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Uluslararası Hukukta Çözüm Mekanizmaları ve Uluslararası Hukukta Uygunluğun Sağlanması Mekanizmaları: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 99 - 114, 31.03.2021

Abstract

Uluslararası hukukun temel kaynaklarından bir tanesi devletler arasında imzalanan uluslararası antlaşmalardır. Devletler kendi aralarındaki antlaşmalara ahde vefa ilkesi gereği genellikle uyma eğilimi göstermektedirler. Ancak devletlerin kendi aralarında imzaladıkları antlaşmalara zaman zaman uymadıkları da görülmektedir. Anarşik bir uluslararası sistemde devletler arasında uyuşmazlıklar çok sık görülmektedir. Devletler çıkarlarına ters düştükleri durumlarda ister istemez farklı devletler ile uyuşmazlığa taraf olabilmektedirler. Uyuşmazlıkların çözümü için uluslararası hukukta barışçıl çözüm ve yargısal çözüm olmak üzere iki çözüm yolu bulunmaktadır. Yargısal çözüm devletlerin ancak yargı yetkisini kabul ettikleri bir mahkeme veya tahkim ile mümkün olabilmektedir. Barışçıl çözüm yolları Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşmasının 33. Maddesinde belirtilmiştir. Bu çözüm yollar görüşme, soruşturma, arabuluculuk, uzlaşma, hakemlik ve yargısal çözümdür. Bunun yanında bazı uluslararası antlaşmalar kendi yargısal çözüm mekanizmalarını da oluşturmuştur. 1982 Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi, Avrupa Birliği’nin yargı organları bu alanda verilebilecek başlıca örneklerdir. Bu çalışmada barışçıl ve yargısal yoldan anlaşmazlıkların çözümü ile uluslararası hukukta uygunluğun sağlanması mekanizmaları karşılaştırılacaktır.

