Research Article
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RENEWABLE ENERGY, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS RELATIONSHIP: THE CASE OF MINT COUNTRIES

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 49, 971 - 986, 29.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.18493/kmusekad.1559857

Abstract

Today, carbon dioxide constitutes a large portion of greenhouse gases considered to be the main culprit of global warming and environmental pollution. For sustainable development and more importantly for human and environmental health, carbon dioxide emissions must be reduced rapidly. In this study, with reference to the problem of carbon dioxide emission and the variables affecting it analyses the relationship between renewable energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in MINT countries consisting of Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Türkiye. For the 1990-2020 period, first generation methods were used in the analyses conducted with annual data. According to the results of the panel cointegration test, there is no long-run relationship between renewable energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in MINT countries. In parallel to this, the findings obtained from the panel causality test do not support the claim that renewable energy consumption and economic growth are effective on carbon dioxide emissions in MINT countries. Because only unidirectional causality from economic growth to renewable energy consumption was found for the variables.

References

  • Adebayo, T. S. ve Ağa, M. (2022). The Race to Zero Emissions in Mint Economies: Can Economic Growth, Renewable Energy and Disintegrated Trade Be the Path to Carbon Neutrality?. Sustainability, 14(21), 1-20. Doi: 10.3390/su142114178
  • Adebayo, T. S., Ağa, M., Agyekum, E. B., Kamel, S., ve El-Naggar, M. F. (2022a). Do renewable energy consumption and financial development contribute to environmental quality in MINT nations? Implications for sustainable development. Front. Environ. Sci, 10, 1-13. Doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.1068379
  • Adebayo, T. S., Awosusi, A. A., Rjoub, H., Agyekum, E. B., ve Kirikkaleli, D. (2022b). The influence of renewable energy usage on consumption-based carbon emissions in MINT economies. Heliyon, 8(2), 1-10. Doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08941
  • Adebayo, T. S., Kartal, M. T., Ağa, M., ve Al-Faryan, M. A. S. (2023). Role of country risks and renewable energy consumpiton on environmental quality: Evidence from MINT countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 327, 1-10. Doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116884
  • Adebayo, T. S. ve Rjoub, H. (2021). Assessment of the role of trade and renewable energy consumption on consumption-based carbon emissions: evidence from the MINT economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 58271-58283. Doi: /10.1007/s11356-021-14754-0
  • Akram, R., Umar, M., Xiaoli, G., ve Chen, F. (2022). Dynamic linkages between energy efficiency, renewable energy along with economic growth and carbon emission. A case of MINT countries an asymmetric analysis. Energy Reports, 8, 2119-2130. Doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.153
  • Arslan Gürdal, H. (2024). E7 Ülkelerinde Karbondioksit Emisyonu ile Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkisinin İncelenmesi. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 309-324.
  • Ayla, D. (2022). Mint Ülkelerinde CO2 Emisyonu Üzerine Bir İnceleme: Panel Eşbütünleşme ve DOLSMG Analizi. Alanya Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 6(3), 2869-2884.
  • Bayar, Y. (2019). BRICS Ülkeleri ile Türkiye’de Terörizmin Ekonomik Belirleyicileri: Bir Panel Nedensellik Analizi. Türk İdare Dergisi, 91(489), 69-88.
  • Bilgili, F., Koçak, E., ve Bulut, Ü. (2016). The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions: A revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 838-845. Doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.080
  • Breusch, T. S. ve Pagan, A.R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification tests in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies 47(1), 239–53. Doi: 10.2307/2297111.
  • Chen, C., Pinar, M. ve Stengos, T. (2022). Renewable energy and CO2 emissions: New evidence with the panel threshold model. Renewable Energy, 194, 117-128. Doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.095
  • Dogan, E., Taspinar, N., ve Gokmenoglu, K. K. (2019). Determinants of ecological footprint in MINT countries. Energy and Environment, 30(6), 1065-1086. Doi: 10.1177/0958305X19834279
  • Dogan, E. ve Seker, F. (2016). Determinants of CO2 emissions in the European Union: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy. Renewable Energy, 94, 429-439. Doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.078
