OBJECTIVE: Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of thyroid diseases. We aimed to investigate the relationship between iodine deficiency, thyroid gland volume and academic success in middle-aged children of iodide-poor Kemah source salt, which is widely used in our region.MATERIAL AND METHODS: 185 students studying in Kemah region was involved in the research. The type of table salt which the students involved in the study used in their homes was questioned. Urine iodine level and measures of ultrasonography and thyroid gland volume were carried out.RESULTS: It was discovered that while 133 (71.9%) of the students had severe iodine deficiency and 39 (21%) had mild-moderate iodine deficiency, 13 of them (7.1%) had normal urinary iodine levels. Iodine deficiency was observed in 133 (95.7%) of 139 students using Kemah source salt, whereas out of 46 students using iodised table salt, 39 (84.8%) had iodine deficiency (p <0.001). It was also found that among 185 students included in the study, 124 (65.4%) had normal but 61 (34.6%) had increased thyroid gland volume. Thyroid volume was found significantly high in Kemah source salt users (p = 0.001). Students with low urine iodine levels had low school success (p = 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: The iodine content of low source salts, which are used traditionally in some regions, increases iodine deficiency rate in children and decreases children’s academic achievement. This situation should be taken into consideration in prevention studies of iodine deficiency and the level of knowledge of local people on this should be increased.
1) WHO (World Health Organization) 1996. Trace Elements in human nutrition and health.WHO,Geneva,pp49-71.
2) Andersson M, de Benoist B, Rogers L. Epidemiology of iodine deficiency: Salt iodisation and iodine status. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 24: 1-11.
3) De Benoist B, Andersson M, Takkouche B et al. Prevalence of iodine deficiency World wide.Lancet2003;362:1859-1860.
4) Alpcan A, Ergür AT, Tursun S. Insidious danger in childhood era’s; subclinical hypothyroidism. Ortdoğu Tıp Dergisi. 2017, 9,( 1), 34 – 38
5) Tamam M, Adalet I, Bakir B, et al. Diagnostic spectrum of congenital hypothyroidism in Turkish children. Pediatr Int 2009; 51: 464-8.
6) Pickard M, Sampson D, Evans M, et al. Regulation of expression of neoronal and astrocytic cytoskeletol proteins in the fetal brain by maternal thyroid status.The Thyroid and Brain. Merck European Thyroid Symposium, Seville 2002.
7) Elmsford NY. The damaged brain of iodine deficiency. Cognizant Communication co1 994:1-8.
8) Hetzel BS.The story of iodine deficiency:an international challenge in nutrition.Oxford,England:Oxford University Press,1989.
9) Schaller RT Jr, Stevenson JK. Development of carcinoma of that thyroid in iodine deficient mice.Cancer 1966;19:1063-1080.
10) Melse Bonstra A, Jaiswal N. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy, infancy and childhood and its consequences for brain development. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 24: 29-38.
11) Delange F, Benoist B. D, Bürgi, H. Determining median urinary iodine concentration that indicates adequate iodine intake at population level. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. (2002); 80(8): 633-636.
12) Aydıner Ö, Aydıner E. K, Akpınar İ., Turan S., & Bereket, A. Normativedata of thyroidvolume-ultrasonographic evaluation of 422 subjectsaged 0-55 years. Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology. 2015; 7(2), 98.
13) Aydin K, Kendirci M, Kurtoğlu S, Karaküçük EI, Kiriş A. Iodineandseleniumdeficiency in school-children in an endemicgoiterarea in Turkey. J Pediatr EndocrinolMetab 2002;15:1027-1031.
14) Melse Bonstra A, Jaiswal N. Iodine defciency in pregnancy, infancy and childhood and its consequences for brain development. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 24: 29-38.
15) N. Budak, F. Bayram, O Güneş, M.Kendirici, S.Kurtoğlu, L. Öz. Iodine deficiency: An important and severe puplic health problem in Kayseri, Central Anatolia. Journal of Endokrinological ınvestigation.2007; 30, (11). 920-924.
16) Aslan N, Kurku H, Pirgon Ö. Urine ıodine excreation and ıodine deficiency status in school Age Children at Isparta provience. J.Clin.Anal Med 2015.