References

  • Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi, https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_tur.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 01.12.2020
  • Akçay, B., Göçmen İ. (Ed.) (2016). Avrupa Birliği Tarhiçe, Teoriler, Kurumlar ve Politikalar (3. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları
  • Barrett, S., & Stavins, R. (2003). Increasing Participation and Compliance In International Climate Change Agreements. International Environmental Agreements, 3(4), 349-376. https://idp.springer.com/authorize/casa?redirect_uri=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/B:INEA.0000005767.67689.28.pdf&casa_token=Q7hhdQ3ZFhEAAAAA:LwEeVWp75ZKxU8e25lJGsrLuHhbFEWBJEbDKydwYW-Ea2zR4DSl38-NraoXrRbcAXctVbpJh2XtT2iU Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2020
  • Brack, D. (2001). International Environmental Disputes: International Forums for Non-compliance and Disputes Settlement in Environment-related Cases. Royal Institute of International Affairs.
  • Budd, J. W., & Colvin, A. J. (2008). Improved Metrics For Workplace Dispute Resolution Procedures: Efficiency, Equity, And Voice. Industrial Relations, A Journal of Economy and Society, 47(3), 460-479. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2008.00529.x?casa_token=srrnEEc2KQcAAAAA:b2I7CqtblQtysBcB9x6lHZpCjDy2bS5J0L81Pj0FnlljPhB8eV9LhKPQMU73i1siHo1oddPkom_4Ag Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2020
  • Lu, B. (2004). Dispute Settlement on the Law of the Sea: An Overview. Available at SSRN 560181.
  • Downes, D. and Penhoet, B. (1999). Effective Dispute Resolution, A Review of Options, For Dispute Resolution Mechanisms and Procedures. Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL).
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması, https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/komisyon/insanhaklari/pdf01/3-30.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 01.12.2020
  • Birleşmiş Milletler 1982 Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi, http://www.turkishgreek.org/kuetuephane/item/153-unclos-turkish. Erişim tarihi: 01.12.2020
  • Charney, J. I. (1996). The Implications of Expanding International Dispute Settlement Systems: The 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. American Journal of International Law, 90(1), 69-75. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2203752 Erişim tarihi: 03.01.2019
  • Downs, G. W., & Jones, M. A. (2002). Reputation, Compliance, And International Law. The Journal of Legal Studies, 31(S1), 95-114. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/340405. Erişim tarihi: 05.05.2020.
  • Guzman, A. T. (2002). A Compliance-Based Theory of International Law, California Law Review, 90, 1823 – 1877. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3481436. Erişim tarihi: 04.11.2020
  • Dickinson, L. A. (2010). Military Lawyers on The Battlefield: An Empirical Account Of International Law Compliance, American Journal of International Law, 104(1), 1-28. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5305/amerjintelaw.104.1.0001. Erişim tarihi: 23.03.2020.
  • Gulbrandsen, L. H., & Andresen, S. (2004). NGO Influence in The Implementation of The Kyoto Protocol: Compliance, Flexibility Mechanisms, And Sinks. Global Environmental Politics, 4(4), 54-75. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.486.7312&rep=rep1&type=pdf Erişim tarihi: 11.11.2020.
  • Hutchinson, C. (2006). The Duty to Negotiate International Environmental Disputes in Good Faith. McGill International Journal of Sustainable Development Law & Policyy, 2 (117), 117 - 153. https://www.mcgill.ca/mjsdl/files/mjsdl/2-2_the_duty_to_negotiate_international_environmental_disputes_in_good_faith.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 04.06.2020.
  • Knox, J. H. (2001). A New Approach to Compliance with International Environmental Law: The Submissions Procedure of the NAFTA Environmental Commission. Ecology Law Quarterly, 28(1), 1 - 122.
  • Mom, R. (2005). ITLOS and Dispute Settlement Mechanisms of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, United Nations–The Nippon Foundation Fellow.
  • Pazarcı, H. (2009). Uluslararası Hukuk (8. Baskı). Ankara: Turhan Kitapevi
  • Raustiala, K., & Slaughter, A. M. (2002). International Law, International Relations and Compliance. International Relations and Compliance. Princeton Law & Public Affairs Paper. https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/C08-0007-Raustiala-compliance.pdf Erişim tarihi: 04.10.2020
  • Reçber K. (2010). Avrupa Birliği Kurumları ve Temel Metinleri. Bursa: Alfa Aktüel.
  • Rosendorff, B. P. (2005). Stability and Rigidity: Politics and Design Of The WTO's Dispute Settlement Procedure. American Political Science Review, 99(3), 389-400. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30038947. Erişim tarihi: 01.05.2020.
  • Sands, P. J., & MacKenzie, R. (1998). Guidelines for Negotiating and Drafting Dispute Settlement Clauses for International Environmental Agreements. International Bureau of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. https://docs.pca-cpa.org/2015/11/Guidelines-for-Negotiating-and-Drafting-Dispute-Settlement-Clauses-for-International-Environmental-Agreements1.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 27.04.2020.
  • Savaşan Z. (2013). Compliance mechanisms under multilateral environmental agreements a comparative analysis of compliance mechanisms under Montreal and Kyoto Protocols (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
  • Simmons, B. A. (2000). International Law And State Behavior: Commitment And Compliance In International Monetary Affairs. American Political Science Review, 94(4), 819-835. : https://www.jstor.org/stable/2586210. Erişim tarihi: 15.06.2020.
  • Simmons, B. A. (1998). Compliance with International Agreements. Annual Review of Political Science, 1(1), 75-93. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.75 Erişim tarihi: 25.04.2020.
  • Tallberg, J. (2002). Paths to Compliance: Enforcement, Management, And The European Union. International Organization, 56(3), 609-643. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3078590 Erişim tarihi: 01.12.2020
  • https://humanrightscenter.bilgi.edu.tr/tr/content/43-avrupa-insan-haklar-mahkemesi/ Erişim tarihi 17.01.2019
  • https://www.itkib.org.tr/tr/bilgi-merkezi-dis-ticaret-ihracat-rehberi-dto-anlasmalari.html Erişim tarihi 17.01.2019

