Postmaterialism and Altruism: A Cross-National Comparison

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 87 - 110, 30.06.2016

Volkan Yeniaras

Öz

Altruism is quintessential to human evolution. In this paper it is argued that cultural evolution has an impact on altruism. Using data from the sixth wave of World Values Survey we examined the mechanisms through which altruistic orientations may be affected at both side of the Atlantic. Employing the data that cover the United States and the members of the European Union, it was found that postmaterialism negatively affects altruism in Estonia, Sweden, and the United States. Reciprocity enhances postmaterialism-altruism association in Cyprus while buffering it in Poland. Furthermore, it was established that the importance assigned to an omniscient and omnipotent being enhances this association in the Netherlands, Poland, and the United States. The results also have some public policy implications regarding the adoption of pro-environmental behaviour.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Altruism, Reciprocity, Postmaterialism, Automomy, Religious Belief

Kaynakça

• Aiken, L.S. ve West, S. G. (1991), Multiple Regression: Testing and interpreting interactions: Sage.
• Atran, S. ve Norenzayan, A. (2004), “Religion's Evolutionary Landscape: Counterintuition, Commitment, Compassion, Communion”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, S. 27(6), s. 713-730.
• Bekkers, R. ve Wiepking, P. (2010), “A Literature Review of Empirical Studies of Philanthropy: Eight Mechanisms That Drive Charitable Giving”, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, S. 40(5), s. 1-50.
• Belk, R. W. (1984), “Three Scales to Measure Constructs Related to Materialism: Reliability, Validity, and Relationships to Measures of Happiness”, Advances in Consumer Research, S. 11(1), s. 291-297.
• Bell, D. (1976), The Coming of the Post-Industrial Society. Paper presented at The Educational Forum.
• Bering, J. M., McLeod, K. ve Shackelford, T. K. (2005), “Reasoning about Dead Agents Reveals Possible Adaptive Trends”, Human Nature, S. 16(4), s. 360-381.
• Bowles, S. ve Gintis, H. (2003), “Origins of Human Cooperation. In: Genetic and Cultural Evolution Of Cooperation”, ed. P. Hammerstein, s. 429–43. MIT Press
• Bowles, S. ve Gintis, H. (2004), “The Evolution of Strong Reciprocity: Cooperation in Heterogeneous Populations”, Theoretical Population Biology, S. 65(1), s.17-28.
• Boyd R. ve Richerson PJ. (2006), “Solving the Puzzle of Human Cooperation. In Evolution and Culture, ed. S Levinson”, S. 105–32. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
• Burnham, T. C. ve Hare, B. (2007), “Engineering Human Cooperation.”, Human Nature, S. 18(2), s. 88-108.
• Camerer, C. F. ve Fehr, E. (2006), “When Does" Economic Man" Dominate Social Behavior?”, Science, S. 311(5757), s. 47-52.
• Chaudhuri, A. (2011), “Sustaining Cooperation in Laboratory Public Goods Experiments: A Selective Survey of the Literature”, Experimental Economics, S. 14(1), s. 47-83.
• Clark, C. F., Kotchen, M. J. ve Moore, M. R. (2003), “Internal and External Influences on Pro-Environmental Behavior: Participation In A Green Electricity Program”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, S. 23(3), s. 237-246.
• Delener, N. (1994), “Religious Contrasts in Consumer Decision Behaviour Patterns: Their Dimensions And Marketing Implications”, European Journal of Marketing, S. 28(5), s. 36-53.
• Diekmann, A. (2004), “The Power Of Reciprocity Fairness, Reciprocity, and Stakes in Variants Of The Dictator Game”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, S. 48(4), s. 487-505.
• Efron, B. ve Tibshirani, R. J. (1994), An Introduction to the Bootstrap, CRC Press.
• Essoo, N. ve Dibb, S. (2004), “Religious Influences on Shopping Behaviour: An Exploratory Study”, Journal of Marketing Management, S. 20(7-8), s. 683-712.
