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APPLICATION AREAS OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 148 - 178, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.34186/klujes.1094871

Abstract

Mines have always had an indispensable importance in the history of humankind. Historically, a direct relationship can be established between mining activities and the level of development and thus the level of well-being in societies. Rare earth minerals are one of the strategically known raw materials in the world. Following enrichment and purification processes, it is identified by different names such as rare earth elements (REEs), rare earth metals (REMs) and rare earth oxides (REOs). The discovery of REEs and its technological developments have an impact on almost all aspects of our lives. Rare earth materials have unique physical and chemical properties. REEs are used as components in high-tech applications including magnets, catalysts, metal alloys, electronic devices, lasers, glass-ceramics, rechargeable batteries, medical imaging, telecommunications, lighting, and new generation semiconductor devices. In addition, some important REEs elements such as samarium (Sm), neodymium (Nd), dysprosium (Dy), praseodymium (Pr) and erbium (Er) are used in the defense industry and renewable energy technologies (wind and solar energy). The demand for this raw materials used in the critical technologies will largely increase in the future. In this article, the important applications, usage areas and critical importances of rare earth elements have been extensively discussed.

References

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  • [5] Aslan, N., Ceylan, B., Koç, M. M., & Findik, F. Metallic nanoparticles as X-Ray computed tomography (CT) contrast agents: A review. Journal of Molecular Structure. Cilt 1219, 128599, 2020.
  • [6] Koç, M. M., Aslan, N., Kao, A. P., & Barber, A. H. Evaluation of X‐ray tomography contrast agents: A review of production, protocols, and biological applications. Microscopy Research and Technique. Cilt 82, (6), s. 812-848, 2019.
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  • [8] Linebarger, H. F., & McCluhan, T. K. The Role of the Rare Earth Elements in the Production of Nodular Iron. ACS Symposium Series. Cilt 2, s. 19-42, 1981.
  • [9] Lucas, J., Lucas, P., Le Mercier, T., Rollat, A., & Davenport, W. Rare Earths: Science, Technology, Production and Use. Elsevier Inc., 2014.
  • [10] Krishnamurthy, N., & Gupta, C. K. Extractive metallurgy of rare earths. London : CRC press, s.40-83, 2015.
  • [11] McGill, I. In Habashi, F. (ed.), Handbook of Extractive Metallurgy, Vol. III, pp. ,,. Rare earth metals. Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, s. 1695–1741, 1997.
  • [12] Campbell, Max, and Keane, Chris,. Rare earth colorants. Ceramics Today. [Çevrimiçi]. [Alıntı Tarihi: 5 May 2021.] at http://www.ceramicstoday.com/articles/lanthanides.html, 2010.
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  • [14] Du, J., Li, Z., Da, Z., & He, M.,. U.S. Patent No. 7,514,385 Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, 2009.
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  • [16] Guo, N., Huang, Y., You, H., Yang, M., Song, Y., Liu, K., & Zheng, Y. Ca9Lu (PO4) 7: Eu2+, Mn2+: a potential single-phased white-light-emitting phosphor suitable for white-light-emitting diodes. Inorganic chemistry.Cilt 49, 23, s. 10907-10913, 2010.
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  • [28] Roskill. Rare earths: Global industry, markets and outlook. Sixteenth Edition. London, UK. 2016.
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  • [33] US-GAO. United States Government Accountability Office. Washington DC, 2010.
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NADİR TOPRAK ELEMENTLERİNİN UYGULAMA ALANLARI

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 148 - 178, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.34186/klujes.1094871