  • Du, L., Jiang, H., Adebayo, T. S., Awosusi, A. A., ve Razzaq, A. (2022). Asymmetric effects of high-tech industry and renewable energy on consumption-based carbon emissions in MINT countries. Renewable Energy, 196, 1269-1280. Doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.07.028
  • Dumitrescu, E. ve Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460. Doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectral Methods. Econometrica, 37(3), 424–438. Doi: 10.2307/1912791
  • Han, A. (2024). BRICS-T Ülkelerinde Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik: Karbon Emisyonları, Yenilenebilir Enerji ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkileri. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(1), 136-151. Doi: 10.11616/asbi.1391917
  • Hsiao, C. (1986). Analysis of Panel Data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Maddala, G. ve Wu, S. (1999). A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests With Panel Data and a New Simple Test. Oxford Bulletin Of Economics and Statistics 61(1), 631-652. Doi: 10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1631.
  • Okumuş, İ., Yıldırım, A., ve Destek, M. A. (2016). Mint Ülkelerinde Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Geçerliliği: Panel Veri Analizi. ÜNİDAP Uluslararası Kalkınma Konferansı içinde (ss. 188-195).
  • O’Neill, J. (2013, 13 Kasım). Who You Calling a BRIC?. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2013-11-12/who-you-calling-a-bric-
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, 61(1), 653-670. Doi: 10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1653
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross-section Dependence in Panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0435.
  • Poorvashree, K. H., Kalaivi, V., Dharshan, S., Faizullah., Kumari, K., Anagha, H. M., Kumar, N., ve Menon, S. V. (2024). Developing a green and sustainable future: Advancements and integration of renewable energy resources. Journal of Modern Green Energy. Doi: 10.53964/jmge.2024007
  • Prince, A. I., Edet , I. V., Akpan, B. L., Udo, E. S., ve Akpan, E. E. (2023). Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Economic Growth Nexus on CO2 Emission: Evidence from MINT Countries. Seybold Report Journal, 18(10), 253- 273. Doi: 10.5110/77.1091
  • Saidi, K. ve Mbarek, M. B. (2016). Nuclear energy, renewable energy, CO2 emissions, and economic growth for nine developed countries: Evidence from panel Granger causality tests. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 88, 364- 374. Doi: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2016.01.018
  • Shafiei, S. ve Salim, R. A. (2014). Non-renewable and renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions in OECD countries: A comparative analysis, Energy Policy, 66, 547-556. Doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.064
  • Türkmen, S., Tıraş, H. H., ve Ağır, H. (2023). Enerji Tüketimi – Karbondioksit Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Mint Ülkeleri İçin Panel Veri Analizi. Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 43-67.
  • Udo, E. S., Jack, A. E., Edet, I. V., Agama, E. J., Ugar, O. A., ve Olusegun, J. S. (2024). Unveiling the Transformative Nexus of Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy, and Economic Growth on CO2 Emission in MINT Countries. Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment, 11(2), 138-150. Doi: 10.30501/jree.2024.430213.1770
  • World Bank. (2023). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD?most_recent_value_desc=true (26.07.2024)
  • World Resources Institute [WRI]. (2020). Where do emissons come from? 4 charts explain greenhouse gas emissions by countries and sectors. https://www.wri.org/insights/4-charts-explain-greenhouse-gas- emissions-countries-and-sectors (20.07.2024)
  • World Resources Institute [WRI]. (2021). COP26 Key Outcomes From the UN Climate Talks in Glasgow. https://www.wri.org/insights/cop26-key-outcomes-un-climate-talks-glasgow (20.07.2024)
  • World Resources Institute [WRI]. (2023). Unpacking COP28: Key Outcomes From the Dubai Climate Talks, and What Comes Next. https://www.wri.org/insights/cop28-outcomes-next-steps#fossil-fuels-clean-energy (20.07.2024)
  • Yılmaz, T., Zeren, F., ve Koyun, Y. (2017). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Karbondioksit Emisyonu İlişkisi: Brics ve Mint Ülkeleri Üzerinde Ekonometrik Bir Uygulama. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(4), 1235-1254.
  • Zoundi, Z. (2017). CO2 emissions, renewable energy and the Environmental Kuznets Curve, a panel cointegration approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 1067-1075. Doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.018

YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ, EKONOMİK BÜYÜME VE KARBONDİOKSİT EMİSYONU İLİŞKİSİ: MINT ÜLKELERİ ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 49, 971 - 986, 29.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.18493/kmusekad.1559857

