Validity and reliability of the Turkish Teenage Executive Functioning Inventory

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 417 - 427, 25.12.2023

Berçem Yar , Resul Çakır

https://doi.org/10.57127/kpd.26024438.1274724

Abstract

The Teenage Executive Functioning Inventory (TEXI) is a widely used instrument to measure teenage executive function. The present study was aimed to examine the psychometric properties of a Turkish version of the TEXI (TEXI-TR). For this purpose, a total of 387 participants between the ages of 12 and 17, 226 (58%) females and 161 (42%) males, were recruited. Besides the TEXI, the Conners-Wells Adolescent Self-Report Scale (CASS-S), the Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS) and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) were completed by the participants. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that the goodness-of-fit indices for the TEXI-TR were at an acceptable level (χ2(165, N = 387) = 386.038, χ2/sd = 2.340, RMSEA = 0.059, CFI = 0.90) and the factor structure consisted of two factors (inhibition and working memory) as in the original scale. The scale had a positive relationship with CASS-S (r = .65, p < .01), BIS (r = .61, p < .01), and a negative relationship with CFS (r = -.56, p < .01). Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of the TEXI-TR subscales were .79 and .83 for the inhibition and the working memory sub-scale, respectively. The findings of the current study revealed that the TEXI-TR can be used as a valid and reliable instrument to measure teenage executive function.

Keywords

executive functioning, adolescent, validity, reliability

Ethical Statement

Toros University, Institute of Social Sciences Ethics Committee (dated 10.12.2021 and decision number 115) approved that this study complies with ethical principles.

Ergen Yürütücü İşlevler Envanterinin Türkçe formunun psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi

Abstract

Ergen Yürütücü İşlevler Envanteri (EYİE), ergenlerin yürütücü işlevlerini değerlendirmede yaygın olarak kullanılan bir değerlendirme aracıdır. Bu çalışmada, Ergen Yürütücü İşlevler Envanterinin Türkçe formunun (EYİE-TR) psikometrik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla 12-17 yaş arasında 226 (%58) kadın ve 161 (%42) erkek olmak üzere toplam 387 kişi çalışmaya katılmıştır. Katılımcılar, EYİE-TR’nin yanı sıra Conners-Wells Ergen Öz-bildirim Ölçeği (C-WEÖÖ-K), Bilişsel Esneklik Ölçeği (BEÖ) ve Barratt Dürtüsellik Ölçeğini (BDÖ-11) yanıtlamışlardır. Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) sonuçları uyum iyiliği indekslerinin kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğunu (χ2(165, N = 387) = 386.038, χ2/sd = 2.340, RMSEA= 0.059, CFI = 0.90) ve Türkçe formun orijinal ölçekte olduğu gibi iki faktörlü (ketleme ve çalışma belleği) yapıdan oluştuğunu göstermiştir. EYİE-TR’nin C-WEÖÖ-K (r = .65, p < .01) ve BDÖ-11 (r = .61, p < .01) ile pozitif yönde; BEÖ (r = -.56, p < .01) ile negatif yönde anlamlı ilişkisi olduğu belirlenmiştir. EYİE-TR’nin Cronbach alfa değerleri ketleme ve çalışma belleği alt boyutları için sırası ile .79 ve. 83 olarak belirlenmiştir. Mevcut araştırma sonuçları EYİE-TR’nin ergen yürütücü işlevlerini değerlendirmede geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu göstermektedir.

Keywords

yürütücü işlevler, ergenlik, geçerlik, güvenirlik

Ethical Statement

Toros Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Etik Kurulu (10.12.2021 tarih ve 115 karar sayılı) bu çalışmanın etik ilkelere uygun olduğunu onaylamıştır.