Abstract

Madenler insanlık tarihi boyunca hep vazgeçilmez bir öneme sahip olmuştur. Tarih boyunca toplumlarda madencilik faaliyetleri ile gelişmişlik düzeyi ve dolayısıyla refah seviyesi arasında doğrudan bir ilişki kurulabilir. Dünyada stratejik olarak bilinen hammadde kaynaklarından biri de nadir toprak mineralleridir. Zenginleştirme ve saflaştırma proseslerinde sonra nadir toprak elementleri (NTE’ler), nadir toprak metalleri (NTM’ler) ve nadir toprak oksitleri (NTO’lar) gibi çeşitli isimlerle tanımlanmaktadır. Nadir toprak elementlerinin (NTE) keşfi ve beraberinde getirdiği teknolojik gelişmeler de neredeyse hayatımızın her alanında etkisini göstermektedir. Nadir toprak malzemeleri eşsiz fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklere sahiptir. Nadir toprak elementleri mıknatıs, katalizör, metal alaşımları, elektronik aygıtlar, lazerler, cam-seramikler, şarj edilebilir piller, medikal görüntüleme, telekominikasyon, aydınlatma ve yeni nesil yarıiletken aygıtlar içeren yüksek teknolojik uygulamalarda komponent olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ek olarak, samaryum (Sm), neodimium (Nd) disprosyum (Dy), praseodimium (Pr) ve erbiyum (Er) gibi bazı önemli NTE’ler savunma sanayi ve yenilenebilir enerji teknolojilerinde (rüzgar ve güneş enerjisi) kullanılmaktadır. Kritik teknolojilerde kullanılan bu hammaddelere olan talep gelecekte büyük oranda artacaktır. Bu makalede, nadir toprak elementlerinin önemli uygulamaları, kullanım alanları ve kritik önemleri kapsamlı bir şekilde tartışılmıştır.

