Araştırma Makalesi
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Indoctrination in the Disguise of Active Citizenship: An Analysis of Political Socialisation Process through Ideological Political Education in the Case of PYD

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 31, 457 - 473, 28.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1422861

Öz

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to examine the ideological political education process through the concept of political socialization for indicating how the Democratic Union Party (PYD), the Syrian affiliate of the terrorist organisation Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) indoctrinates the PKK ideology to the young people under its administration and how it creates ideological members for the continuation of its regime.
Design/Methodolgy: This research is mainly based on the textual analysis. In this regard, the PKK material in English, Western media outlets, pieces of think-tanks and reports of the PYD’s local bodies for the Public Relations and the existing literature over the education under the PYD-controlled areas were analysed.
Findings: Findings indicate that the PYD operationalises ideological political education through educational system, teachers, curriculum and textbooks in its language centres, academies, universities, primary and secondary schools to create ideological members who will be loyal to its regime. Findings also demonstrate that this type of political education is closely connected to the approach of Siegel’s (1965) concept of political socialization who perceives it as a process of creating active or well-functioning individuals for the continuation of political systems.
Limitations: The fact that the research is mainly based on the textual analysis. Conducting interviews with teachers in the region could have increased the reliability and decreased the limitations of this research. However, the PYD is the Syrian affiliate of the PKK and rightfully both are designated as a terrorist organisations by Türkiye and interacting with these people mean interacting with the elements of terrorism.
Originality/Value: Since this research conceptualises the indoctrination or ideological political education process in the context of the political socialization, it contributes to the role of education in the process of political socialization through a new case of the PYD.

Etik Beyan

In this study, no method requiring the permission of the “Ethics Committee” was used.