References

• Baddeley, A. (2010). Working memory. Current Biology, 20(4), 136-140.
• Baddeley, A. ve De Salla, S. (1996). Working memory and executuive control. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 351(1346), 1397-1404.
• Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 65-94.
• Barkley, R. A. (2012). Barkley deficits in executive functioning scale-children and adolescents (BDEFS-CA). Guilford Press.
• Batan, S. N., Öktem-Tanör, Ö. ve Kalem, E. (2011). Reliability and validity studies of Behavioral Rating of Executive Function (BRIEF) in a Turkish normative sample. Elementary Education Online, 10(3), 894-904.
• Benavides-Nieto, A., Romero-López, M., Quesada-Conde, A. B. ve Corredor, G. A. (2017). Basic executive functions in early childhood education and their relationship with social competence. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 237, 471-447.
• Best, J. R., Miller, P. H. ve Jones, L. L. (2009). Executive functions after age 5: Changes and correlates. Developmental Review, 29, 180-200.
• Borkowski, J. G. ve Burke, J. E. (1996). Attention, memory, and executive function. G. R. Lyon ve N. A. Krasnegor (Ed.) Theories, models, and measurements of executive functioning: An information processing perspective içinde (s. 235-261). Paul H. Brookes Publishing.
• Broadbent, D. E. (2013). Perception and communication. Oxford University Press.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2020). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (28. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
• Chevalier, N., Sheffield, T. D., Nelson, J. M., Clark, C. A., Wiebe, S. A. ve Espy, K. A. (2012). Underpinnings of the costs of flexibility in preschool children: The roles of inhibition and working memory. Developmental Neuropsychology, 37(2), 99-118.
• Conners, C. K., Wells, K. C., Parker, J. D., Sitarenios, G., Diamond, J. M. ve Powell, J. W. (1997). A new self-report scale for assessment of adolescent psychopathology: Factor structure, reliability, validity, and diagnostic sensitivity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25(6), 487-497.
• Çelikkaleli, Ö. (2014). Bilişsel Esneklik Ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39(176), 342-343.
• Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 135-168.
• Doebel, S. (2020). Rethinking executive function and its development. Perspective on Psychological Science, 15(4), 942-956.
• Erdoğan-Bakar, E., Isik-Taner, Y., Soysal, A. Ş., Karakaş,S. ve Turgay, A. (2011). Behavioral Rating Inventory and labaratory tests measure different aspects of executive functioning in boys: A validity study. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21(4), 302-316.
• Eylen, L. V., Boets, B., Steyaert, J., Wagemans, J. ve Noens, I. (2015). Executive functioning in autism spectrum disorders: Influence of task and sample characteristics and relation to symptom severity. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24, 1399-1417.
• Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C. ve Kenworthy, L. (2015). Behavior rating inventory of executive function, second edition (BRIEF2). Psychological Assessment Resources.
• Goldberg, E. ve Podell, K. (2000). Adaptive decision making, ecological validity and the frontal lobes. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 22(1), 56-68.
• Goldstein, S., Naglieri, J. A., Princiotta, D. ve Otero, T. M. (2014). Introduction: A history of executive functioning as a theoretical and clinical construct. Handbook of Executive Functioning, 3-12.
• Granvald, V. ve Marciszko, C. (2015). Relations between key executive functions and aggression in childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 22(5), 537-555.
• Güleç, H., Tamam, L., Yazıcı-Güleç, M., Turhan, M., Karakuş, G., Zengin, M. ve Stanford, M. S. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11. Klinik Farmakoloji Bülteni, 18(4), 251-258.
• Heaton R. K. (1981). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.
• Hirst, R. B., Beard, C. L., Colby, K. A., Quittner, Z., Mills, B. ve Lavender, J. M. (2017). Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A meta-analysis of executive functioning. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 83, 678-690.
• Hoe, S. L. (2008). Issues and procedures in adopting structural equation modelling technique. Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods, 3(1), 76-83.
• Holst, Y. ve Thorell, L.B. (2017). Adult Executive Functioning Inventory (ADEXI): Validity, reliability and relations to ADHD. Psychiatric Research, 27(1), e1567.
• Huizinga, M., Dolan, C. V. ve van der Molen, M. W. (2006). Age related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variables analysis. Neuropsychologia, 44(11), 2017-2036.
• Kaner, S., Büyüköztürk, Ş. ve İşeri, E. (2012). Conners-Wells Öz-Bildirim Ölçeği Kısa Formunun Türk ergenlere uyarlama çalışması. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 15(4), 208-217.
• Karr, J. E., Garcia-Barrera, M. A., Holdnack, J. A. ve Iverson, G. L. (2018). Advance clinical interpretation of Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System: Multivariate base rates of low scores. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(1), 42-53.
• Kira, I. A., Alpay, E. H., Ayna, Y. E., Shwiekh, H. A., Ashby, J. S. ve Turkeli, A. (2021). The effects of Covid-19 continuous traumatic stressors on mental health and cognitive functioning: A case example from Turkey. Current Psychology, 1-12.
• Krieger, V. ve Amador-Campos, J. A. (2017). Assessment of executive function in ADHD adolescents: Contribution of performance tests and rating scales. Child Neuropsychology, 24(8), 1063-1087.