Abstract

Bugün küresel ısınma ve çevre kirliliğinin baş sorumlusu kabul edilen sera gazlarının büyük bir bölümünü karbondioksit oluşturmaktadır. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve daha da önemlisi insan ve çevre sağlığı için karbondioksit salınımının süratle düşürülmesi şarttır. Bu çalışmada karbondioksit salınımı problemi ve buna etki eden değişkenlerden hareketle Meksika, Endonezya, Nijerya ve Türkiye’den oluşan MINT ülkelerinde yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, ekonomik büyüme ve karbondioksit emisyonu arasındaki ilişki ele alınmıştır. 1990 – 2020 dönemi yıllık verileriyle yürütülen analizlerde birinci nesil yöntemler kullanılmıştır. Panel eşbütünleşme testinin sonuçlarına göre MINT ülkelerinde yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, ekonomik büyüme ve karbondioksit emisyonu arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki yoktur. Buna paralel olarak panel nedensellik testinden elde edilen bulgular MINT ülkelerinde yenilebilir enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyümenin karbondioksit emisyonu üzerinde etkili olduğu iddiasını desteklememektedir. Zira değişkenler için yalnızca ekonomik büyümeden yenilenebilir enerji tüketimine doğru tek yönlü nedensellik tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • Adebayo, T. S. ve Ağa, M. (2022). The Race to Zero Emissions in Mint Economies: Can Economic Growth, Renewable Energy and Disintegrated Trade Be the Path to Carbon Neutrality?. Sustainability, 14(21), 1-20. Doi: 10.3390/su142114178
  • Adebayo, T. S., Ağa, M., Agyekum, E. B., Kamel, S., ve El-Naggar, M. F. (2022a). Do renewable energy consumption and financial development contribute to environmental quality in MINT nations? Implications for sustainable development. Front. Environ. Sci, 10, 1-13. Doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.1068379
  • Adebayo, T. S., Awosusi, A. A., Rjoub, H., Agyekum, E. B., ve Kirikkaleli, D. (2022b). The influence of renewable energy usage on consumption-based carbon emissions in MINT economies. Heliyon, 8(2), 1-10. Doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08941
  • Adebayo, T. S., Kartal, M. T., Ağa, M., ve Al-Faryan, M. A. S. (2023). Role of country risks and renewable energy consumpiton on environmental quality: Evidence from MINT countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 327, 1-10. Doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116884
  • Adebayo, T. S. ve Rjoub, H. (2021). Assessment of the role of trade and renewable energy consumption on consumption-based carbon emissions: evidence from the MINT economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 58271-58283. Doi: /10.1007/s11356-021-14754-0
  • Akram, R., Umar, M., Xiaoli, G., ve Chen, F. (2022). Dynamic linkages between energy efficiency, renewable energy along with economic growth and carbon emission. A case of MINT countries an asymmetric analysis. Energy Reports, 8, 2119-2130. Doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.153
  • Arslan Gürdal, H. (2024). E7 Ülkelerinde Karbondioksit Emisyonu ile Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkisinin İncelenmesi. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 309-324.
  • Ayla, D. (2022). Mint Ülkelerinde CO2 Emisyonu Üzerine Bir İnceleme: Panel Eşbütünleşme ve DOLSMG Analizi. Alanya Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 6(3), 2869-2884.
  • Bayar, Y. (2019). BRICS Ülkeleri ile Türkiye’de Terörizmin Ekonomik Belirleyicileri: Bir Panel Nedensellik Analizi. Türk İdare Dergisi, 91(489), 69-88.
  • Bilgili, F., Koçak, E., ve Bulut, Ü. (2016). The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions: A revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 838-845. Doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.080
  • Breusch, T. S. ve Pagan, A.R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification tests in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies 47(1), 239–53. Doi: 10.2307/2297111.
  • Chen, C., Pinar, M. ve Stengos, T. (2022). Renewable energy and CO2 emissions: New evidence with the panel threshold model. Renewable Energy, 194, 117-128. Doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.095
  • Dogan, E., Taspinar, N., ve Gokmenoglu, K. K. (2019). Determinants of ecological footprint in MINT countries. Energy and Environment, 30(6), 1065-1086. Doi: 10.1177/0958305X19834279
  • Dogan, E. ve Seker, F. (2016). Determinants of CO2 emissions in the European Union: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy. Renewable Energy, 94, 429-439. Doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.078
  • Du, L., Jiang, H., Adebayo, T. S., Awosusi, A. A., ve Razzaq, A. (2022). Asymmetric effects of high-tech industry and renewable energy on consumption-based carbon emissions in MINT countries. Renewable Energy, 196, 1269-1280. Doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.07.028
