Gebelikte algılanan eş desteği ve depresyon, anksiyete ilişkisinde bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejilerinin aracı rolü
Year 2022,
Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 366 - 379, 26.12.2022
Betül Sağlam Topal
,
Burcu Uysal
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı gebelik döneminde kadınlarda algılanan eş desteği ve bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejilerinin depresyon, anksiyete düzeyleri ile olan ilişkisini incelemektir. Veriler elden ve çevrimiçi veri toplama yöntemleriyle toplanmıştır. Örneklemi, Türkiye’de yaşayan, evli, 18-43 yaş aralığında ve 4-42. haftalarında olan 256 gebe oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada katılımcılara, sosyodemografik ve gebeliğe dair bilgiler için Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Eş Destek Ölçeği (EDÖ), Bilişsel Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeği (BDDÖ), Edinburgh Doğum Sonrası Depresyon Ölçeği (EDSD), Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği (BAÖ) verilmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistikler, Pearson korelasyonu ve paralel aracılık analizleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgulara göre algılanan eş desteği ile depresyon ve anksiyete arasındaki ilişkilerde, bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejilerinin aracılık etkilerinin anlamlı olduğu görülmüştür. Algılanan eş desteği yüksek olan gebe kadınların bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejileri aracılığı ile depresyon ve anksiyete düzeylerinin düştüğü bulunmuştur. Bulgular ışığında algılanan eş desteğinin başa çıkma stratejilerini etkileyişinin gebe kadınların ruh sağlığını korumada önemli bir faktör oluşturduğu düşünülmektedir.
References
- Akbaş, E., Vırıt, O., Savaş, A. H. ve Sertbaş, G. (2008). Gebelikte sosyodemografik değişkenlerin kaygı ve depresyon düzeyleriyle ilişkisi. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi, 45(3), 85-91.
- Aktaş, S., Yeşilçiçek Çalık, K., Dinçkol, M., Kara, H., Budak, S. ve Güney, S. (2009). Gebelikte depresyon, depresyona etki eden faktörler ve gebelik depresyonu ile sosyal destek arasında ilişki. 9. Uludağ Jinekoloji ve Obstetri Kış Kongresi içinde (ss. 459-460). Bursa, Türkiye.
- Aldao, A. ve Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A transdiagnostic examination. Behaviour Research Therapy 48, 974-983.
- Altın Gök, E. (2018). Gebelerde kişilik özellikleri, stresli yaşam olayları ve sosyal destek ile depresyon ve anksiyete belirtileri arasındaki ilişki: Bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejilerinin aracı rolü (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Ankara.
- Arslan, B., Arslan, A., Kara, S., Öngel, K. ve Mungan, M. T. (2011). Gebelik anksiyete ve depresyonunda risk faktörleri: 452 olguda değerlendirme. Tepecik Eğitim Hastanesi Dergisi, 21(2), 79-84.
- Aydoğan, Ü., Mutlu, S., Akbulut, H., Taş, G., Aydoğdu, A. ve Sağlam K. (2012). Hipertansiyon hastalarında anksiyete bozukluğu. Konuralp Tıp Dergisi, 2012(2), 1-5.
- Beck, A. T. ve Steer, R. A. (1988). Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Überblick über Reliabilitäts-und Validitätsbefunde von klinischen und außerklinischen Selbst-und Fremdbeurteilungsverfahren, 7.
- Bergink, V., Kooistra, L., Lambregtse-van den Berg, M. P., Wijnen, H., Bunevicius, R., Van Baar, A. ve Pop, V. (2011). Validation of the Edinburgh Depression Scale during pregnancy. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 70(4), 385-389.
- Berthelot, N., Lemieux, R., Garon‐Bissonnette, J., Drouin‐Maziade, C., Martel, É. ve Maziade, M. (2020). Uptrend in distress and psychiatric symptomatology in pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 99(7), 848-855.
- Bowen, A. ve Muhajarine, N. (2006). Antenatal depression. Canadian Nurse, 102(9), 26-30.
- Bödecs, T., Horváth, B., Kovács, L., Diffellné Németh, M. ve Sándor, J. (2009). Prevalence of depression and anxiety in early pregnancy on a population based Hungarian sample. Orvosi Hetilap, 150(41), 1888-1893.
- Bruggink, A., Huisman, S., Vuijk, R., Kraaij, V. ve Garnefski, N. (2016). Cognitive emotion regulation, anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 22, 34-44.
- Capron, L. E., Glover, V., Pearson, R. M., Evans, J., O’Connor, T. G., Stein, A. ve Ramchandani, P. G. (2015). Associations of maternal and paternal antenatal mood with offspring anxiety disorder at age 18 years. Journal of Affective Disorders, 187, 20-26.