Kaynakça

  • Adwan, S., Bar-Tal, D., & Wexler, B. E. (2016). Portrayal of the other in Palestinian and Israeli schoolbooks: A comparative study. Political Psychology, 37(2), 201–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12227
  • Akın, Mahmut H. (2013). Siyasallığın Toplumsal İnşası: Siyasal Toplumsallaşma. Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Alkan, T. & Ergil, D. (1980). Siyaset Psikolojisi: Siyasal Toplumsallaşma ve Uzlaşma. Turhan Kitabevi.
  • Allsopp, H., and Wilgenburg, W. (2019). The Kurds of Northern Syria: Governance, Diversity and Conflicts. I.B. Tauris.
  • Allsopp, H. (2015). The Kurds of Syria. I.B. Tauris.
  • Althusser, L. (1971). Ideology and ideological state apparatuses. In Lenin and philosophy. NLB.
  • ANF News. (2012, October 27). PYD Co-Chair Asya Abdullah: A women Revolution. https://anfenglish.com/news/pyd-co-chair-asya-abdullah-a-women-revolution-6230
  • Bender, G. J. (1967). Political Socialization and Political Change. The Western Political Quarterly, 20(2), pp.390-407. https://doi.org/10.2307/445412
  • Bengio, O. (2020). Reclaiming National Identity in Kurdish School Textbooks. The Middle East Journal, 74(3), pp.359-378. https://doi.org/10.3751/74.3.11
  • Bookchin, M. (1991). Libertarian Municipalism: An Overview. The Anarchist Library. Accessed: 25 June 2018, http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/murray-bookchin-libertarian-municipalism-an-overview.pdf
  • Bookchin, M. (1990). The Meaning of Confederalism. The Anarchist Library. Accessed: 25 June 2018, http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/murray-bookchin-the-meaning-of-confederalism.pdf
  • Dennis, J. (1968). Major Problems of Political Socialization Research. Midwest Journal of Political Science, 12(1), pp.85-114. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110156
  • Dinç, P. (2020). The content of school textbooks in (nation) states and “stateless autonomies”: A comparison of Turkey and the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava). Nations and Nationalism, 26(4), 994-1014. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12608
  • Dursun, D. (2006). Siyaset Bilimi. Beta Yayınları.
  • Ehman, L. H. (1980). The American School in the Political Socialization Process. Review of Educational Research, 50(1), 99 – 119. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543050001099
  • Enzinna, W. (2015, 29 November). The Rojava Experiment. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html
  • Espinosa, E.B., & Ronan, A. (2022). Rojava’s ‘war of education’: the role of education in building a revolutionary political community in North and East Syria. Third World Quarterly, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2022.2115884
  • Foucault, M. (2003). Society must be defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76. Picador.
  • Fuchs, E., & Bock, A. (2018). The Palgrave handbook of textbook studies. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Gunter, M.M., (2014). Out of nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in peace and war. Oxford University Press.
  • Heywood, A. (2019). Politics. MacMillian International Higher Education. Fifth Edition.
  • Hyman, H. (1959). Political Socialization. Free Press.
  • Kaplan, İ. (2005). Türkiye’de Milli Eğitim İdeolojisi ve Siyasal Toplumsallaşma Üzerinde Etkisi. İletişim Yayınları.
  • Kaya, Z., & R. Lowe. (2017). The Curious Question of the PYD-PKK Relationship. G. Stanfield and M. Shareef, (Eds.) The Kurdish Question (Revisited), pp.275-87, Hurst & Company.
  • Knapp, M., Anja Flach and Ercan Ayboga., (2016). Revolution in Rojava: Democratic Autonomy and Women’s Liberation in Syrian Kurdistan. Pluto Press.
  • Kinghts, M. & Wilgenburg, W. (2021). Accidental Allies: The U.S. – Syrian Democratic Forces Partnership Against the Islamic State. I.B. Tauris.
  • KurdWatch (2011, 8 November). Turkey's henchmen in Syrian Kurdistan are responsible for the unrest here. http://www.kurdwatch.org/html/en/interview6.html
  • Nissenbaum, B. (2015, 5 September). U.S. Veterans Wage Personal War on ISIS ---Army Ranger, Marine join Kurds fighting Islamic State in Syria; guns supplied but no body armor. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-american-veterans-who-fight-isis-1441362601
  • Ocalan, A. (2016). Democratic Nation. International Initiative: Accessed: 5 July 2018, http://ocalanbooks.com/downloads/democratic-nation.pdf
  • Ocalan, A. (2011). Democratic Confederalism. International Initiative.
  • Otten, C. (2015, 8 September). Isis in Iraq: Young Kurds flock to PKK to take up arms against militants after becoming disillusioned with their government. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-in-iraq-young-kurds-flock-to-pkk-to-take-up-arms-against-militants-after-becoming-disillusioned-with-their-government-10492171.html
  • Ozkalp, E. (2005). Sosyolojiye Giriş. Ekin Kitabevi.
  • Palonsky, S. B. (1987). Political Socialization in Elementary Schools. The Elementary School Journal, 87(5), 492-505. https://doi.org/10.1086/461512
  • Rashid, B. M. (2018). Military and Security Structures of the Autonomous Administration in Syria. Special Report, Omran Centre for Strategic Studies. https://omranstudies.org/index.php/publications/reports/military-and-security-structures-of-the-autonomous-administration-in-syria.html
  • Review, (2017, 8 January). This is our war. I’m happy to die. The Sunday Telegraph. https://www.matt-blake.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Sunday-Telegraph_08-01-2017_Main_1st_p23.pdf
  • Rojava Information Centre (2022, September). Young and Promısıng: An Introductıon to The NES Unıversıty System. https://rojavainformationcenter.com/2022/09/young-and-promising-an-introduction-to-the-nes-university-system/
  • Savelsberg, E., & J. Tejel. (2013). The Syrian Kurds in “Transition to Somewhere.”M. M. Ahmed and M. M. Gunter, (Eds) The Kurdish Spring: Geopolitical Changes and the Kurds, pp.189-217, Mazda Publishers.
  • Sigel, R. (1965). Assumptions about Learning Political Values. The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science, (361), pp.1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271626536100101
  • Sly, L. (2017, 8 January). U.S. aid in Syria fuels ambitions of leftist kurds. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/us-military-aid-is-fueling-big-ambitions-for-syrias-leftist-kurdish-militia/2017/01/07/6e457866-c79f-11e6-acda-59924caa2450_story.html
  • Social Contract of Rojava. (2014). https://peaceinkurdistancampaign.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/english-version_sc_revised-060314.pdf
  • Tezcan, M. (2012). Sosyolojiye Giriş. Anı Yayınları.

