Borderline kişilik özellikleri ile kendini susturma, beden imgesi baş etme stratejileri arasında reddedilme duyarlılığının aracı rolü

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 215 - 228, 25.08.2025

Haydeh Faraji , Buse Duran , Songül Oğur

https://doi.org/10.57127/kpd.26024438.1471639

Abstract

Sınır kişilik özelliklerine sahip bireylerde, derin bir değersizlik duygusu ve beden imgesinde negatif algılar görülür. Aynı zamanda, yoğun bir şekilde ötekine duyulan ihtiyaç ve sürekli reddedilme korkusu yaşanır. Bu durumlar, ilişkilerde belirsizliklere ve çatışmalara yol açabilir. Yakın ilişkilerde, borderline özelliklere sahip bireyler reddedilme korkusuyla ilişkiyi bitirmemek için kendilerini değiştirme veya yapışma davranışları sergileyebilirler. Beden imgesi, kişinin fiziksel görünümüyle ilgili düşüncelerini, algılamalarını, tutumlarını ve davranışlarını kapsar. Olumsuz bir beden imgesi geliştiren kişiler, bedenlerini gizleme veya aşırı kontrol gibi davranışlar sergileyebilirler. Kendini susturma, genellikle çatışmalardan kaçmak, ilişkiyi sürdürmek ya da güvende hissetmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilen bir davranıştır ve romantik ilişkilerde etkili olabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, borderline kişilik özellikleri ile kendini susturma, beden imgesi baş etme stratejileri arasındaki ilişkiyi anlamak ve bu ilişkide reddedilme duyarlılığının aracı rolünün incelenmesidir. Bu araştırmada ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmış ve örneklem seçiminde kolay ulaşılabilir örnekleme yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemi İstanbul ilinde yaşayan 18 yaş üzeri 400 bireyden oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılara araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan Sosyodemografik Bilgi Formu ile Borderline Kişilik Ölçeği (BKÖ), Kendini Susturma Ölçeği (KSÖ), Beden İmgesi Baş Etme Stratejileri Ölçeği (BİBSÖ) ve Yetişkin Reddedilme Duyarlılığı Ölçeği (Y-RDÖ) uygulanmış̧, elde edilen veriler SPSS 25 programı ile analiz edilmiştir ve Pearson korelasyon analizi, bağımsız gruplar t-testi ve ANOVA kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular sonucu, borderline kişilik özellikleri ile görünüşü düzeltme arasında reddedilme duyarlılığının tam aracı rolü olduğu, borderline kişilik özellikleri ile kendini susturma arasındaki ilişkide reddedilme duyarlılığının kısmi aracı rolü olduğu, borderline kişilik özellikleri ile beden imgesi baş etme stratejilerinden kaçınma arasında reddedilme duyarlılığının kısmi aracı rolü olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları, reddedilme duyarlılığındaki artışın bireyin kendini ifadeden ve algılanan bedensel kusurlarını göstermekten kaçınma ve algılanan bedensel kusurları düzeltme çabası içine girerek çeşitli biçimlerde kaçınmalar gösterebileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Kaçınmanın davranış üzerindeki pekiştirici etkisi göz önüne alındığında mevcut sorunların derinleşmesini engellemek adına reddedilme duyarlılığının hedeflendiği psikoterapi çalışmalarının önemi anlaşılmaktadır.

Keywords

sınır kişilik özellikleri , kendini susturma , reddedilme duyarlılığı , beden imgesi

Ethical Statement

This study was approved by Istanbul Aydın University Ethics Committee (Approval number: 2022/03; Date: 24.02.2022).

Supporting Institution

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, or not-for-profit sector.

