm ve Küresel Terörle Mücadelede Ulusal ve Bölgesel Deneyimler. Der. İhsan Bal. Ankara: USAK Yayınları.
  • TAKEYH, R. (2006–07). “Iran, Israel and the Politics of Terrorism”. Survival 48 (4): 83–96.
  • TAŞDEMİR, F. (2006). Uluslararası Terörizme Karşı Devletlerin Kuvvete Başvurma Yetkisi. Ankara: USAK Yayınları.
  • TOK, E. M., MCSPARREN, J. J., ve OLENDER, M. (2017). "The Perpetuation of Regime Security in Gulf Cooperation Council States: A Multi‐Lens Approach". Digest of Middle East Studies 26 (1): 150-169.
  • TOPAL, A. H. (2005). Uluslararası Terörizm ve Terörist Eylemlere Karşı Kuvvet Kullanımı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • WEIGAND, K. E. (2009). “Reformation of a Terrorist Group: Hezbollah as a Lebanese Political Party”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 32 (8): 669–680.
  • WEISS, M. (2010). In the Shadow of Sectarianism: Law, Shi’ism, and the making of Modern Lebanon. London: Harvard University Press.
  • WHITTAKER, D. J. (2002). Terrorism Understanding the Global Threat. London: Person Education Limited.
  • YOUSEFI, A., M. H. (2009). “Whose Agenda ıs Served by the Idea of a Shia Crescent?”. Alternatives 8 (1): 114-135.
  • YOUSEFI, A. M. H. (2010). “Iran’s Foreign Policy during Ahmedinejad From Confrontation to Accommodation”. Alternatives 9 (2): 3-4
  • YUILE, A. (2009). “At the fault-lines of Armed Conflict: The 2006 Israel-Hezbollah Conflict and the Framework of International Humanitarian Law”. Australian Intarnational Journal, 16: 189-218.
  • ZISSER, E. (2002). “The Return of Hizbullah”. Middle East Quarterly 9 (4): 1-10.
Year 2018, Volume: 10 Issue: 18, 29 - 42, 30.05.2018
https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.428599