- Carter, D. ve Kostaras, X. (2005). Psychiatric disorders in pregnancy. British Columbia Medical Journal, 47(2), 96.
- Cheng, E. R., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Perkins, M. E., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Gillman, M. W., Wright, R. ve Taveras, E. M. (2016). The influence of antenatal partner support on pregnancy outcomes. Journal of Women's Health, 25(7), 672-679.
- Cohen, S. ve Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357.
- Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M. ve Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 150(6), 782-786.
- Çalık, K. Y. ve Aktaş, S. (2011). Gebelikte depresyon: Sıklık, risk faktörleri ve tedavisi. Psikiyatrik Güncel Yaklasımlar, 3, 142-162.
- Da Costa, D., Larouche, J., Dritsa, M. ve Brender, W. (1999). Variations in stress levels over the course of pregnancy: Factors associated with elevated hassles, state anxiety and pregnancy-specific stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 47(6), 609-621.
- Doğru, H. Y., Özsoy, A. Z., Gözdemir E., Gülücü S., Demirtürk, F., (2015). İlk trimestrda depresyon ve anksiyetenin değerlendirilmesi. Medeniyet Medical Journal 30(4), 153-158.
- Duman, N. B. ve Kocak, C. (2013). The effect of social support on state anxiety levels during pregnancy. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 41(7), 1153-1163.
- Dunkel Schetter, C. (2011). Psychological science on pregnancy: Stress processes, biopsychosocial models, and emerging research issues. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 531-558.
- Elsenbruch, S., Benson, S., Rücke, M., Rose, M., Dudenhausen, J., Pincus-Knackstedt, M. K., Klapp, B. F. ve Arck, P. C. (2007). Social support during pregnancy: Effects on maternal depressive symptoms, smoking and pregnancy outcome. Human Reproduction, 22(3), 869-877.
- Engindeniz, A. N., Kuey, L. ve Kultur, S. (1996). Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale Turkish version validity and reliability study. Bahar Sempozyumlarւ, Psikiyatri Derneǧi Yayւnlarւ, Ankara, 1, 51-52.
- Fawcett, E. J., Fairbrother, N., Cox, M. L., White, I. R. ve Fawcett, J. M. (2019). The prevalence of anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period: A multivariate Bayesian meta-analysis. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 80(4), 18r12527.
- Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V. ve Spinhoven, Ph. (2002b). Manual for the use of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. DATEC.
- Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V. ve van Etten, M. (2005). Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Journal of Adolescence, 28(5), 619-631.
- Garnefski, N., ve Kraaij, V. (2006). Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1659-1669.
- Gellert, P., Häusler, A., Suhr, R., Gholami, M., Rapp, M., Kuhlmey, A., ve Nordheim, J. (2018). Testing the stress-buffering hypothesis of social support in couples coping with early-stage dementia. PloS one, 13(1), e0189849.
- George, D. ve Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
- Gürbüz, S. ve Bayık, M. E. (2019). Motivasyon, deneyime açıklık ve örgütsel bağlılık: Değişime ilişkin tutumların aracılık rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 34, 4-25.
- Hetherington, E., Doktorchik, C., Premji, S. S., McDonald, S. W., Tough, S. C. ve Sauve, R. S. (2015). Preterm birth and social support during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 29(6), 523-535.
- Huang, Y. ve Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry research, 288, 112954.
- Karaçam, Z. ve Ançel, G. (2009). Depression, anxiety and influencing factors in pregnancy: A study in a Turkish population. Midwifery, 25(4), 344-356.
- Kawachi, I. ve Berkman, L. F. (2001). Social ties and mental health. Journal of Urban Health, 78(3), 458-467.
- Krohne, H. W. (2002). Stress and coping theories. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sceinces, 22, 15163-15170.
- Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press on Demand.
- Martin, R. C. ve Dahlen, E. R. (2005). Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression, anxiety, stress, and anger. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(7), 1249-1260.
- O'Hara, M. W. (1986). Social support, life events, and depression during pregnancy and the puerperium. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43(6), 569-573.
- Onat, O. ve Otrar, M. (2010). Bilişsel Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. M.Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 31, 123-143.
- Park, H., Sundaram, R., Gilman, S. E., Bell, G., Louis, G. M. ve Yeung, E. H. (2017). Timing of maternal depression and sex-specific child growth, the Upstate KIDS Study. Obesity, 26(1), 160-166.
- Preacher, K. J. ve Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891.
