Romantik bağlanma ve çift uyumu arasındaki ilişkide duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ve reddedilme hassasiyetinin aracı rolü

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 142 - 156, 25.08.2022

Zahide Tepeli Temiz F. Işıl Bilican

https://doi.org/10.5455/kpd.26024438m000062

Abstract

Bağlanma kuramına göre gelişimin erken dönemindeki ilişkiler çerçevesinde hem duygu düzenlemeye ilişkin beceriler kazanılmakta hem de reddedilmeye karşı duyarlı bir örüntü gelişebilmektedir. Erken dönemdeki bu deneyimler aynı zamanda yetişkinlik dönemindeki bağlanma stilleri için de belirleyici bir etkiye sahiptir. Çiftler arasındaki uyumun şekillenmesinde ve sürdürülmesinde bağlanmanın önemli etkileri bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma çift uyumunu belirleyebileceği düşünülen bu değişkenlerin etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Çalışmanın bir diğer hedefi reddedilme hassasiyetinin ve duygu düzenlemenin aracılık etkilerinin incelenmesidir. Örneklem, İstanbul ilinde yaşayan 346 evli bireyden oluşmaktadır (Nkadın = 173, Nerkek = 173). Yol analizine ilişkin bulgular, romantik bağlanmanın kaçınma boyutunun ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün çift uyumunu negatif yönde yordadığını göstermektedir. Aracılık analizinin bulguları bağlanma kaygısındaki artışın duygu düzenleme güçlüğünü artırdığını ve bunun da çiftlerin arasındaki uyumu azalttığını göstermektedir. Duygu düzenleme güçlüğü, kaygılı bağlanma örüntüsü ile çift uyumu arasındaki ilişkide tam aracı etki göstermektedir. Bağlanmanın kaygı ve kaçınma boyutlarının reddedilme hassasiyetini artırdığı fakat reddedilme hassasiyetinin çift uyumu üzerinde doğrudan veya dolaylı bir etkisinin olmadığı görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak, çalışmanın bulguları bağlanma kuramını desteklemekte ve erken dönem oluşan yapıların yetişkinlikte romantik ilişkileri etkilemeye devam ettiğini göstermektedir. Bulgulardan hareketle, duyguları düzenlemeye yönelik terapötik müdahalelerin evli bireylerin ilişki kalitesine olumlu katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir.

Keywords

çift uyumu, romantik bağlanma, reddedilme hassasiyeti, duygu düzenleme, aracılık analizi

Mediating roles of emotion regulation difficulties and rejection sensitivity in the relation between romantic attachment and couple adjustment

Abstract

According to the attachment theory, relationships in early developmental stages provide a basis for emotion regulation skills and a pattern for rejection sensitivity. These early experiences also create a tendency for specific attachment styles in adulthood. Attachment shapes and maintains adjustment between couples. The current study aimed to examine the relationship between attachment, emotion regulation, and rejection sensitivity, which are thought to determine couple adjustment. Another aim was to investigate the mediating effects of rejection sensitivity and emotion dysregulation. The participants consist of 346 married individuals living in the city of Istanbul (Nfemale = 173, Nmale = 173). Findings regarding the path analysis show that the avoidance dimension of romantic attachment and the difficulty in emotion regulation negatively predicted the dyadic adjustment. The findings of the mediation analysis revealed an increase in attachment anxiety amplified the difficulty in emotion regulation and that decreased adjustment between the couples. Emotion regulation difficulty fully mediated the relationship between anxious attachment pattern and couple adjustment. Anxiety and avoidance dimensions of attachment were associated with increases in rejection sensitivity. However, rejection sensitivity did not have a direct or indirect effect on couple adjustment. In conclusion, the findings showed early structures continued to influence romantic relationships in adulthood. Based on the findings, therapeutic interventions to regulate emotions were expected to contribute positively relationship quality of couples.