Abstract

References

  • AKSAR, Y. (2015). Teori ve Uygulamada Uluslararası Hukuk II, Ankara: Seçkin Kitabevi.
  • ATZILI, B. (2010). “State Weakness and ‘Vacuum of Power’ in Lebanon”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33 (8): 757-782.
  • AZAI, E. (2008). Hezbollah: the story of the party of God: from revolution to institutionalization. USA: Palgrave Macmillan BAER, R. (2008). “Iranian Resurrection”. National Interest, (98): 36-45.
  • BAHGAT, G. (1999). “Peace in the Persian Gulf: The Shi’is Dimension”. Peace & Change, 24 (1): 76-86.
  • BAHGAT, G. (1999b). “Iran and Terrorism: The Transatlantic Responses”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 22 (2): 141–152. BAHGAT, G. (2003). “Iran, the United States, and the War on Terrorism”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 26 (93): 93-104.
  • BAL, İ. (2006). “Terör Nedir? Neden Terörist Olunur?”. Terörizm; Terör, Terörizm ve Küresel Terörle Mücadelede Ulusal ve Bölgesel Deneyimler. Der. İhsan Bal. Ankara: USAK Yayınları.
  • BAR, S. (2007). “Deterring Nonstate Terrorist Groups: The Case of Hizballah”. Comparative Strategy, 26 (5): 469-493.
  • BARAK, O. (2003). “Lebanon: Failure, Collapse, and Resuscitation”. State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror. Der. Robert I. Rotberg. Washington: The Brookings Institution Press.
  • BARZEGAR, K. (2008). “Iran The Shiite Crescent Myths and Realities”. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 15 (1): 88-98.
  • BYMAN, D. ve KREPS, S. E. (2010). “Agents of Destruction? Applying Principal-Agent Analysis to State-Sponsored Terrorism”. International Studies Perspectives, 11 (1): 1-18.
  • BYMAN, D. (2008). “Iran, Terrorism, and Weapons of Mass Destruction”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 31(3): 169–181.
  • CAUDİLL, S. W. (2008). “Hizballah Rising Iran’s Proxy Warriors”. Joint Force Quarterly, 49 (2): 128-134.
  • CAŞIN, M. H. (2008). Uluslararası Terörizm. Ankara: Nobel Yayın.
  • CONRAD, J. (2011). “Interstate Rivalry and Terrorism: An Uprobed Link”. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55 (4): 529-555.
  • DALACOURA, K. (2006). “Islamist Terrorism and the Middle East Democratic Deficit: Political Exclusion, Repression and the Causes of Extremisim”. Democratization, 13 (3): 508-525.
  • EKMEKÇİ, F. (2011). “Terrorism As War by Other Means: National Security and State Support for Terrorism”. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, 54 (1): 125-141.
  • EKŞI, M. (2017). "Regional Hegemony Quests in the Middle East from the Balance of Power System to the Balance of Proxy Wars: Turkey as Balancing Power for the Iran-Saudi Rivalry". Journal of Gazi Academic View, 11 (21): 133-156.
  • ERDAĞ, R. (2013). “Security Studies and International Terrorism”. European Scientific Journal, 9 (23): 62-73.
  • FLANIGAN, S. T. ve MOUNAH, A.S. (2009). “Hezbollah’s Social Jıhad: Nonporfits as Resistance Organizations”. Middle East Policy, 16 (2): 122-149.
  • GAUSE, F. G. (2009). “The International Politics of the Gulf”. International Relations of the Middle East. Der. Louise Fawcett. New York;Oxford University Press, pp. 272-290.
  • GHORAYEB, A. S. (2002). Hizbu’llah: Politics & Religion. London: Pluto Press.
  • GHORAYEB, A. S. (2003). “Lebanese Shi’a and Emergence of Hizbullah”. Journal of Islamic Studies 14 (3): 273-307.
  • HADDAD, S. (2006). “The Origins of Popular Support for Lebanon’s Hezbollah”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 29 (1): 21–34.
  • HAMZEH, A. N. (1993). “Lebanon's Hizbullah: from Islamic Revolution to Parliamentary Accommodation”. Third World Quarterly, 14 (2): 321-339.
  • HAZRAN, Y. (2010). “The Rise of Politicized Shi’ite Religiosity and the Territorial State in Iraq and Lebanon”. Middle East Journal 64 (4): 521-541.
  • HEUPEL, M. (2007). “Adapting to Transnational Terrorism: The UN Security Council’s Evolving Approach to Terrorism”. Security Dialogue, 38 (4): 476-497.
  • HUSSEINI, R. E. (2010). “Hezbollah and the Axis of Refusal: Hamas, Iran and Syria”. Third World Quarterly 31 (5): 803–815.
  • KALDOR, M. (2005). “Old Wars, Cold Wars, New Wars, And The War On Terror”, International Politics, 42(4): 491-498.
  • KARLSSON, I. (2005). Din, Terör ve Hoşgörü. İstanbul: Homer Kitabevi.
  • KESKİN, A. (2007). “Şii Jeopolitiği ve İran”. Avrasya Dosyası Şii Jeopolitiği 13 (3): 65-101.
  • MANSOUR, I. (2010). “Washington and Hezbollah: A Rare Convergence of Interests”. Middle East Policy, 17 (2): 82-102.
  • MATTAR, S., "Jordan Fears Growing Shiite Influence", The Associated Press, 17.11.2006.
  • MOHNS, E., ve BANK, A. (2012). "Syrian Revolt Fallout: End of the Resistance Axis?". Middle East Policy 19 (3): 25-35. MULAJ, K. (2010). “Violent Non-State Actors: Exploring Their State Relations, and Operationality”. Violent Non-State Actors in World Politics. Der. Kledja Mulaj. USA: Columbia University Press.
  • MUMFORD, A. (2013). "Proxy warfare and the future of conflict." The RUSI Journal 158.2: 40-46.
  • NORTON, A. R. (1987). Amal and the Shia: Struggle for the Soul. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • ÖKTEM, E. (2007). Terörizm, İnsancıl Hukuk ve İnsan Hakları. İstanbul: Derin Yayınları.
  • RUDNER, M. (2010). “Hizbullah Terrorism Finance: Fund-Raising and Money-Laundering”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 33 (8): 700-715.
  • SAOUL, A. (2003). “Lebanon’s Hizbullah The Quest for Survival”. World Affairs 166 (2): 71-82.
  • SHAPIRA, S. (1988). “The Origins of Hizballah”. Jerusalem Quarterly 46: 115-130.
  • OPEN LETTER (1985), www.foia.cia.gov/browse_docs.asp, [Erişim: 25.10.2011].
  • ÖZEREN, S. ve CİNOĞLU, H. (2006). “Terörizm ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri: 11 Eylül Öncesi ve Sonrası Terörle Mücadele Politikalarının Değerlendirilmesi”. Terörizm; Terör, Terörizm ve Küresel Terörle Mücadelede Ulusal ve Bölgesel Deneyimler. Der. İhsan Bal. Ankara: USAK Yayınları.
  • TAKEYH, R. (2006–07). “Iran, Israel and the Politics of Terrorism”. Survival 48 (4): 83–96.
  • TAŞDEMİR, F. (2006). Uluslararası Terörizme Karşı Devletlerin Kuvvete Başvurma Yetkisi. Ankara: USAK Yayınları.
  • TOK, E. M., MCSPARREN, J. J., ve OLENDER, M. (2017). "The Perpetuation of Regime Security in Gulf Cooperation Council States: A Multi‐Lens Approach". Digest of Middle East Studies 26 (1): 150-169.
  • TOPAL, A. H. (2005). Uluslararası Terörizm ve Terörist Eylemlere Karşı Kuvvet Kullanımı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • WEIGAND, K. E. (2009). “Reformation of a Terrorist Group: Hezbollah as a Lebanese Political Party”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 32 (8): 669–680.
  • WEISS, M. (2010). In the Shadow of Sectarianism: Law, Shi’ism, and the making of Modern Lebanon. London: Harvard University Press.
  • WHITTAKER, D. J. (2002). Terrorism Understanding the Global Threat. London: Person Education Limited.
  • YOUSEFI, A., M. H. (2009). “Whose Agenda ıs Served by the Idea of a Shia Crescent?”. Alternatives 8 (1): 114-135.
  • YOUSEFI, A. M. H. (2010). “Iran’s Foreign Policy during Ahmedinejad From Confrontation to Accommodation”. Alternatives 9 (2): 3-4
  • YUILE, A. (2009). “At the fault-lines of Armed Conflict: The 2006 Israel-Hezbollah Conflict and the Framework of International Humanitarian Law”. Australian Intarnational Journal, 16: 189-218.
  • ZISSER, E. (2002). “The Return of Hizbullah”. Middle East Quarterly 9 (4): 1-10.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section RESEARCH PAPERS
Authors