- Raskin, M., Easterbrooks, M. A., Lamoreau, R. S., Kotake, C., ve Goldberg, J. (2016). Depression trajectories of antenatally depressed and nondepressed young mothers: Implications for child socioemotional development. Womens Health Issues, 26(3), 344-350.
- Rini C., Dunkel Schetter C., Hobel C. J., Glynn L. M. ve Sandman C. A. (2006). Effective social support: Antecedents and consequences of partner support during pregnancy. Personal Relationships, 13(2), 207-229.
- Schwarzer, R. ve Knoll, N. (2007). Functional roles of social support within the stress and coping process: A theoretical and empirical overview. International Journal of Psychology, 42(4), 243-252.
- Schwarzer, R. ve Leppin, A. (1989). Social support and health: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Health, 3(1), 1-15.
- Sjöström, H., Langius-Eklöf, A. ve Hjertberg, R. (2004). Well-being and sense of coherence during pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 83(12), 1112-1118.
- Senturk, V., Abas, M., Berksun, O. ve Stewart, R. (2011). Social support and antenatal depression in extended and nuclear family environments in Turkey: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Psychiatry, 11(1), 48.
- Uchino, B. N. (2004). Social support and physical health: Understanding the health consequences of relationships. Yale University Press.
- Ulusoy M, Şahin N. ve Erkmen H. (1998). Turkish version of Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric Properties. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quaterly, 12(2), 163-72.
- Virit, O., Akbaş, E., Savaş, H. A., Sertbaş, G. ve Kandemir, H. (2008). Gebelikte depresyon ve kaygı düzeylerinin sosyal destek ile ilişkisi. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi, 45(1), 9-13.
- Wu, Y., Lu, Y. C., Jacobs, M., Pradhan, S., Kapse, K., Zhao, L. Niforatos-Andescavage, N., Vezina, G., du Plessis, A. J. ve Limperopoulos, C. (2020). Association of prenatal maternal psychological distress with fetal brain growth, metabolism, and cortical maturation. JAMA Network Open, 3(1), e1919940-e1919940.
- Xie, R. H., He, G., Koszycki, D., Walker, M. ve Wen, S. W. (2009). Prenatal social support, postnatal social support, and postpartum depression. Annals of Epidemiology, 19(9), 637-643.
- Yıldırım, İ. (2004). Eş Destek Ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(22), 19-26.
- Yonkers, K. A., Ramin, S. M., Rush, A. J., Navarrete, C. A., Carmody, T., March, D., Heartwell, S. F. ve Leveno, K. J. (2001). Onset and persistence of postpartum depression in an inner-city maternal health clinic system. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(11), 1856-1863.
- Zhao, X., Lynch Jr, J. G. ve Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197-206.
The mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between perceived partner support and depression, anxiety during pregnancy
Year 2022,
Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 366 - 379, 26.12.2022
Betül Sağlam Topal
,
Burcu Uysal
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived partner support and cognitive emotion regulation strategies with depression and anxiety levels in women during pregnancy. Data were collected by paper-pencil and online data collection methods. Participants consisted of 256 pregnant women who were in their gestational 4-42, living in Turkey, married, and between the ages of 18-43. In the study, Personal Information Form for sociodemographic information, Partner Support Scale (EDÖ), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale (CERS), Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), Beck Anxiety Scale (BAI) were given to the participants. According to the findings, the mediation effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategies were found to be significant in the relationships between perceived partner support and depression and anxiety. Pregnant women with high partner support were found to have low depression and anxiety levels with the mediator effect of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. In the light of the findings, it was thought that the effect of perceived partner support on coping strategies was an important factor in protecting the mental health of pregnant women.
References
- Akbaş, E., Vırıt, O., Savaş, A. H. ve Sertbaş, G. (2008). Gebelikte sosyodemografik değişkenlerin kaygı ve depresyon düzeyleriyle ilişkisi. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi, 45(3), 85-91.
- Aktaş, S., Yeşilçiçek Çalık, K., Dinçkol, M., Kara, H., Budak, S. ve Güney, S. (2009). Gebelikte depresyon, depresyona etki eden faktörler ve gebelik depresyonu ile sosyal destek arasında ilişki. 9. Uludağ Jinekoloji ve Obstetri Kış Kongresi içinde (ss. 459-460). Bursa, Türkiye.
- Aldao, A. ve Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A transdiagnostic examination. Behaviour Research Therapy 48, 974-983.
- Altın Gök, E. (2018). Gebelerde kişilik özellikleri, stresli yaşam olayları ve sosyal destek ile depresyon ve anksiyete belirtileri arasındaki ilişki: Bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejilerinin aracı rolü (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Ankara.
