Paul Brass and Criticism on the Conception of Ethnic Nationalism

Year 2018, Volume: 20 Issue: 35, 27 - 35, 28.12.2018

Ömer Fuad Kahraman

Abstract

Paul Brass defines nationalism as a product of
modernism and does not see it as inevitable and compulsory. In other words, it
does not advocate that all the communities are nations or they’ll be achieve it
in the future. As so, Brass tries to answer a question which roots from there:
why and how did the nations come out? In order to answer this question, he
focuses his observations into historical experiences of countries in different
continents such as Europe, Africa and America, while he gives detailed
information especially on Asia. Brass claims that the nationalization process
is managed by elites. The elites transform their societies and groups of people
around their own interests while at the same time transforming these groups
into ethnic communities and then nations. However, it does not say that the
societies that once turned into a nation will no longer turn into a community.
In this study, the sub-headings of this distinction (being a nation and an
ethnic group) will be evaluated and crticized.

Keywords

Nation, Paul Brass, Politicalization, Ethnicity, Ethnic Identitiy

Paul Brass ve Seçkinci Etnik Milliyetçilik Anlayışına Eleştiriler

Abstract

Paul Brass milliyetçiliği modernizmin bir ürünü olarak
görmekle birlikte onu kaçınılmaz ve mecburi görmemektedir. Başka bir ifadeyle
her topluluğun millet olduğu veya ilerde millet olacağı sonucunu savunmaz.
Bundan olarak, öyleyse, ortaya çıkan bir soruyu çalışmalarında cevaplamaya
çalıştığı görülür: milletler neden ve nasıl ortaya çıkmıştır? Bu sorunun
cevaplanabilmesi için gözlemlerini Avrupa, Afrika ve Amerika gibi farklı kıtadaki
ülkelerin tarihi tecrübelerine çevirirken özellikle Güney Asya üzerinde detaylı
bilgiler aktarır. Gözlemlerini, millet olma sürecinin bir insan topluluğunun
kültürel farklılıklarla kendi etnik özbilincine varmasının ardından siyasal
talepler çerçevesinde şekillenmesine bağlayarak tamamlar. Brass’a göre bu
sürecin tamamı toplumda hâkim olan seçkinler (elitler) tarafından
yönetilmektedir. Seçkinler, toplumları ve insan gruplarını kendi çıkarları
etrafında şekillendirirken aynı zamanda bu grupları da önce etnik topluluklara,
sonra milletlere dönüştürürler. Ancak Brass bir kez millete dönüşen toplumların
artık tekrar etnik topluluğa dönüşmeyeceğini de söylemez, tarih boyunca farklı
milletler farklı zamanlarda ileri ve geri hareket eder gibi etnik grup-millet
olma süreçlerinden geçmiştir. Çalışma boyunca bu etnik grup olma - millet olma
ayrımından hareket edilecek ve bu ayrımın alt başlıkları değerlendirilecektir. 

Keywords

: Millet, Paul Brass, Siyasallaşma, Etnik, Etnik Kimlik

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