Thanks

Ethics Committee Approval This study was approved by Istanbul Aydın University Ethics Committee (Approval number: 2022/03; Date: 24.02.2022). Conflict of Interest: Authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in the publication of this work. Informed Consent: Before participation in the study, all participants provided informed consent. Project/Funding Information: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, or not-for-profit sector. Data Sharing/Availability: Data is available upon reasonable request. Authors’ Contributions: [HF] conceived and designed the study. [HF] performed data analyses and drafted the manuscript. [BD and SO] contributed to study design, data interpretation, and manuscript revisions. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Mediating role of rejection sensitivity between borderline personality features and self-silencing, body image coping strategies

Abstract

In individuals with borderline personality traits, there is a profound sense of worthlessness and negative perceptions of body image. Additionally, there is an intense need for others and a constant fear of rejection. These conditions can lead to uncertainties and conflicts in relationships. Individuals who exhibit borderline traits in intimate relationships may overreact, expecting their spouse to reject them and misinterpreting their partner's actions. They may exhibit clingy behavior or change themselves to avoid ending the relationship due to fear of abandonment. Body image encompasses thoughts, perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors related to physical appearance. When individuals develop a negative body image, they may hide their bodies or exert excessive control. Self-silencing is often a coping mechanism to avoid conflicts, maintain relationships, or feel secure, and it can significantly impact romantic relationships. This study aims to understand the relationship between borderline personality traits, self-silencing, and body image coping strategies and to examine the mediating role of rejection sensitivity in this relationship. This research was applied based on the relational screening model. Convenience sampling was preferred in the sample selection. The study sample consists of 400 individuals over 18 living in Istanbul. Borderline Personality Questionnaire (BPQ), Silencing the Self Scale (STSS), Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory (BICSI), and Adult Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (A-RSS) were applied to the participants with a Socio-Demographic Information Form prepared by the researcher. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS 25 program, and Pearson correlation analysis, independent sample t-test, and ANOVA were used. As a result of the findings, rejection sensitivity has a partial mediator role in the relationship between borderline personality traits and self-silencing, rejection sensitivity has a full mediator role between borderline personality traits and appearance fixing, and rejection sensitivity has a partial mediator role between borderline personality traits and avoidance of body image coping strategies has been determined. The study results reveal that the increase in rejection sensitivity may cause the individuals to avoid expressing themselves and showing their perceived physical flaws and to try to correct the perceived physical flaws, thus showing various forms of avoidance. Considering the reinforcing effect of avoidance on behavior, the importance of psychotherapy studies targeting rejection sensitivity to prevent the deepening of existing problems is understood.

Keywords

borderline personality traits , self silencing , rejection sensitivity , body image

Ethical Statement

This study was approved by Istanbul Aydın University Ethics Committee (Approval number: 2022/03; Date: 24.02.2022).

Supporting Institution

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, or not-for-profit sector.

Thanks

Ethics Committee Approval This study was approved by Istanbul Aydın University Ethics Committee (Approval number: 2022/03; Date: 24.02.2022). Conflict of Interest: Authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in the publication of this work. Informed Consent: Before participation in the study, all participants provided informed consent. Project/Funding Information: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, or not-for-profit sector. Data Sharing/Availability: Data is available upon reasonable request. Authors’ Contributions: [HF] conceived and designed the study. [HF] performed data analyses and drafted the manuscript. [BD and SO] contributed to study design, data interpretation, and manuscript revisions. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.