Dispute Settlement Mechanism in International Law and Compliance Mechanisms in International Law: A Comparative Analysis

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 99 - 114, 31.03.2021

Abstract

One of the main sources of international law is international treaties signed between states. States generally tend to comply with the treaties among themselves, as required by the pacta-sunt-servanda principle. However, it is also seen that states sometimes do not comply with the treaties they have signed among themselves. In an anarchic international system, conflicts between states are very common. States may inevitably be a party to disputes with different states when they conflict with their interests. There are two solutions in international law for the settlement of disputes, namely, peaceful and judicial solutions. Judicial settlement can only be possible with a court or arbitration where the states accept their jurisdiction. Peaceful solutions are specified in Article 33 of the United Nations Charter. These solutions are negotiation, investigation, mediation, reconciliation, arbitration and judicial solution. Besides, some international agreements have also created their own judicial solution mechanisms. 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the judicial bodies of the European Union are the main examples that can be given in this field. In this study, the mechanisms of peaceful and judicial dispute resolution and ensuring compliance with international law will be compared.

References

  • Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi, https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_tur.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 01.12.2020
  • Akçay, B., Göçmen İ. (Ed.) (2016). Avrupa Birliği Tarhiçe, Teoriler, Kurumlar ve Politikalar (3. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları
  • Barrett, S., & Stavins, R. (2003). Increasing Participation and Compliance In International Climate Change Agreements. International Environmental Agreements, 3(4), 349-376. https://idp.springer.com/authorize/casa?redirect_uri=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/B:INEA.0000005767.67689.28.pdf&casa_token=Q7hhdQ3ZFhEAAAAA:LwEeVWp75ZKxU8e25lJGsrLuHhbFEWBJEbDKydwYW-Ea2zR4DSl38-NraoXrRbcAXctVbpJh2XtT2iU Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2020
  • Brack, D. (2001). International Environmental Disputes: International Forums for Non-compliance and Disputes Settlement in Environment-related Cases. Royal Institute of International Affairs.
  • Budd, J. W., & Colvin, A. J. (2008). Improved Metrics For Workplace Dispute Resolution Procedures: Efficiency, Equity, And Voice. Industrial Relations, A Journal of Economy and Society, 47(3), 460-479. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2008.00529.x?casa_token=srrnEEc2KQcAAAAA:b2I7CqtblQtysBcB9x6lHZpCjDy2bS5J0L81Pj0FnlljPhB8eV9LhKPQMU73i1siHo1oddPkom_4Ag Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2020
  • Lu, B. (2004). Dispute Settlement on the Law of the Sea: An Overview. Available at SSRN 560181.
  • Downes, D. and Penhoet, B. (1999). Effective Dispute Resolution, A Review of Options, For Dispute Resolution Mechanisms and Procedures. Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL).
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması, https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/komisyon/insanhaklari/pdf01/3-30.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 01.12.2020
  • Birleşmiş Milletler 1982 Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi, http://www.turkishgreek.org/kuetuephane/item/153-unclos-turkish. Erişim tarihi: 01.12.2020
  • Charney, J. I. (1996). The Implications of Expanding International Dispute Settlement Systems: The 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. American Journal of International Law, 90(1), 69-75. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2203752 Erişim tarihi: 03.01.2019
  • Downs, G. W., & Jones, M. A. (2002). Reputation, Compliance, And International Law. The Journal of Legal Studies, 31(S1), 95-114. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/340405. Erişim tarihi: 05.05.2020.