- Arslan, B., Arslan, A., Kara, S., Öngel, K. ve Mungan, M. T. (2011). Gebelik anksiyete ve depresyonunda risk faktörleri: 452 olguda değerlendirme. Tepecik Eğitim Hastanesi Dergisi, 21(2), 79-84.
- Aydoğan, Ü., Mutlu, S., Akbulut, H., Taş, G., Aydoğdu, A. ve Sağlam K. (2012). Hipertansiyon hastalarında anksiyete bozukluğu. Konuralp Tıp Dergisi, 2012(2), 1-5.
- Beck, A. T. ve Steer, R. A. (1988). Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Überblick über Reliabilitäts-und Validitätsbefunde von klinischen und außerklinischen Selbst-und Fremdbeurteilungsverfahren, 7.
- Bergink, V., Kooistra, L., Lambregtse-van den Berg, M. P., Wijnen, H., Bunevicius, R., Van Baar, A. ve Pop, V. (2011). Validation of the Edinburgh Depression Scale during pregnancy. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 70(4), 385-389.
- Berthelot, N., Lemieux, R., Garon‐Bissonnette, J., Drouin‐Maziade, C., Martel, É. ve Maziade, M. (2020). Uptrend in distress and psychiatric symptomatology in pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 99(7), 848-855.
- Bowen, A. ve Muhajarine, N. (2006). Antenatal depression. Canadian Nurse, 102(9), 26-30.
- Bödecs, T., Horváth, B., Kovács, L., Diffellné Németh, M. ve Sándor, J. (2009). Prevalence of depression and anxiety in early pregnancy on a population based Hungarian sample. Orvosi Hetilap, 150(41), 1888-1893.
- Bruggink, A., Huisman, S., Vuijk, R., Kraaij, V. ve Garnefski, N. (2016). Cognitive emotion regulation, anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 22, 34-44.
- Capron, L. E., Glover, V., Pearson, R. M., Evans, J., O’Connor, T. G., Stein, A. ve Ramchandani, P. G. (2015). Associations of maternal and paternal antenatal mood with offspring anxiety disorder at age 18 years. Journal of Affective Disorders, 187, 20-26.
- Carter, D. ve Kostaras, X. (2005). Psychiatric disorders in pregnancy. British Columbia Medical Journal, 47(2), 96.
- Cheng, E. R., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Perkins, M. E., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Gillman, M. W., Wright, R. ve Taveras, E. M. (2016). The influence of antenatal partner support on pregnancy outcomes. Journal of Women's Health, 25(7), 672-679.
- Cohen, S. ve Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357.
- Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M. ve Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 150(6), 782-786.
- Çalık, K. Y. ve Aktaş, S. (2011). Gebelikte depresyon: Sıklık, risk faktörleri ve tedavisi. Psikiyatrik Güncel Yaklasımlar, 3, 142-162.
- Da Costa, D., Larouche, J., Dritsa, M. ve Brender, W. (1999). Variations in stress levels over the course of pregnancy: Factors associated with elevated hassles, state anxiety and pregnancy-specific stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 47(6), 609-621.
- Doğru, H. Y., Özsoy, A. Z., Gözdemir E., Gülücü S., Demirtürk, F., (2015). İlk trimestrda depresyon ve anksiyetenin değerlendirilmesi. Medeniyet Medical Journal 30(4), 153-158.
- Duman, N. B. ve Kocak, C. (2013). The effect of social support on state anxiety levels during pregnancy. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 41(7), 1153-1163.
- Dunkel Schetter, C. (2011). Psychological science on pregnancy: Stress processes, biopsychosocial models, and emerging research issues. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 531-558.
- Elsenbruch, S., Benson, S., Rücke, M., Rose, M., Dudenhausen, J., Pincus-Knackstedt, M. K., Klapp, B. F. ve Arck, P. C. (2007). Social support during pregnancy: Effects on maternal depressive symptoms, smoking and pregnancy outcome. Human Reproduction, 22(3), 869-877.
- Engindeniz, A. N., Kuey, L. ve Kultur, S. (1996). Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale Turkish version validity and reliability study. Bahar Sempozyumlarւ, Psikiyatri Derneǧi Yayւnlarւ, Ankara, 1, 51-52.
- Fawcett, E. J., Fairbrother, N., Cox, M. L., White, I. R. ve Fawcett, J. M. (2019). The prevalence of anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period: A multivariate Bayesian meta-analysis. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 80(4), 18r12527.
- Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V. ve Spinhoven, Ph. (2002b). Manual for the use of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. DATEC.
- Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V. ve van Etten, M. (2005). Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Journal of Adolescence, 28(5), 619-631.