  • Dumitrescu, E. ve Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460. Doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectral Methods. Econometrica, 37(3), 424–438. Doi: 10.2307/1912791
  • Han, A. (2024). BRICS-T Ülkelerinde Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik: Karbon Emisyonları, Yenilenebilir Enerji ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkileri. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(1), 136-151. Doi: 10.11616/asbi.1391917
  • Hsiao, C. (1986). Analysis of Panel Data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Maddala, G. ve Wu, S. (1999). A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests With Panel Data and a New Simple Test. Oxford Bulletin Of Economics and Statistics 61(1), 631-652. Doi: 10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1631.
  • Okumuş, İ., Yıldırım, A., ve Destek, M. A. (2016). Mint Ülkelerinde Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Geçerliliği: Panel Veri Analizi. ÜNİDAP Uluslararası Kalkınma Konferansı içinde (ss. 188-195).
  • O’Neill, J. (2013, 13 Kasım). Who You Calling a BRIC?. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2013-11-12/who-you-calling-a-bric-
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, 61(1), 653-670. Doi: 10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1653
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross-section Dependence in Panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0435.
  • Poorvashree, K. H., Kalaivi, V., Dharshan, S., Faizullah., Kumari, K., Anagha, H. M., Kumar, N., ve Menon, S. V. (2024). Developing a green and sustainable future: Advancements and integration of renewable energy resources. Journal of Modern Green Energy. Doi: 10.53964/jmge.2024007
  • Prince, A. I., Edet , I. V., Akpan, B. L., Udo, E. S., ve Akpan, E. E. (2023). Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Economic Growth Nexus on CO2 Emission: Evidence from MINT Countries. Seybold Report Journal, 18(10), 253- 273. Doi: 10.5110/77.1091
  • Saidi, K. ve Mbarek, M. B. (2016). Nuclear energy, renewable energy, CO2 emissions, and economic growth for nine developed countries: Evidence from panel Granger causality tests. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 88, 364- 374. Doi: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2016.01.018
  • Shafiei, S. ve Salim, R. A. (2014). Non-renewable and renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions in OECD countries: A comparative analysis, Energy Policy, 66, 547-556. Doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.064
  • Türkmen, S., Tıraş, H. H., ve Ağır, H. (2023). Enerji Tüketimi – Karbondioksit Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Mint Ülkeleri İçin Panel Veri Analizi. Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 43-67.
  • Udo, E. S., Jack, A. E., Edet, I. V., Agama, E. J., Ugar, O. A., ve Olusegun, J. S. (2024). Unveiling the Transformative Nexus of Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy, and Economic Growth on CO2 Emission in MINT Countries. Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment, 11(2), 138-150. Doi: 10.30501/jree.2024.430213.1770
  • World Bank. (2023). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD?most_recent_value_desc=true (26.07.2024)
  • World Resources Institute [WRI]. (2020). Where do emissons come from? 4 charts explain greenhouse gas emissions by countries and sectors. https://www.wri.org/insights/4-charts-explain-greenhouse-gas- emissions-countries-and-sectors (20.07.2024)
  • World Resources Institute [WRI]. (2021). COP26 Key Outcomes From the UN Climate Talks in Glasgow. https://www.wri.org/insights/cop26-key-outcomes-un-climate-talks-glasgow (20.07.2024)
  • World Resources Institute [WRI]. (2023). Unpacking COP28: Key Outcomes From the Dubai Climate Talks, and What Comes Next. https://www.wri.org/insights/cop28-outcomes-next-steps#fossil-fuels-clean-energy (20.07.2024)
  • Yılmaz, T., Zeren, F., ve Koyun, Y. (2017). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Karbondioksit Emisyonu İlişkisi: Brics ve Mint Ülkeleri Üzerinde Ekonometrik Bir Uygulama. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(4), 1235-1254.
  • Zoundi, Z. (2017). CO2 emissions, renewable energy and the Environmental Kuznets Curve, a panel cointegration approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 1067-1075. Doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.018
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Macroeconomics (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hasan Tahsin Yöyen

Early Pub Date August 25, 2025
Publication Date August 29, 2025
Submission Date October 2, 2024
Acceptance Date June 24, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 27 Issue: 49

Cite

APA Yöyen, H. T. (2025). YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ, EKONOMİK BÜYÜME VE KARBONDİOKSİT EMİSYONU İLİŞKİSİ: MINT ÜLKELERİ ÖRNEĞİ. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 27(49), 971-986. https://doi.org/10.18493/kmusekad.1559857