• Fehr, E. ve Fischbacher, U. (2003), “The Nature of Human Altruism”, Nature, S. 425(6960), s. 785-791.
• Fehr, E. ve Gächter, S. (2000), “Fairness and Retaliation: The Economics of Reciprocity”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, S. 14(3), s. 159-181.
• Fehr, E., Gächter, S. ve Kirchsteiger, G. (1997), “Reciprocity as a Contract Enforcement Device: Experimental Evidence”, Journal of the Econometric Society, S. 65(4), s. 833-860.
• Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P. ve Barron, K. E. (2004), “Testing Moderator And Mediator Effects in Counseling Psychology Research”, Journal of Counseling Psychology, S. 51(1), s. 115.
• Fuchs, D. ve Klingemann, H.D. (1995), Citizens and the State: A Changing Relationship? In H.D. Klingemann & D. Fuchs (eds), Citizens and the State. New York: Oxford UniversityPress
• Gächter, S. ve Fehr, E. (1999), “Collective Action as a Social Exchange”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, S. 39(4), s. 341-369.
• Ger, G. ve Belk, R. W. (1996), “Cross-Cultural Differences in Materialism”, Journal of Economic Psychology, S. 17(1), s. 55-77.
• Gintis, H. (2000), “Strong Reciprocity and Human Sociality”, Journal of Theoretical Biology, S. 206(2), s. 169-179.
• Gintis, H., Bowles, S., Boyd, R. ve Fehr, E. (2003), “Explaining Altruistic Behavior in Humans”, Evolution and Human Behavior, 24(3), 153-172.
• Gouldner, A. W. (1960), “The norm of Reciprocity: A preliminary Statement”, American Sociological Review, S. 25(2), s. 161-178.
• Güth, W. ve Tietz, R. (1990), “Ultimatum Bargaining Behavior: A Survey and Comparison of Experimental Results”, Journal of Economic Psychology, S. 11(3), s. 417-449.
• Haley, K. J. ve Fessler, D. M. (2005), “Nobody's Watching?: Subtle Cues Affect in an Anonymous Economic Game”, Evolution and Human Behavior, S. 26(3), s. 245-256.
• Hamilton, W. D. (1964), “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour”, Journal of Theoretical Biology, S. 7(1), s. 1-16.
• Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Fehr, E., Gintis, H., et al. (2001), “In Search Of Homo Economicus: Behavioral Experiments In 15 Small-Scale Societies”, American Economic Review, S. 91(2), s.73-78.
• Hirschman, E. C. (1982), “Religious Differences in Cognitions Regarding Novelty Seeking And Information Transfer”, Advances in Consumer Research, S. (10), s. 228-233.
• Hu, L. ve Bentler, P. M. (1998), “Fit Indices in Covariance Structure Modeling: Sensitivity to Underparameterized Model Misspecification”, Psychological Methods , S. 3(4), s. 424.
• Huntington, S. P. (1996), The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Penguin Books.
• Inglehart, R. (1977), The Silent Revolution , Princeton, Princeton University Press.
• Inglehart, R. (1981), “Post-Materialism in an Environment of Insecurity”, The American Political Science Review, S. 75(4), s. 880-900.
• Inglehart, R. (1990), Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton University Press.
• Inglehart, R. (1997), Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change In 43 Societies , Cambridge University Press.
• Inglehart, R. ve Baker, W. E. (2000), “Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values”, American Sociological Review, S. 65(1), s. 19-51.
• Janmaat, J. G. ve Braun, R. (2009), “Diversity and Postmaterialism as Rival Perspectives in Accounting for Social Solidarity Evidence from International Surveys”, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, S. 50(1), s. 39-68.
• Kahneman, D. (2003), “A Perspective on Judgment and Choice: Mapping Bounded Rationality”, American Psychologist, S. 58(9), s. 697-720.
• Karacuka, M. ve Zaman, A. (2012), “The Empirical Evidence Against Neoclassical Utility Theory: A Review of the Literature”, International Journal of Pluralism and Economics Education, S. 3(4), s. 366-414.