References

• American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th. Edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC.: American Psychiatric Association; 2013
• Amirian, M., Momeni, K., & Yazdanbakhsh, K. (2024). The relationship between social anxiety and the desire for cosmetic surgery: The mediating role of body image and appearance-based rejection sensitivity. BMC Psychology (Preprint).
• Bertoldo, G., Zandonella Callegher, C., & Altoè, G. (2022). Designing studies and evaluating research results: Type M and Type S errors for the Pearson correlation coefficient. Meta-Psychology, 6, 1-18.
• Bhatia, M., Bookwala, J., & Frieze, I. H. (2019). The relationship between emotional dependency and self-silencing behaviors in romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(2), 413-432.
• Bianchi, D., Schinelli, A., Fatta, L. M., Lonigro, A., Lucidi, F., & Laghi, F. (2023). Body image impact on quality of life and adolescents’ binge eating: The indirect role of body image coping strategies. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 28(75).
• Birchler, G. R. & Webb, A. K. (2020). The development of self-silencing across the lifespan. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), The psychology of social and cultural diversity (pp. 157-181). Routledge.
• Boone, E. M., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2006). Game on: Diminishing risks for depressive symptoms in early adolescence through positive involvement in team sports. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(1), 79-90.
• Bourvis, N., Aouidad, A., Spodenkiewicz, M., Palestra, G., Aigrain, J., Baptista, A., Benoliel, J. J., Chetouani, M., & Cohen, D. (2021). Adolescents with borderline personality disorder show a higher response to stress but a lack of self-perception: Evidence through affective computing. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 111, 110095.
• Bozkuş, O. & Araz, A. (2015). Narsisizm ve evlilik uyumu ilişkisinde reddedilme duyarlılığı ve olumlu yanılsamaların aracı rolü. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(6), 29-54.
• Breines, J. G. & Ayduk, O. (2015). Rejection sensitivity and vulnerability to self‐directed hostile cognitions following rejection. Journal of Personality, 83(1), 1-13.
• Calvillo, D. P. & Roberts, J. E. (2021). It’s better to speak up: Predicting self-silencing in romantic relationships. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110398.
• Carrillo, B. (2022). Self-silencing in romantic relationships: Is it related to worse relationship conflict outcomes [Doctoral dissertation, University of California]
• Cash, T. F., Santos, M. T., & Williams, E. F. (2005). Coping with body-image threats and challenges: Validation of the Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58(2), 190-199.
• Ceylan, V. (2017). Borderline Kişilik Ölçeği (Türkçe BPQ): Geçerlik, güvenirliği, faktör yapısı (Tez No. 454194) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Demir Güneş, C. (2016). Emmanuel Levinas ve etik. In V. Urhan (Ed.), Çağdaş Fransız felsefesinde etik (pp. 191-197). Hece Yayınları.
• Doğan, T., Sapmaz, F., & Totan, T. (2011). Beden İmgesi Baş Etme Stratejileri Ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 12, 121-129.
• Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327-1343.
• Doyum B. (2017). Kendini Susturma Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması (Tez no. 477071) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Okan Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Duarte, L. M., & Thompson, J. M. (1999). Sex differences in self-silencing. Psychological Reports, 85(1), 145-161.
• Ducasse, D., Lopez-Castroman, J., Dassa, D., Brand-Arpon, V., Dupuy-Maurin, K., Lacourt, L., Guillaume, S., Courtet, P., & Olié, E. (2020). Exploring the boundaries between borderline personality disorder and suicidal behavior disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 270, 959-967.
• Elgán, T. H. (2021). Physical attractiveness and social interaction. In Oxford research encyclopedia of psychology. Oxford University Press.
• Faraji, H. & Başçelik-Yavuz, E. (2023). Borderline personality traits, love myths, and love styles. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(1), 1-15.
• Faraji, H. (2021). Borderline kişilik bozukluğunun ergenlik döneminde belirlenmesine dair bir değerlendirme. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 18(43), 7139-7166.
• Faraji, H., & Bilğiş, C. (2023). The mediator role of rumination about an interpersonal offense in the borderline personality features and depression. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapy Research, 12(2), 119-127.
