APPLICATION AREAS OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS

Abstract

Mines have always had an indispensable importance in the history of humankind. Historically, a direct relationship can be established between mining activities and the level of development and thus the level of well-being in societies. Rare earth minerals are one of the strategically known raw materials in the world. Following enrichment and purification processes, it is identified by different names such as rare earth elements (REEs), rare earth metals (REMs) and rare earth oxides (REOs). The discovery of REEs and its technological developments have an impact on almost all aspects of our lives. Rare earth materials have unique physical and chemical properties. REEs are used as components in high-tech applications including magnets, catalysts, metal alloys, electronic devices, lasers, glass-ceramics, rechargeable batteries, medical imaging, telecommunications, lighting, and new generation semiconductor devices. In addition, some important REEs elements such as samarium (Sm), neodymium (Nd), dysprosium (Dy), praseodymium (Pr) and erbium (Er) are used in the defense industry and renewable energy technologies (wind and solar energy). The demand for this raw materials used in the critical technologies will largely increase in the future. In this article, the important applications, usage areas and critical importances of rare earth elements have been extensively discussed.

Keywords

• Lighting
• battery
• usage areas
• medical imaging
• rare earth elements
• NdFeB magnet
• defense industry

NADİR TOPRAK ELEMENTLERİNİN UYGULAMA ALANLARI

Abstract

Madenler insanlık tarihi boyunca hep vazgeçilmez bir öneme sahip olmuştur. Tarih boyunca toplumlarda madencilik faaliyetleri ile gelişmişlik düzeyi ve dolayısıyla refah seviyesi arasında doğrudan bir ilişki kurulabilir. Dünyada stratejik olarak bilinen hammadde kaynaklarından biri de nadir toprak mineralleridir. Zenginleştirme ve saflaştırma proseslerinde sonra nadir toprak elementleri (NTE’ler), nadir toprak metalleri (NTM’ler) ve nadir toprak oksitleri (NTO’lar) gibi çeşitli isimlerle tanımlanmaktadır. Nadir toprak elementlerinin (NTE) keşfi ve beraberinde getirdiği teknolojik gelişmeler de neredeyse hayatımızın her alanında etkisini göstermektedir. Nadir toprak malzemeleri eşsiz fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklere sahiptir. Nadir toprak elementleri mıknatıs, katalizör, metal alaşımları, elektronik aygıtlar, lazerler, cam-seramikler, şarj edilebilir piller, medikal görüntüleme, telekominikasyon, aydınlatma ve yeni nesil yarıiletken aygıtlar içeren yüksek teknolojik uygulamalarda komponent olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ek olarak, samaryum (Sm), neodimium (Nd) disprosyum (Dy), praseodimium (Pr) ve erbiyum (Er) gibi bazı önemli NTE’ler savunma sanayi ve yenilenebilir enerji teknolojilerinde (rüzgar ve güneş enerjisi) kullanılmaktadır. Kritik teknolojilerde kullanılan bu hammaddelere olan talep gelecekte büyük oranda artacaktır. Bu makalede, nadir toprak elementlerinin önemli uygulamaları, kullanım alanları ve kritik önemleri kapsamlı bir şekilde tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

• Aydınlatma
• batarya
• kullanım alanları
• medikal görüntüleme
• nadir toprak elementleri
• NdFeB mıknatıs
• savunma sanayi

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