  • Guzman, A. T. (2002). A Compliance-Based Theory of International Law, California Law Review, 90, 1823 – 1877. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3481436. Erişim tarihi: 04.11.2020
  • Dickinson, L. A. (2010). Military Lawyers on The Battlefield: An Empirical Account Of International Law Compliance, American Journal of International Law, 104(1), 1-28. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5305/amerjintelaw.104.1.0001. Erişim tarihi: 23.03.2020.
  • Gulbrandsen, L. H., & Andresen, S. (2004). NGO Influence in The Implementation of The Kyoto Protocol: Compliance, Flexibility Mechanisms, And Sinks. Global Environmental Politics, 4(4), 54-75. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.486.7312&rep=rep1&type=pdf Erişim tarihi: 11.11.2020.
  • Hutchinson, C. (2006). The Duty to Negotiate International Environmental Disputes in Good Faith. McGill International Journal of Sustainable Development Law & Policyy, 2 (117), 117 - 153. https://www.mcgill.ca/mjsdl/files/mjsdl/2-2_the_duty_to_negotiate_international_environmental_disputes_in_good_faith.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 04.06.2020.
  • Knox, J. H. (2001). A New Approach to Compliance with International Environmental Law: The Submissions Procedure of the NAFTA Environmental Commission. Ecology Law Quarterly, 28(1), 1 - 122.
  • Mom, R. (2005). ITLOS and Dispute Settlement Mechanisms of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, United Nations–The Nippon Foundation Fellow.
  • Pazarcı, H. (2009). Uluslararası Hukuk (8. Baskı). Ankara: Turhan Kitapevi
  • Raustiala, K., & Slaughter, A. M. (2002). International Law, International Relations and Compliance. International Relations and Compliance. Princeton Law & Public Affairs Paper. https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/C08-0007-Raustiala-compliance.pdf Erişim tarihi: 04.10.2020
  • Reçber K. (2010). Avrupa Birliği Kurumları ve Temel Metinleri. Bursa: Alfa Aktüel.
  • Rosendorff, B. P. (2005). Stability and Rigidity: Politics and Design Of The WTO's Dispute Settlement Procedure. American Political Science Review, 99(3), 389-400. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30038947. Erişim tarihi: 01.05.2020.
  • Sands, P. J., & MacKenzie, R. (1998). Guidelines for Negotiating and Drafting Dispute Settlement Clauses for International Environmental Agreements. International Bureau of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. https://docs.pca-cpa.org/2015/11/Guidelines-for-Negotiating-and-Drafting-Dispute-Settlement-Clauses-for-International-Environmental-Agreements1.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 27.04.2020.
  • Savaşan Z. (2013). Compliance mechanisms under multilateral environmental agreements a comparative analysis of compliance mechanisms under Montreal and Kyoto Protocols (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
  • Simmons, B. A. (2000). International Law And State Behavior: Commitment And Compliance In International Monetary Affairs. American Political Science Review, 94(4), 819-835. : https://www.jstor.org/stable/2586210. Erişim tarihi: 15.06.2020.
  • Simmons, B. A. (1998). Compliance with International Agreements. Annual Review of Political Science, 1(1), 75-93. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.75 Erişim tarihi: 25.04.2020.
  • Tallberg, J. (2002). Paths to Compliance: Enforcement, Management, And The European Union. International Organization, 56(3), 609-643. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3078590 Erişim tarihi: 01.12.2020
  • https://humanrightscenter.bilgi.edu.tr/tr/content/43-avrupa-insan-haklar-mahkemesi/ Erişim tarihi 17.01.2019
  • https://www.itkib.org.tr/tr/bilgi-merkezi-dis-ticaret-ihracat-rehberi-dto-anlasmalari.html Erişim tarihi 17.01.2019
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Bora Akince 0000-0003-4252-338X

Publication Date March 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akince, B. (2021). Uluslararası Hukukta Çözüm Mekanizmaları ve Uluslararası Hukukta Uygunluğun Sağlanması Mekanizmaları: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz. Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 99-114.