17) Çelik T , Savaş N , Kurtoğlu S , Sangün Ö , Aydın Z, Mustafa D , Öztürk O. H , Mısırlıoğlu S, Öktem M. Iodine, copper, zinc, selenium and molybdenum levels in children aged between 6 and 12 years in the rural area with iodine deficiency and in the city center without iodine deficiency in Hatay. Türk Ped Arş 2014; 49: 111-116.
18) Yinebeb Mezgebu, Andualem Mossie, PN Rajesh, Getenet Beyene. Prevalence and Severity of Iodine Deficiency Disorder Among Children 6–12 Years of Age in Shebe Senbo District, Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2012; 22(3): 196–204.
19) WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD: Assessment of the Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination. WHO/NHD/01.1. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007.
20) Erdoğan G, Erdoğan M F, Emral R, Baştemir M, Sav H, Haznedaroğlu D, Üstündağ M, Köse R, Kamel N, Yasemin Genç. Iodine status and goitre prevalence of Turkey before mandatory iodization. Turkish Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001; 5:2:55-59.
21) Soysal A Ş, Seven Karakaş D, Çınar P,Bideci A,Ayvalı E. Bir Endemik Guatr bölgesindeki 6-12 yaş grubu ilköğretim çocuklarında zeka fonksiyonlarının değerlendirilmesi.Klinik Psikiyatri 2006;9:61-69.
22) Zimmermann MB, Connolly K, Bozo M, Bridson J, Rohner F, Grimci L: Iodine supplementation improves cognition in iodine-deficient schoolchildren in Albania: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:108-114.
23) Gordon RC, Rose MC, Skeaff SA, Gray AR, Morgan KM, Ruffman T: Iodine supplementation improves cognition in mildly iodine-deficient children. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:1264–1271.
24) Zimmermann MB, Jooste PL, Mabapa NS, Mbhenyane X, Schoeman S, Biebinger R, Chaouki N, Bozo M, Grimci L, Bridson J: Treatment of iodine deficiency in school-age children increases insulinlike growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein-3 concentrations and improves somatic growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:437-442
25) Akıncı A ,Teziç T ve ark Guatırlı okul çocuklarında iyot eksikliğinin zeka fonksiyonları üzerine olan etkisi. Optimal Tıp Dergisi. 1992; 5: 3-6.
AMAÇ: İyot eksikliği tiroid hastalıklarının en yaygın nedenidir. Bölgemizde yaygın olarak kullanılan iyottan fakir Kemah kaynak tuzunun ortaöğretim çağındaki çocuklarda iyot eksikliği, tiroid bezi volümü ve akademik başarı ile ilişkisini araştırmayı amaçladık.
GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Araştırmaya Kemah bölgesinde eğitim gören 185 öğrenci dahil edildi. Çalışmaya dahil olan öğrencilerin evlerinde kullandıkları tuz çeşidi sorgulandı, idrar iyot düzeyi ve ultrasonografi ile tiroid bezi hacmi ölçümleri yapıldı.BULGULAR: Öğrencilerin 133 (%71.9)’ünde ağır iyot eksikliği, 39 (%21)’unda hafif-orta iyot eksikliği saptanırken, 13 (%7.1)’ünde idrar iyot düzeyleri normaldi. Kemah kaynak tuzu kullanan 139 öğrencinin 133(%95.7)’inde iyot eksikliği varken, iyotlanmış sofra tuzu kullanan 46 öğrencinin 39 (%84.8)’ünde iyot eksikliği saptandı (p<0.001). Çalışmaya alınan 185 öğrencinin 124 (%65.4)’inde normal, 61 (%34.6 )’inde artmış tiroid bezi hacmi tespit edildi. Tiroid hacmi Kemah kaynak tuzu kullananlarda anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulundu (p=0.001). İdrar iyot düzeyi düşük olan öğrencilerin okul başarısı düşüktü (p=0.001).
SONUÇ: Bazı bölgelerde geleneksel olarak kullanılan iyot içeriği düşük kaynak tuzlar çocuklarda iyot eksikliği oranını arttırmakta ve çocukların akademik başarılarını düşürmektedir. İyot eksikliğine yönelik önleme çalışmalarında bu durum göz önünde bulundurulmalı ve yöre halkının bu konudaki bilgi düzeyi artırılmalıdır.