Keywords

couple adjustment, romantic attachment, rejection sensitivity, emotion regulation, mediation analysis

References

• Ayduk, O., May, D., Downey, G. ve Higgins, E. T. (2003). Tactical differences in coping with rejection sensitivity: The role of prevention pride. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(4), 435-448.
• Ayduk, O., Mendoza-Denton, R., Mischel, W., Downey, G., Peake, P. K. ve Rodriguez, M. (2000). Regulating the interpersonal self: Strategic self-regulation for coping with rejection sensitivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 776-792.
• Bartholomew, K. ve Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226–244.
• Berenson, K. R., Gyurak A., Ayduk, O., Downey G., Garner, M. J., Mogg, K. Bradley, B. P. ve Pine, D. S. (2009). Rejection sensitivity and disruption of attention by social threat cues. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(6), 1064-1072.
• Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L-G. ve Gratz, K. (2016). Development and validation of a brief version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale: The DERS-16. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(2), 284-296.
• Bloch, L., Haase, C. M. ve Levenson, R. W. (2014). Emotion regulation predicts marital satisfaction: More than a wives’ tale. Emotion, 14(1), 130-144.
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Attachment (cilt I). Basic Books.
• Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. Separation anxiety and anger (cilt II). Basic Books.
• Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss. Loss sadness and depression (cilt III). Basic Books.
• Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base. parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books.
• Bozkuş, O. ve Araz, A. (2015). Narsisizm ve evlilik uyumu ilişkisinde reddedilme duyarlılığı ve olumlu yanılsamaların aracı rolü. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(6), 29-54.
• Brennan, K. A. ve Shaver, P. R. (1995). Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation, and romantic relationship functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(3), 267–283.
• Busby, D. M. Crane, D. R., Larson, J. H. ve Christensen, C. (1995). A revision of the DAS for use with distressed and nondistressed couples: Construct hierarchy and multidimensional scales. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 21(3), 289-308.
• Campbell, L., Simpson, J. A., Boldry, J. ve Kashy, D. A. (2005). Perceptions of conflict and support in romantic relationships: The role of attachment anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(3), 510–531.
• Caron, A., Lafontaine, M. F., Bureau, J. F., Levesque, C. ve Johnson, S. M. (2012). Comparisons of close relationships: An evaluation of relationship quality and patterns of attachment to parents, friends, and romantic partners in young adults. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 44(4), 245–256.
• Chung, M.S. (2014). Pathways between attachment and marital satisfaction: The mediating roles of rumination, empathy, and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 70, 246–251.
• Collins, N. L. ve Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644– 663.
• Conradi, H. J., Noordhof, A., Dingemanse, P., Barelds, D. P. ve Kamphuis, J. H. (2017). Actor and partner effects of attachment on relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction across the genders: An APIM approach. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 43(4), 700-716.
• Dandurand, C. ve Lafontaine, M. F. (2013). Intimacy and couple satisfaction: The moderating role of romantic attachment. International Journal of Psychological Stu-dies, 5(1), 74-90.
• Downey, G. ve Feldman, S. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327–1343.
• Downey, G., Feldman, S. ve Ayduk, O. (2000). Rejection sensitivity and male violence in romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 7(1), 45-61.
• Downey, G., Freitas, A. L., Michaelis, B. ve Khouri, H. (1998). The self-fulfilling prophecy in close relationships: Rejection sensitivity and rejection by romantic partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 545-560.
• Eğeci, I. S. ve Gençöz, T. (2006). Factors associated with relationship satisfaction: Importance of communication skills. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 28(3), 383–391.
• Enders, C. K. ve Bandalos, D. L. (2001). The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Structural equation modeling, 8(3), 430-457.