- Garnefski, N., ve Kraaij, V. (2006). Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1659-1669.
- Gellert, P., Häusler, A., Suhr, R., Gholami, M., Rapp, M., Kuhlmey, A., ve Nordheim, J. (2018). Testing the stress-buffering hypothesis of social support in couples coping with early-stage dementia. PloS one, 13(1), e0189849.
- George, D. ve Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
- Gürbüz, S. ve Bayık, M. E. (2019). Motivasyon, deneyime açıklık ve örgütsel bağlılık: Değişime ilişkin tutumların aracılık rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 34, 4-25.
- Hetherington, E., Doktorchik, C., Premji, S. S., McDonald, S. W., Tough, S. C. ve Sauve, R. S. (2015). Preterm birth and social support during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 29(6), 523-535.
- Huang, Y. ve Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry research, 288, 112954.
- Karaçam, Z. ve Ançel, G. (2009). Depression, anxiety and influencing factors in pregnancy: A study in a Turkish population. Midwifery, 25(4), 344-356.
- Kawachi, I. ve Berkman, L. F. (2001). Social ties and mental health. Journal of Urban Health, 78(3), 458-467.
- Krohne, H. W. (2002). Stress and coping theories. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sceinces, 22, 15163-15170.
- Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press on Demand.
- Martin, R. C. ve Dahlen, E. R. (2005). Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression, anxiety, stress, and anger. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(7), 1249-1260.
- O'Hara, M. W. (1986). Social support, life events, and depression during pregnancy and the puerperium. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43(6), 569-573.
- Onat, O. ve Otrar, M. (2010). Bilişsel Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. M.Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 31, 123-143.
- Park, H., Sundaram, R., Gilman, S. E., Bell, G., Louis, G. M. ve Yeung, E. H. (2017). Timing of maternal depression and sex-specific child growth, the Upstate KIDS Study. Obesity, 26(1), 160-166.
- Preacher, K. J. ve Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891.
- Raskin, M., Easterbrooks, M. A., Lamoreau, R. S., Kotake, C., ve Goldberg, J. (2016). Depression trajectories of antenatally depressed and nondepressed young mothers: Implications for child socioemotional development. Womens Health Issues, 26(3), 344-350.
- Rini C., Dunkel Schetter C., Hobel C. J., Glynn L. M. ve Sandman C. A. (2006). Effective social support: Antecedents and consequences of partner support during pregnancy. Personal Relationships, 13(2), 207-229.
- Schwarzer, R. ve Knoll, N. (2007). Functional roles of social support within the stress and coping process: A theoretical and empirical overview. International Journal of Psychology, 42(4), 243-252.
- Schwarzer, R. ve Leppin, A. (1989). Social support and health: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Health, 3(1), 1-15.
- Sjöström, H., Langius-Eklöf, A. ve Hjertberg, R. (2004). Well-being and sense of coherence during pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 83(12), 1112-1118.
- Senturk, V., Abas, M., Berksun, O. ve Stewart, R. (2011). Social support and antenatal depression in extended and nuclear family environments in Turkey: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Psychiatry, 11(1), 48.
- Uchino, B. N. (2004). Social support and physical health: Understanding the health consequences of relationships. Yale University Press.
- Ulusoy M, Şahin N. ve Erkmen H. (1998). Turkish version of Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric Properties. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quaterly, 12(2), 163-72.
- Virit, O., Akbaş, E., Savaş, H. A., Sertbaş, G. ve Kandemir, H. (2008). Gebelikte depresyon ve kaygı düzeylerinin sosyal destek ile ilişkisi. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi, 45(1), 9-13.
- Wu, Y., Lu, Y. C., Jacobs, M., Pradhan, S., Kapse, K., Zhao, L. Niforatos-Andescavage, N., Vezina, G., du Plessis, A. J. ve Limperopoulos, C. (2020). Association of prenatal maternal psychological distress with fetal brain growth, metabolism, and cortical maturation. JAMA Network Open, 3(1), e1919940-e1919940.
- Xie, R. H., He, G., Koszycki, D., Walker, M. ve Wen, S. W. (2009). Prenatal social support, postnatal social support, and postpartum depression. Annals of Epidemiology, 19(9), 637-643.
- Yıldırım, İ. (2004). Eş Destek Ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(22), 19-26.
- Yonkers, K. A., Ramin, S. M., Rush, A. J., Navarrete, C. A., Carmody, T., March, D., Heartwell, S. F. ve Leveno, K. J. (2001). Onset and persistence of postpartum depression in an inner-city maternal health clinic system. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(11), 1856-1863.
- Zhao, X., Lynch Jr, J. G. ve Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197-206.