Aktif Vatandaşlık Maskesi Altında Beyin Yıkama: İdeolojik Siyasal Eğitim Aracılığıyla Siyasal Toplumsallaşma Sürecinin Bir Analizi, PYD Örneği

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 31, 457 - 473, 28.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1422861

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, terör örgütü Kürdistan İşçi Partisi’nin (PKK) Suriye’deki uzantısı Demokratik Birlik Partisi’nin (PYD) ideolojik siyasal eğitim sürecini incelemek ve PYD’nin kendi yönetimi altında bulunan özellikle çocuk ve gençlere PKK ideolojisini nasıl aşılamaya çalıştığını ve bu yolla rejimini devam ettirecek ideolojik bireyleri nasıl ortaya çıkarmaya çalıştığını gözler önüne sermektir. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmış ve temel olarak metin analizi yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda PKK’ya ait İngilizce yazılı materyaller, Batılı medya kuruluşlarının haber kaynakları, çeşitli düşünce kuruluşları (think-tanks) tarafından hazırlanan raporlar, PYD’nin yerel propaganda mekanizmalarına ait raporlar ve PYD’nin eğitim sistemini inceleyen makalelerin analizleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonucunda bulgular PYD’nin PKK’ya ait ideolojik siyasal eğitimi kontrolü altındaki bölgelerde kurduğu dil merkezlerinde, akademilerde, üniversitelerde, ilköğretim ve liselerde eğitim sistemi, öğretmenler, müfredat ve kitaplar aracılığıyla vererek rejimine sadık bireyler ortaya çıkarmaya çalıştığını göstermektedir. Bulgular ayrıca PYD’nin bu türden bir ideolojik siyasal eğitiminin Roberta Siegel’in (1965) siyasal sistemlerin devamını sağlamak için aktif ve iyi yetişmiş bireyleri ortaya çıkarması gerektiğini ortaya koyan siyasal toplumsallaşma konseptiyle de yakından ilgili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırmanın sadece metin analizi sonucunda ortaya çıkması araştırmanın temel sınırlılığı olarak vurgulanabilir. Aslında bölgedeki eğitim veren kişilerle mülakat yapılması birincil verilerin toplanmasını sağlayacağından araştırmanın sınırlılıklarını azaltabilir ve güvenilirliğini arttırabilirdi. Fakat PYD’nin terör örgütü PKK’nın Suriye uzantısı olması ve haklı olarak Türkiye’nin iki örgütü de terör örgütü olarak görmesi, buradaki kişilerle girilmesi muthemel bir etkileşimi terörle etkileşimde bulunma ihtimalini ortaya çıkarması dolayısıyla ortadan kaldırmaktadır. Ayrıca çalışma PYD’nin bir beyin yıkama sürecine odaklanıp bu süreci İngilizce bir dille anlattığı için akademik dergilerin editörleri veya muhtemel hakemleri makalenin içeriğini değerlendirmekten kaçınabilmektedir. Bu da makalenin bazı ön yargılar kapsamında hemen reddedilmesine yol açmaktadır. Bu araştırma beyin yıkama ya da ideolojik siyasal eğitim sürecini siyasal toplumsallaşma kavramsal çerçevesinden değerlendirmektedir. Bu yolla eğitimin siyasal bireylerin ortaya çıkma (siyasal toplumsallaşma) sürecindeki rolünü yeni bir örnek olay aracılığıyla gözler önüne sererek, siyasal toplumsallaşma literatürüne katkı sunmaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmada “Etik Kurul” izni alınmasını gerektiren bir yöntem kullanılmamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Adwan, S., Bar-Tal, D., & Wexler, B. E. (2016). Portrayal of the other in Palestinian and Israeli schoolbooks: A comparative study. Political Psychology, 37(2), 201–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12227
  • Akın, Mahmut H. (2013). Siyasallığın Toplumsal İnşası: Siyasal Toplumsallaşma. Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Alkan, T. & Ergil, D. (1980). Siyaset Psikolojisi: Siyasal Toplumsallaşma ve Uzlaşma. Turhan Kitabevi.
  • Allsopp, H., and Wilgenburg, W. (2019). The Kurds of Northern Syria: Governance, Diversity and Conflicts. I.B. Tauris.
  • Allsopp, H. (2015). The Kurds of Syria. I.B. Tauris.
  • Althusser, L. (1971). Ideology and ideological state apparatuses. In Lenin and philosophy. NLB.
  • ANF News. (2012, October 27). PYD Co-Chair Asya Abdullah: A women Revolution. https://anfenglish.com/news/pyd-co-chair-asya-abdullah-a-women-revolution-6230
  • Bender, G. J. (1967). Political Socialization and Political Change. The Western Political Quarterly, 20(2), pp.390-407. https://doi.org/10.2307/445412
  • Bengio, O. (2020). Reclaiming National Identity in Kurdish School Textbooks. The Middle East Journal, 74(3), pp.359-378. https://doi.org/10.3751/74.3.11
  • Bookchin, M. (1991). Libertarian Municipalism: An Overview. The Anarchist Library. Accessed: 25 June 2018, http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/murray-bookchin-libertarian-municipalism-an-overview.pdf
  • Bookchin, M. (1990). The Meaning of Confederalism. The Anarchist Library. Accessed: 25 June 2018, http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/murray-bookchin-the-meaning-of-confederalism.pdf
  • Dennis, J. (1968). Major Problems of Political Socialization Research. Midwest Journal of Political Science, 12(1), pp.85-114. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110156