Mustafa Yetim 0000-0001-6013-9299

Publication Date May 30, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 10 Issue: 18

Cite

APA Yetim, M. (2018). İRAN-HİZBULLAH İLİŞKİLERİ (1980-1995): ULUS-AŞIRILAŞAN ŞİDDET. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 10(18), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.428599
AMA Yetim M. İRAN-HİZBULLAH İLİŞKİLERİ (1980-1995): ULUS-AŞIRILAŞAN ŞİDDET. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). May 2018;10(18):29-42. doi:10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.428599
Chicago Yetim, Mustafa. “İRAN-HİZBULLAH İLİŞKİLERİ (1980-1995): ULUS-AŞIRILAŞAN ŞİDDET”. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 10, no. 18 (May 2018): 29-42. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.428599.
EndNote Yetim M (May 1, 2018) İRAN-HİZBULLAH İLİŞKİLERİ (1980-1995): ULUS-AŞIRILAŞAN ŞİDDET. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 10 18 29–42.
IEEE M. Yetim, “İRAN-HİZBULLAH İLİŞKİLERİ (1980-1995): ULUS-AŞIRILAŞAN ŞİDDET”, Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), vol. 10, no. 18, pp. 29–42, 2018, doi: 10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.428599.
ISNAD Yetim, Mustafa. “İRAN-HİZBULLAH İLİŞKİLERİ (1980-1995): ULUS-AŞIRILAŞAN ŞİDDET”. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 10/18 (May 2018), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.428599.
JAMA Yetim M. İRAN-HİZBULLAH İLİŞKİLERİ (1980-1995): ULUS-AŞIRILAŞAN ŞİDDET. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). 2018;10:29–42.
MLA Yetim, Mustafa. “İRAN-HİZBULLAH İLİŞKİLERİ (1980-1995): ULUS-AŞIRILAŞAN ŞİDDET”. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), vol. 10, no. 18, 2018, pp. 29-42, doi:10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.428599.
Vancouver Yetim M. İRAN-HİZBULLAH İLİŞKİLERİ (1980-1995): ULUS-AŞIRILAŞAN ŞİDDET. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). 2018;10(18):29-42.