References

  • [1] Jha, A. R. Rare earth materials: properties and applications. London : CRC Press, s. 114- 325, 2014.
  • [2] Bade, R.,. Rare Earths Review—Is the Hype Justified? London : Libertas Corporate Finance Limited, 2010.
  • [3] Yeliz, İ. P. E. K., & Ayhan, N. K. Rare Earth Element Doped ZnO Thin Films and Applications. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences.Cilt 7, 2, s. 305-313, 2021.
  • [4] Ritter, S. K. A whole new world for rare earths. Chemical & Engineering News. Cilt 95, 34, s. 30-34, 2017.
  • [5] Aslan, N., Ceylan, B., Koç, M. M., & Findik, F. Metallic nanoparticles as X-Ray computed tomography (CT) contrast agents: A review. Journal of Molecular Structure. Cilt 1219, 128599, 2020.
  • [6] Koç, M. M., Aslan, N., Kao, A. P., & Barber, A. H. Evaluation of X‐ray tomography contrast agents: A review of production, protocols, and biological applications. Microscopy Research and Technique. Cilt 82, (6), s. 812-848, 2019.
  • [7] Goonan, T. G. Rare earth elements: End use and recyclability (p. 19Disponível). Reston: US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey. 2011.
  • [8] Linebarger, H. F., & McCluhan, T. K. The Role of the Rare Earth Elements in the Production of Nodular Iron. ACS Symposium Series. Cilt 2, s. 19-42, 1981.
  • [9] Lucas, J., Lucas, P., Le Mercier, T., Rollat, A., & Davenport, W. Rare Earths: Science, Technology, Production and Use. Elsevier Inc., 2014.
  • [10] Krishnamurthy, N., & Gupta, C. K. Extractive metallurgy of rare earths. London : CRC press, s.40-83, 2015.
  • [11] McGill, I. In Habashi, F. (ed.), Handbook of Extractive Metallurgy, Vol. III, pp. ,,. Rare earth metals. Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, s. 1695–1741, 1997.
  • [12] Campbell, Max, and Keane, Chris,. Rare earth colorants. Ceramics Today. [Çevrimiçi]. [Alıntı Tarihi: 5 May 2021.] at http://www.ceramicstoday.com/articles/lanthanides.html, 2010.
  • [13] Lucas, J., Lucas, P., Le Mercier, T., Rollat, A., & Davenport, W. Applications of rare earth luminescent materials. Rare Earths. s. 281-318, 2015.
  • [14] Du, J., Li, Z., Da, Z., & He, M.,. U.S. Patent No. 7,514,385 Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, 2009.
  • [15] Eliseeva, S.V., Bünzli, J. C. G. Rare earths: jewels for functional materials of the future. New Journal of Chemistry, Cilt 35, 6, s. 1165-1176, 2011.
  • [16] Guo, N., Huang, Y., You, H., Yang, M., Song, Y., Liu, K., & Zheng, Y. Ca9Lu (PO4) 7: Eu2+, Mn2+: a potential single-phased white-light-emitting phosphor suitable for white-light-emitting diodes. Inorganic chemistry.Cilt 49, 23, s. 10907-10913, 2010.
  • [17] Gourzoulidis, G. A., Tsilikas, I., Serafetinides, A., Sianoudis, I., Stasinopoulou, P., Achtipis, A., ... & Makropoulou, M. The Identıfıcatıon of Occupatıonal Exposure to Laser Radıatıon In Greece. e-Journal of Science & Technology (e-JST). 2017.
  • [18] Alavi, S. E., Soltanian, M. R. K., Amiri, I. S., Khalily, M., Supa’At, A. S. M., & Ahmad, H.,. Towards 5G: A photonic based millimeter wave signal generation for applying in 5G access fronthaul. Scientific reports. Cilt 6, 1, s. 1-11, 2016.
  • [19] Commission, EU. Study on the EU’s list of Critical Raw Materials (2020), Factsheets on Critical Raw Materials". 2020.
  • [20] Lucas, J., Lucas, P., Le Mercier, T., Rollat, A., & Davenport, W.,. Rare earths in rechargeable batteries. Rare Earths. s. 167-180, 2015.
  • [21] Kann, Dmitry. The biggest gadget: Toyota Prius PHV . [Çevrimiçi] 10 09 2017. https://yktoo.com/en/blog/post/2017/09/10-the-biggest-gadget-toyota-prius-phv.
  • [22] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, February 4). Electric vehicle battery. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:42, February 25, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle_battery&oldid=1069947865
  • [23] Lucas, J., Pierre Lucas, Thierry Le Mercier, Alain Rollat and William Davenport,. Rare Earths in Rechargeable Batteries. [kitap yaz.] Pierre Lucas, Thierry Le Mercier, Alain Rollat and William Davenport Jacques Lucas. Rare Earths.s. 167-180, 2015.
  • [24] Machacek, E, Kalvig, P. EURARE European REE market survey. Roadmap for the REE material supply autonomy in Europe. 2016. [25] Roskill. Rare Earths: Outlook to 2029. Nineteenth Edition.Roskill Information Services Ltd, 2019.
  • [26] Lucas, J., Pierre Lucas, Thierry Le Mercier, Alain Rollat, William Davenport. Chapter 14 - Rare Earth-Based Permanent Magnets Preparation and Uses. Rare Earths. basım yeri bilinmiyor : Elsevier, 2015.
  • [27] Goodenough, Kathryn & Wall, F. & Merriman, David. The Rare Earth Elements: Demand, Global Resources, and Challenges for Resourcing Future Generations. Natural Resources Research. 2017.
  • [28] Roskill. Rare earths: Global industry, markets and outlook. Sixteenth Edition. London, UK. 2016.
  • [29] Binnemans, Koen & Jones, Peter & Müller, Torsten & Yurramendi, Lourdes. Rare Earths and the Balance Problem: How to Deal with Changing Markets? Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy. Cilt 4. 2018.
  • [30] Intelligence, Adamas. ELECTRIC GROWTH | EVs, Motors and Motor Materials. 2019.
  • [31] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, October 13). Traveling-wave tube. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23:21, February 19, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traveling-wave_tube&oldid=1049662768
  • [32] Giese, E. C. Rare earth elements: Therapeutic and diagnostic applications in modern medicine. Clin Med Rep. Cilt 2, s. 1-2, 2018.
  • [33] US-GAO. United States Government Accountability Office. Washington DC, 2010.
  • [34] Pasto, A. E., & Tennery, V. J. Synthesis and fabrication of EuB/sub 6. Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc.;(United States).Cilt 26, 1977
  • [35] Molycorp, Inc. A Lanthanide Lanthology, Mountain Pass,. CA : Molycorp, Inc, 1993.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Issue
Authors

Naim Aslan 0000-0002-1159-1673

Yakup Say 0000-0001-5005-8516

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Aslan, N., & Say, Y. (2022). NADİR TOPRAK ELEMENTLERİNİN UYGULAMA ALANLARI. Kirklareli University Journal of Engineering and Science, 8(1), 148-178. https://doi.org/10.34186/klujes.1094871