  • Dinç, P. (2020). The content of school textbooks in (nation) states and “stateless autonomies”: A comparison of Turkey and the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava). Nations and Nationalism, 26(4), 994-1014. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12608
  • Dursun, D. (2006). Siyaset Bilimi. Beta Yayınları.
  • Ehman, L. H. (1980). The American School in the Political Socialization Process. Review of Educational Research, 50(1), 99 – 119. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543050001099
  • Enzinna, W. (2015, 29 November). The Rojava Experiment. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html
  • Espinosa, E.B., & Ronan, A. (2022). Rojava’s ‘war of education’: the role of education in building a revolutionary political community in North and East Syria. Third World Quarterly, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2022.2115884
  • Foucault, M. (2003). Society must be defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76. Picador.
  • Fuchs, E., & Bock, A. (2018). The Palgrave handbook of textbook studies. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Gunter, M.M., (2014). Out of nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in peace and war. Oxford University Press.
  • Heywood, A. (2019). Politics. MacMillian International Higher Education. Fifth Edition.
  • Hyman, H. (1959). Political Socialization. Free Press.
  • Kaplan, İ. (2005). Türkiye’de Milli Eğitim İdeolojisi ve Siyasal Toplumsallaşma Üzerinde Etkisi. İletişim Yayınları.
  • Kaya, Z., & R. Lowe. (2017). The Curious Question of the PYD-PKK Relationship. G. Stanfield and M. Shareef, (Eds.) The Kurdish Question (Revisited), pp.275-87, Hurst & Company.
  • Knapp, M., Anja Flach and Ercan Ayboga., (2016). Revolution in Rojava: Democratic Autonomy and Women’s Liberation in Syrian Kurdistan. Pluto Press.
  • Kinghts, M. & Wilgenburg, W. (2021). Accidental Allies: The U.S. – Syrian Democratic Forces Partnership Against the Islamic State. I.B. Tauris.
  • KurdWatch (2011, 8 November). Turkey's henchmen in Syrian Kurdistan are responsible for the unrest here. http://www.kurdwatch.org/html/en/interview6.html
  • Nissenbaum, B. (2015, 5 September). U.S. Veterans Wage Personal War on ISIS ---Army Ranger, Marine join Kurds fighting Islamic State in Syria; guns supplied but no body armor. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-american-veterans-who-fight-isis-1441362601
  • Ocalan, A. (2016). Democratic Nation. International Initiative: Accessed: 5 July 2018, http://ocalanbooks.com/downloads/democratic-nation.pdf
  • Ocalan, A. (2011). Democratic Confederalism. International Initiative.
  • Otten, C. (2015, 8 September). Isis in Iraq: Young Kurds flock to PKK to take up arms against militants after becoming disillusioned with their government. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-in-iraq-young-kurds-flock-to-pkk-to-take-up-arms-against-militants-after-becoming-disillusioned-with-their-government-10492171.html
  • Ozkalp, E. (2005). Sosyolojiye Giriş. Ekin Kitabevi.
  • Palonsky, S. B. (1987). Political Socialization in Elementary Schools. The Elementary School Journal, 87(5), 492-505. https://doi.org/10.1086/461512
  • Rashid, B. M. (2018). Military and Security Structures of the Autonomous Administration in Syria. Special Report, Omran Centre for Strategic Studies. https://omranstudies.org/index.php/publications/reports/military-and-security-structures-of-the-autonomous-administration-in-syria.html
  • Review, (2017, 8 January). This is our war. I’m happy to die. The Sunday Telegraph. https://www.matt-blake.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Sunday-Telegraph_08-01-2017_Main_1st_p23.pdf
  • Rojava Information Centre (2022, September). Young and Promısıng: An Introductıon to The NES Unıversıty System. https://rojavainformationcenter.com/2022/09/young-and-promising-an-introduction-to-the-nes-university-system/
  • Savelsberg, E., & J. Tejel. (2013). The Syrian Kurds in “Transition to Somewhere.”M. M. Ahmed and M. M. Gunter, (Eds) The Kurdish Spring: Geopolitical Changes and the Kurds, pp.189-217, Mazda Publishers.
  • Sigel, R. (1965). Assumptions about Learning Political Values. The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science, (361), pp.1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271626536100101
  • Sly, L. (2017, 8 January). U.S. aid in Syria fuels ambitions of leftist kurds. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/us-military-aid-is-fueling-big-ambitions-for-syrias-leftist-kurdish-militia/2017/01/07/6e457866-c79f-11e6-acda-59924caa2450_story.html
  • Social Contract of Rojava. (2014). https://peaceinkurdistancampaign.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/english-version_sc_revised-060314.pdf
  • Tezcan, M. (2012). Sosyolojiye Giriş. Anı Yayınları.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası Siyaset
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