• Faraji, H., & Demir, D. S. (2023). The mediator role of borderline personality features and separation anxiety in the relationship between childhood traumas and exposure to abuse in romantic relationships. Current Research in Social Sciences, 9(2), 130-149.
• Faraji, H., & Güler, K. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinde borderline kişilik özellikleri ve kıskançlık. Aydın İnsan ve Toplum Dergisi, 7(2), 137-153.
• Faraji, H., & Tezcan, A. E. (2023). Rejection Sensitivity and fear of intimacy in individuals with and without borderline personality disorder. Firat Medical Journal, 28(4), 286-295.
• Fardouly, J., & Diedrichs, P. C. (2021). Body avoidance, body dissatisfaction, and mental health outcomes in young adult women: A mediation model. Body Image, 36, 54-61.
• Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. (2015). Adversity, attachment, and mentalizing. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 64, 59-66.
• Foxhall, M., Hamilton‐Giachritsis, C., & Button, K. (2019). The link between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 289-326.
• Glenn, C. R., Klonsky, E. D., & Hajcak, G. (2016). Emotion regulation in borderline personality disorder: Evidence from event-related potentials. Psychological Medicine, 46(11), 2333-2344.
• Goldblatt, M. J., & Ronningstam, E. F. (2023). Self-silencing and suicide. Practice Innovations, 8(4), 317-328.
• Gratch, L. V., Bassett, M. E., & Attra, S. L. (1995). The relationship of gender and ethnicity to self‐silencing and depression among college students. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19(4), 509-515.
• Grzegorzewski, P., Kulesza, M., Pluta, A., Iqbal, Z., & Kucharska, K. (2019). Assessing self-reported empathy and altruism in patients suffering from enduring borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 273, 798-807.
• Hahs-Vaughn, D. L., & Lomax, R. G. (2020). An introduction to statistical concepts. In Routledge eBooks. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2018). Multivariate data analysis (10th ed). Cengage.
• Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
• Holzhauer, C. G., Zenner, A., & Wulfert, E. (2016). Poor body image and alcohol use in women. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(1), 122-127.
• İlk, G., & Bilge, Y. (2020). Borderline kişilik bozukluğu ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü. Turkish Studies-Social Sciences,15(6), 2991-3012.
• Jack, D. C. & Dill, D. (1992) The Silencing the Self Scale: Schemas of intimacy associated with depression in women. Psychol Women Quarterly, 16, 97-106.
• Jack, D. C. (1991). Silencing the self: Women and depression. Harvard University Press.
• Johnson, B. N., Ashe, M. L., & Wilson, S. J. (2017). Self-control capacity as a predictor of borderline personality disorder features, problematic drinking, and their co-occurrence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 31(3), 289-305.
• Jørgensen, C. R., & Bøye, R. (2024). “I am ashamed that I exist. I feel like apologizing for existing”: The phenomenology of shame in patients with borderline personality disorder: A qualitative study. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 15(3), 181-192.
• Jørgensen, C. R., Kjølbye, M., Freund, C., Bøye, R., Jordet, H., & Andersen, D. (2009). Level of functioning in patients with borderline personality disorder. The Risskov-I study. Nordic Psychology, 61(1), 42-60.
• Karazsia, B. T., Murnen, S. K., & Tylka, T. L. (2017). Is body dissatisfaction changing across time? A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 143(3), 293-320.
• Kato, T., Yogo, M., & Edwards, D. J. (2016). Self-silencing as a mediator between attachment and relationship satisfaction among Japanese couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(3), 344.
• Kaya, M. D., & Kaya, F. (2023). The relationship between self-silencing and general distress: Does self-esteem play a mediating role?. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 5(2), 95-104.
• Kiraz, M. B., & Onnar, N. (2024). İlişki doyumunda kendilik algısı ve kendini susturma üzerine bir derleme. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(2), 108-117.
• Koivisto, M., Melartin, T., & Lindeman, S. (2022). Self-invalidation in borderline personality disorder: A content analysis of patients’ verbalizations. Psychotherapy Research, 32(7), 922-935.