• Kelloway, E. K. (1998), Using LISREL for Structural Equation Modeling: A Researcher's Guide: Sage.
• Kenny, D.A., Kaniskan, B. ve McCoach, D.B. (2014), “The Performance of RMSEA in Models with Small Degrees of Freedom”, Sociological Methods & Research, S. (24), s.1-22.
• Khraim, H. (2010), “Measuring Religiosity in Consumer Research from an Islamic Perspective”, Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, S. 26(1), s. 52-78.
• Markus, H. (1977), “Self-Schemata and Processing Information about the Self”, Journal of Personality and Social psychology, S. 35(2), s. 63-78.
• Mathur, A. (2013), “Materialism and Charitable Giving: Can They Co‐Exist?”, Journal of Consumer Behaviour, S. 12(3), s. 149-158.
• Milinski, M., Semmann, D. ve Krambeck, H. J. (2002), “Reputation Helps Solve the ‘Tragedy of the Commons”, Nature, S. 415(6870), s. 424-426.
• Ostrom, E. ve Walker, J. (2003), Trust and Reciprocity: Interdisciplinary Lessons for Experimental Research, Russell Sage Foundation.
• Preacher, K. J. ve Hayes, A. F. (2008), “Asymptotic and Resampling Strategies for Assessing And Comparing Indirect Effects In Multiple Mediator Models”, Behavior Research Methods, S. 40(3), s. 879-891.
• Reed, A., Aquino, K. ve Levy, E. (2007), “Moral Identity and Judgments of Charitable Behaviors”, Journal of Marketing, S. 71(1), s. 178-193.
• Scarbrough, E. (1995), “Materialist-Postmaterialist Value Orientations”, The Impact of Values, S. 4, s. 123-159.
• Schroeder, D. A., Steel, J. E., Woodell, A. J. ve Bembenek, A. F. (2003), “Justice within Social Dilemmas”, Personality and Social Psychology Review, S. 7(4), s. 374-387.
• Sethi, R. ve Somanathan, E. (2001), “Preference Evolution and Reciprocity”, Journal of Economic Theory, S. 97(2), s. 273-297.
• Shariff, A. F. ve Norenzayan, A. (2007), “God is Watching You Priming God Concepts Increases Prosocial Behavior in an Anonymous Economic Game”, Psychological Science, S. 18(9), s. 803-809.
• Shrout, P. E. ve Bolger, N. (2002), “Mediation in Experimental and Nonexperimental Studies: New Procedures and Recommendations”, Psychological Methods, S. 7(4), s. 422-445.
• Sigmund, K. (2007), “Punish or Perish? Retaliation and Collaboration Among Humans”, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, S. 22(11), s. 593-600.
• Sober, E. (2002), The ABCs of altruism. In: Post SG, Underwood LG, Schloss JP WB, editors, Altruism and Altruistic Love, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Sosis, R. ve Ruffle, B. J. (2004), “Ideology, Religion, and the Evolution of Cooperation: Field experiments on Israeli Kibbutzim”, Research in Economic Anthropology, S. 23, s. 89-117.
• Spier, F. (1996), The Structure of Big History from the Big Bang Until Today: Amsterdam University Press.
• Stern, P. C., Dietz, T. ve Kalof, L. (1993), “Value Orientations, Gender, And Environmental Concern”, Environment and Behavior, S. 25(5), s. 322-348.
• Strahilevitz, M. ve Myers, J. G. (1998), “Donations to Charity as Purchase Incentives: How Well They Work May Depend on what You Are Trying to Sell”, Journal of Consumer Research, S. 24(4), s. 434-446.
• Trivers, R. L. (1971), “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism”, Quarterly Review of Biology, S. 46(1), s. 35-57.
• Weber, M. ve Parsons, T. (1998), The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Roxbury Pub.
• White, K. ve Peloza, J. (2009), “Self-Benefit Versus Other-Benefit Marketing Appeals: Their Effectiveness in Generating Charitable Support”, Journal of Marketing, S. 73(4), s. 109-124.
• Williams, G. C. (1966), “Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thoughts”, New Jersey, Princeton
• Zhao, X., Lynch jr, J. G. ve Chen, Q. (2001), “Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and Truths about Mediation Analysis”, Journal of Consumer Research, S. 37(2), s. 197-206.