• Kusi-Mensah, K., Nuamah, N. D., Weamakor, S., Agorinya, J., Seidu, R., Martyn-Dickens, C. ve Bateman, A. (2021). Assesment tools for executive function and adaptive function following brain pathology among children in developing country contexts: A scoping review of current tools. Neuropsychology Review, 1-24.
• Lehto, J., Juujärvi, P., Kooistra, L. ve Pulkkinen, L. (2003). Dimensions of executive funtioning: Evidence from children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21(1), 59-80.
• Long, E. C., Hill, J., Luna, B., Verhulst, B. ve Clark, D. B. (2015). Disruptive behavior disorders and indicators of disinhibition in adolescents: The BRİEF-SR, anti-saccade task, and D-KEFS color-word interference test. Journal of Adolescents, 44, 182-190.
• Magalhães, S., Carneiro, L., Limpo, T. ve Filipe, M. (2020). Executive functions predict literacy and mathematics achievements: The unique contribution of cognitive flexibility in grades 2, 4, and 6. Child Neuropsychology, 26(7), 934-952.
• Martin, M. ve Rubin, R. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623-626.
• Miller, E. K. ve Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24(1), 167-202.
• Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Eöerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A. ve Wager, T. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex ‘frontal lobe’ tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 4(1), 49-100.
• Miyake, A. ve Friedman, N. P. (2012). The natüre and organization of individual differences in executive functions: Four general conclusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 8-14.
• Murris, P., Von der Penner, E., Sigmund, R. ve Mayer, B. (2008). Symptoms of anxiety, depression and agression in non-clinical children: Relationships with self-report and performance-based measures of attention and effortful control. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39(4), 455-467.
• Patton, J. H., Standford, M. S. ve Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(6), 768-774.
• Pennington, B. F. ve Ozonoff, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37(1), 51-87.
• Polak, A. R., Wietteveen, A. B., Reitsma, J. B. ve Olff, M. (2012). The role of executive function in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141(1), 11-21.
• Posner, M. I., Snyder, C. R. ve Solso, R. (2004). Attention and cognitive control. D.A. Balota ve E. J. Marsh (Ed.) Cognitive psychology: Key readings (1. baskı) içinde (s. 55-85). Psychology Press.
• Ribner, A. D., Willoughby, M. T. ve Blair, C. (2017). Executive function buffer the association between early math and later academic skills. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1-12.
• Rosvold, H. E., Mirsky, A. F., Irwin, S., Brandsome, E. D. ve Beck, L. H. (1956). A continuous performance test of brain damage. Journal of Counsalting Psychology, 20(5), 343-350.
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. ve Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
• Spinella, M. (2005). Self-rated executive function: Development of the executive function index. International Journal of Neuroscience, 115(5), 649-667.
• St. Clair-Thompson, H. L. ve Gathercole, S. E. (2006). Executive functions and achievements on national curriculum tests: Shifting, updating, inhibition, and working memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59(4), 745-759.
• Strait, J. E., Dawson, P., Walther, C. A., Strait, G. G., Barton, A. K. ve McClain, M. B. (2020). Refinement and psychometric evaluation of the Executive Skills Questionnaire-Revised. Contemporary School Psychology, 24(4), 378-388.
• Stroop, R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643-662.
• Suchy, Y. (2009). Executive functioning: Overview, assesment, and research issues for non-neuropsychologists. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37(2),106-116.
• Synder, H. R., Kaiser, R. H., Warren, S. L. ve Heller, W. (2015). Obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with broad impairments in executive function: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychological Science, 3(2), 301-330.
• Tarter, R. E., Kirisci, L., Mezzinch, A., Cornelius, J. R., Pajer, K., Vanyukov, M., Gardner, W. ve Clark, D. (2003). Neurobehavioral disinhibition in childhood predicts early age of onset of substance use disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(6), 1078-1085.
• Thorell, L. B., Lazarevic, N., Milovanovic, I. ve Ignjatovic, V. B. (2020). Psychometric properties of the Teenage Executive Functioning Inventory (TEXI): A freely available questionnaire for assessing deficits in working memory and inhibition among adolescents. Child Neuropsychology, 26(6), 857-864.
• Thorell, L. B. ve Nyberg, L. (2008). The Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI): A new rating instrument for parents and teachers. Developmental Neuropsychology 33(4), 536-552.
• Valiente, C., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Haugene, R., Thompson, M. S. ve Kupfer, A. (2013). Effortful control and impulsivity as concurrent and longitudinal predictors of academic achivement. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 33(7), 946-972.
• Vekermann, J., Channon, S., Lehmkamper, C., Abdel-hamid, M., Vollmoeller, W. ve Daum, I. (2008). Executive function, mentalizing and humor. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14(1), 55-62.
• Weyandt, L. L., Oster, D. R., Gudmundsdottir, B. G., DuPaul, G. J. ve Anastopoulos, A. D. (2017). Neuropsychological functioning in college students with and without ADHD. Neuropsycology, 31(2), 160-172.
• Zink, N., Lenartowicz, A. ve Markett, S. (2021). A new era executive function research: On the transition from centralized to distributed executive functioning. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 124, 235-244.