• Feeney, J. A. (1994). Attachment style, communication patterns and satisfaction across the life cycle of marriage. Personal Relationships, 1(4), 333–348.
• Feeney, J. A. (1998). Adult attachment and relationship centered anxiety: responses to physical and emotional distancing içinde J. A. Simpson ve W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment Theory and Close Relationships (ss. 189–217). Guilford.
• Feeney, J. A. (1999). Adult attachment, emotional control, and marital satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 6(2), 169–185.
• Feeney, J. A. ve Noller, P. (1990). Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 281–291.
• Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G. ve Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350–365.
• Frigon, J.-Y. ve Laurencelle, L. (1993). Analysis of covariance: A proposed algorithm. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53(1), 1–18. Fruzzetti, A. E. (1996). Causes and consequences: Individual distress in the context of couple interactions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1192–1201.
• Fruzzetti, A. E. (2006). The high-conflict couple: a dialectical behavior therapy guide to finding peace, intimacy, and validation. New Harbinger Publications.
• Galliher, R. V. ve Bentley, C. G. (2010). Links between rejection sensitivity and adolescent romantic relationship functioning: The mediating role of problem-solving behaviors. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 19(6), 603–623.
• Gillath, O., Karantzas, G. C. ve Fraley, R. C. (2016). Adult attachment: A concise introduction to theory and research. Academic Press.
• Gnazzo, A. ve Zavattini, G. C. (2017). Adult attachment continuous scores and emotion regulation as predictors of couple adjustment: A pilot study. International Attachment Conference. London.
• Gottman J. M. ve Levenson R. W. (1992). Marital processes predictive of later dissolution: Behavior, physiology, and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(2), 221–233.
• Gündoğdu, A. (2007). Relationships between self-construals and marital quality. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
• Haase, C. M. (2014). Emotion regulation in intimate relationships. Society for the Study of Behavioral Development, 38(3), 17-21.
• Hazan, C. ve Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524.
• Hazan, C. ve Shaver, P. R. (1990). Love and work: an attachment-theoretical perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(2), 270-280.
• Henry, N. J., Berg, C. A., Smith, T. W. ve Florsheim, P. (2007). Positive and negative characteristics of marital interaction and their association with marital satisfaction in middle-aged and older couples. Psychology and aging, 22(3), 428-441.
• Hoffman, P. D., Fruzzetti, A. E. ve Swenson, C. R. (1999). Dialectical behavior therapy-family skills training. Family Process, 38(4), 399–414.
• Jones, J. T. ve Cunningham, J. D. (1996). Attachment styles and other predictors of relationship satisfaction in dating couples. Personal Relationship, 3(4), 387-399.
• Khoshkam, S., Bahrami, F., Ahmadi, S.A., Fatehizade, M. ve Etemadi, O. (2012). Attachment style and rejection sensitivity: the mediating effect of self-esteem and worry among Iranian college students. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 8(3), 363-374.
• Kobak, R. R. ve Sceery, A. (1988). Attachment in late adolescence: Working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others. Child Development, 59(1), 135-146.
• Köse, A. G., Özen-Çiplak, A., Özgüle, E. T. ve Sümer, N. (2017). Reddedilme duyarlılığı ölçeğinin türkçeye uyarlanması. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 5(11), 382-403.
• Laucr, R. H. ve Lauer, J. C. (1997). Marriage and family: The quest for intimacy. Mc Graw Hill.
• Laurent, H. ve Powers, S. (2007). Emotion regulation in emerging adult couples: Temperament, attachment, and HPA response to conflict. Biological Psychology, 76(1-2), 61–71.
• Levenson, R. W., Carstensen, L. L. ve Gottman, J. M. (1994). Influence of age and gender on affect, physiology, and their interrelations: A study of long-term marriages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(1), 56–68
• Levenson, R. W., Haase, C. M., Bloch, L., Holley, S. R. ve Seider, H. (2014). Emotion regulation in couples. İçinde J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed., ss. 267–283). Guilford Press.
• Meyers, S. A. ve Landsberger, S. A. (2002). Direct and indirect pathways between adult attachment style and marital satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 9(2), 159–172.