• Kostecka, B., Kordynska, K. K., Murawiec, S., & Kucharska, K. (2019). Distorted body image in women and men suffering from anorexia nervosa-A literature review. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 21(1), 13-21.
• Kring, A. M., Johnson, S. L., Davison, G. ve Neale, J. M. (2017). Anormal psikolojisi/psikopatoloji (A. Yahyagil, C. Çalıcı, D. Kuzu, G. Sart, G. Dirik, H. Kaynak, M. Özek, M. Çöpür, M. Denizci Nazlıgül, M. Emek, M. Şahin, N. Ziyalar, O. Yorulmaz, P. Akman Özdemir, S. Çöpür, S. Cankardaş, T. Yılmaz ve Y. Ar, Çev.). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. (Orijinal eser 2014’te yayımlandı)
• Krypotos, A.-M., Effting, M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (2015). Avoidance learning: A review of theoretical models and recent developments. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 70, 69–81.
• Lazarus, S. A. & Cheavens, J. S. (2017). Affective instability and interpersonal functioning: A theoretical model of borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 31,15-35.
• Leichsenring, F., Fonagy, P., Heim, N., Kernberg, O. F., Leweke, F., Luyten, P., Salzer, S., Spitzer, C., Steinert, C. (2024). Borderline personality disorder: A comprehensive review of diagnosis and clinical presentation, etiology, treatment, and current controversies. World Psychiatry, 23(1), 4-25.
• Linardon, J., Braithwaite, R., Cousins, R., & Brennan, L. (2017). Appearance-based rejection sensitivity as a mediator of the relationship between symptoms of social anxiety and disordered eating cognitions and behaviors. Eating Behaviors, 27, 27-32.
• Ma, J., Chen, Z., Jiang, Y., Wang, L., Shi, Z., & Yang, J. (2021). The mediating role of fear of negative evaluation in the relationship between borderline personality features and body image coping strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110348.
• Maji, S., & Dixit, S. (2019). Self-silencing and women’s health: A review. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 65(1), 3-13.
• Mikulincer, M. & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. Guilford Publications.
• Mishra, M., & Allen, M. S. (2023). Rejection sensitivity and romantic relationships: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 208, 112186.
• Morrison, K., Hensel, D. J., & Lupfer-Johnson, G. (2019). Silencing the self and fear of aloneness: Exploring the relationship between self-silencing, attachment anxiety, and fear of aloneness. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(11-12), 3747-3764.
• Mowrer, O. H. (1947). On the dual nature of learning—a re-interpretation of “conditioning” and “problem-solving.” Harvard Educational Review, 17(2), 102–148.
• Oldershaw, A., Lavender, T., & Schmidt, U. (2018). Are socio-emotional and neurocognitive functioning predictors of therapeutic outcomes for adults with anorexia nervosa?. European Eating Disorders Review, 23(5), 369-376.
• Oldershaw, A., Lavender, T., Sallis, H., Sthal, D., & Schmidt, U. (2015). Emotion regulation and impulsivity in anorexia nervosa: A systematic review and meta-analysis of self-report data. Clinical Psychology Review, 39, 83-95.
• Öngören, B. (2015). Sosyolojik açıdan sağlıklı beden ı̇mgesi. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(34), 25-45.
• Paris, J. (2019). Suicidality in borderline personality disorder. Medicina, 55(6), 223-229.
• Pelham B. W. (1995). Self-investment and self-esteem: Evidence for a Jamesian model of self-worth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1141-1150.
• Pope, L., & Rose, K. (2024). “It’s all just f* cking impossible:” The influence of Taylor Swift on fans’ body image, disordered eating, and rejection of diet culture. Social Science & Medicine, 117100.
• Poreh, A. M., Rawlings, D., Claridge, G., Freeman, J. L., Faulkner, C., & Shelton, C. (2006). The BPQ: A scale for the assessment of borderline personality based on DSM-IV criteria. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20(3), 247-260.
• Priebe, K., Sorem, E. B., & Anderson, J. L. (2022). Perceived rejection in personality psychopathology: The role of attachment and gender. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 44(3), 713-724.
• Puzio, A., & Best, D. L. (2020). Brief report: Gender and ethnicity predict adolescent self-silencing above and beyond gender ideology. Journal of Adolescence, 84, 243-250.
• Roberts, T.A., & Waters, P. L. (2019). Sandoz, E. K., Boullion, G. Q., Mallik, D., & Hebert, E. R. (2020). Relative associations of body image avoidance constructs with eating disorder pathology in a large college student sample. Body Image, 34, 242-248.
• Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2013). Borderline personality and appearance: A review and pilot survey of appearance-related concerns in inpatients with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 19(3), 202-207.
• Saylan, E., & Soyyiğit, V. (2024). Body image among adolescents: Wwhat is its relationship with rejection sensitivity and self-efficacy?. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29(2), 479-492.
• Sen, C. K. N., Gurleyik, D., & Psouni, E. (2020). The role of physical activity on parental rejection and body image perceptions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2176.
• Sharma, P., & Kirmani, M. N. (2024). Self-silencing and employment outcomes among women. In A. Kumar & N. Srivastava (Eds.), Minorities of India: Issues and challenges (pp. 249-258). Bluerose Publishers.
• Sklar, E. M. (2017). Body image, weight, and self-concept in men. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 11(3), 252-258.
• Slade, P. D. (1988). Body image in anorexia nervosa. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 153(S2), 20-22.
• Summers, B. J., & Cougle, J. R. (2018). An experimental test of the role of appearance-related safety behaviors in body dysmorphic disorder, social anxiety, and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(8), 770-780.
• Sutin, A. R., Stephan, Y., & Terracciano, A. (2015). Perceived weight discrimination and C-reactive protein. Obesity, 23(2), 507-512.
• Swami, V. & Voracek, M. 2013. Associations among men's sexist attitudes, objectification of women, and their own drive for muscularity. Psychology of Men & Masculinity. 14(2), 168-174.
• Szily, D., Kelemen, R., Nagy, Z. S., Szabó, D., & Unoka, Z. S. (2023). Disturbed body schema, perceptual body image, and attitudinal body image in patients with borderline personality disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1168611.
• Szily, D., Kelemen, R., Nagy, Z. S., Szabó, D., & Unoka, Z. S. (2023). Disturbed body schema, perceptual body image, and attitudinal body image in patients with borderline personality disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1168611.
• Tariq, A., & Yousaf, A. (2020). Self-criticism, self-silencing and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 30(1), 60-76.
• The gendered body project: Sexual and self-objectification as motivated and motivating processes. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of human motivation (pp. 321-336). Oxford University Press.
• Thomas K. K., & Bowker J. C. (2015). Rejection sensitivity and adjustment during adolescence: Do friendship self-silencing and parent support matter? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 608-616.
• tTen Have, M., Verheul, R., Kaasenbrood, A., van Dorsselaer, S., Tuithof, M., Kleinjan, M., & de Graaf, R. (2016). Prevalence rates of borderline personality disorder symptoms: A study based on the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 1-10.
• Unoka, Z., & Vizin, G. (2017). To see in a mirror dimly. The looking glass self is self-shaming in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 258, 322-329.
• Vizgaitis, A. L., & Lenzenweger, M. F. (2019). Pierced identities: Body modification, borderline personality features, identity, and self-concept disturbances. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 10(2), 154-162.
• Walker, D. C., & Murray, A. D. (2012). Body image behaviors: Checking, fixing, and avoiding. In Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance, 1, 166-172.
• Wayda-Zalewska, M., Kostecka, B., & Kucharska, K. (2021). Body image in borderline personality disorder: A systematic review of the emerging empirical literature. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(18), 4264.
• Winter, D., Bohus, M., & Lis, S. (2017). Understanding negative self-evaluations in borderline personality disorder—A review of self-related cognitions, emotions, and motives. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(17), 1-9.
• Wolchik, S. A., Tein, J. Y., Sandler, I. N., & Doyle, K. W. (2002). Fear of abandonment as a mediator of the relations between divorce stressors and mother-child relationship quality and children's adjustment problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(4), 401-418.
• Worley, T. & Samp, J. (2018). Rejection sensitivity, complaint‐related communication, and relational satisfaction: A mediation analysis. Personal Relationships, 25(3), 302-315.
• Yavuz, Ş. (2017). Erkek yaşam tarzı dergileri bize ne söylüyor?. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 92-103.