Turgay Demir 0000-0001-6526-0784

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Kasım 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 11 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 31

Kaynak Göster

APA Demir, T. (2024). Indoctrination in the Disguise of Active Citizenship: An Analysis of Political Socialisation Process through Ideological Political Education in the Case of PYD. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 16(31), 457-473. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1422861
AMA Demir T. Indoctrination in the Disguise of Active Citizenship: An Analysis of Political Socialisation Process through Ideological Political Education in the Case of PYD. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). Kasım 2024;16(31):457-473. doi:10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1422861
Chicago Demir, Turgay. “Indoctrination in the Disguise of Active Citizenship: An Analysis of Political Socialisation Process through Ideological Political Education in the Case of PYD”. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 16, sy. 31 (Kasım 2024): 457-73. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1422861.
EndNote Demir T (01 Kasım 2024) Indoctrination in the Disguise of Active Citizenship: An Analysis of Political Socialisation Process through Ideological Political Education in the Case of PYD. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 16 31 457–473.
IEEE T. Demir, “Indoctrination in the Disguise of Active Citizenship: An Analysis of Political Socialisation Process through Ideological Political Education in the Case of PYD”, Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), c. 16, sy. 31, ss. 457–473, 2024, doi: 10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1422861.
ISNAD Demir, Turgay. “Indoctrination in the Disguise of Active Citizenship: An Analysis of Political Socialisation Process through Ideological Political Education in the Case of PYD”. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 16/31 (Kasım 2024), 457-473. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1422861.
JAMA Demir T. Indoctrination in the Disguise of Active Citizenship: An Analysis of Political Socialisation Process through Ideological Political Education in the Case of PYD. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). 2024;16:457–473.
MLA Demir, Turgay. “Indoctrination in the Disguise of Active Citizenship: An Analysis of Political Socialisation Process through Ideological Political Education in the Case of PYD”. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), c. 16, sy. 31, 2024, ss. 457-73, doi:10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1422861.
Vancouver Demir T. Indoctrination in the Disguise of Active Citizenship: An Analysis of Political Socialisation Process through Ideological Political Education in the Case of PYD. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). 2024;16(31):457-73.