• Mikulincer, M. ve Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood. Structure, dynamics, and change. The Guilford Press.
• Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., Cowan, P. A. ve Cowan, C. P. (2002). Attachment security in couple relationships: a systemic model and its implications for family dynamics. Family Process, 48(3), 405-434.
• Mikulincer, M. ve Florian, V. (1995). Appraisal of and coping with a real-life stressful situation: The contribution of attachment styles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(4), 406–414.
• Mitnick, D. M., Heyman, R. E., Malik, J. ve Slep, A. M. S. (2009). The differential association between change request qualities and resistance, problem resolution, and relationship satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(4), 464 –473.
• Noller, P. ve Feeney, J. A. (1994). Relationship satisfaction, attachment, and nonverbal accuracy in early marriage. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 18(3), 199-221.
• Norona, J. C. ve Welsh, D. P. (2016). Rejection sensitivity and relationship satisfaction in dating relationships: The mediating role of differentiation of self. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 5(2), 124–135.
• Oostendorp J. M. ve Chakhssi, F. (2017). Inpatient dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorders: Effect on symptoms, coping, attachment and quality of life. Tijdschrift Voor Psychiatrie, 59(12), 750-758.
• Özmen, O. ve Atik, G. (2010). Attachment styles and marital adjustment of Turkish married individuals. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 367–371.
• Pascuzzo, K., Cyr, C. ve Moss, E. (2013). Longitudinal association between adolescent attachment, adult romantic attachment, and emotion regulation strategies. Attachment and Human Development, 15(1), 83–103.
• Rick, J. L., Falconier, M. K. ve Wittenborn, A. K. (2017). Emotion regulation dimensions and relationship satisfaction in clinical couples. Personal Relationships, 24(4), 790–803.
• Sadikaj, G., Moskowitz, D. S. ve Zuroff, D. C. (2015). Felt security in daily interactions as a mediator of the effect of attachment on relationship satisfaction. European Journal of Personality, 29(2), 187–200.
• Selçuk, E., Günaydın, G., Sümer, N. ve Uysal, A. (2005). Yetişkin bağlanma boyutları için yeni bir ölçüm: Yakın ilişkilerde yaşantılar envanteri-II'nin türk örnekleminde psikometrik açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 8(16), 1-11.
• Shahid, H. ve Kazmi, S. F. (2016). Role of emotional regulation in marital satisfaction. International Journal for Social Studies, 2(4), 47-60.
• Simpson, J. A. (1990). Influence of attachment style on romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 971–980.
• Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S. ve Nelligan, J. S. (1992). Support seeking and support giving within couples in an anxiety-provoking situation: The role of attachment styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(3), 434.
• Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S. ve Phillips, D. (1996). Conflict in close relationships: An attachment perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(5), 899-914.
• Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38(1), 15-28.
• Stackert, R. A. ve Bursik, K. (2003). Why am I unsatisfied? Adult attachment style gendered irrational relationship beliefs, and young adult romantic relationship satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(8), 1419–1429.
• Sümer, N. ve Cozzarelli, C. (2004). The impact of adult attachment on partner and self-attributions and relation-ship quality. Personal Relationships, 11(3), 355–371.
• Şendil, G. ve Korkut, Y. (2008). Evli çiftlerdeki çift uyumu ve evlilik çatışmasının demografik özellikler açısından incelenmesi. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 28, 15-34.
• Tani, F., Pascuzzi, D. ve Raffagnino, R. (2015). Emotion regulation and quality of close relationship: The effects of emotion dysregulation processes on couple intimacy. BPA-Applied Psychology Bulletin, 63(272), 3-15.
• Tucker, J. S. ve Anders, S. L. (1999). Attachment style, interpersonal perception accuracy, and relationship satisfaction in dating couples. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(4), 403-412.
• Yiğit, İ. ve Guzey Yiğit, M. (2019). Psychometric properties of Turkish version of difficulties in emotion regulation scale-brief form (DERS-16). Current Psychology, 38, 1503-1511.