1) WHO (World Health Organization) 1996. Trace Elements in human nutrition and health.WHO,Geneva,pp49-71.
2) Andersson M, de Benoist B, Rogers L. Epidemiology of iodine deficiency: Salt iodisation and iodine status. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 24: 1-11.
3) De Benoist B, Andersson M, Takkouche B et al. Prevalence of iodine deficiency World wide.Lancet2003;362:1859-1860.
4) Alpcan A, Ergür AT, Tursun S. Insidious danger in childhood era’s; subclinical hypothyroidism. Ortdoğu Tıp Dergisi. 2017, 9,( 1), 34 – 38
5) Tamam M, Adalet I, Bakir B, et al. Diagnostic spectrum of congenital hypothyroidism in Turkish children. Pediatr Int 2009; 51: 464-8.
6) Pickard M, Sampson D, Evans M, et al. Regulation of expression of neoronal and astrocytic cytoskeletol proteins in the fetal brain by maternal thyroid status.The Thyroid and Brain. Merck European Thyroid Symposium, Seville 2002.
7) Elmsford NY. The damaged brain of iodine deficiency. Cognizant Communication co1 994:1-8.
8) Hetzel BS.The story of iodine deficiency:an international challenge in nutrition.Oxford,England:Oxford University Press,1989.
9) Schaller RT Jr, Stevenson JK. Development of carcinoma of that thyroid in iodine deficient mice.Cancer 1966;19:1063-1080.
10) Melse Bonstra A, Jaiswal N. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy, infancy and childhood and its consequences for brain development. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 24: 29-38.
11) Delange F, Benoist B. D, Bürgi, H. Determining median urinary iodine concentration that indicates adequate iodine intake at population level. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. (2002); 80(8): 633-636.
12) Aydıner Ö, Aydıner E. K, Akpınar İ., Turan S., & Bereket, A. Normativedata of thyroidvolume-ultrasonographic evaluation of 422 subjectsaged 0-55 years. Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology. 2015; 7(2), 98.
13) Aydin K, Kendirci M, Kurtoğlu S, Karaküçük EI, Kiriş A. Iodineandseleniumdeficiency in school-children in an endemicgoiterarea in Turkey. J Pediatr EndocrinolMetab 2002;15:1027-1031.
14) Melse Bonstra A, Jaiswal N. Iodine defciency in pregnancy, infancy and childhood and its consequences for brain development. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 24: 29-38.
15) N. Budak, F. Bayram, O Güneş, M.Kendirici, S.Kurtoğlu, L. Öz. Iodine deficiency: An important and severe puplic health problem in Kayseri, Central Anatolia. Journal of Endokrinological ınvestigation.2007; 30, (11). 920-924.
16) Aslan N, Kurku H, Pirgon Ö. Urine ıodine excreation and ıodine deficiency status in school Age Children at Isparta provience. J.Clin.Anal Med 2015.
17) Çelik T , Savaş N , Kurtoğlu S , Sangün Ö , Aydın Z, Mustafa D , Öztürk O. H , Mısırlıoğlu S, Öktem M. Iodine, copper, zinc, selenium and molybdenum levels in children aged between 6 and 12 years in the rural area with iodine deficiency and in the city center without iodine deficiency in Hatay. Türk Ped Arş 2014; 49: 111-116.
18) Yinebeb Mezgebu, Andualem Mossie, PN Rajesh, Getenet Beyene. Prevalence and Severity of Iodine Deficiency Disorder Among Children 6–12 Years of Age in Shebe Senbo District, Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2012; 22(3): 196–204.
19) WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD: Assessment of the Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination. WHO/NHD/01.1. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007.
20) Erdoğan G, Erdoğan M F, Emral R, Baştemir M, Sav H, Haznedaroğlu D, Üstündağ M, Köse R, Kamel N, Yasemin Genç. Iodine status and goitre prevalence of Turkey before mandatory iodization. Turkish Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001; 5:2:55-59.
21) Soysal A Ş, Seven Karakaş D, Çınar P,Bideci A,Ayvalı E. Bir Endemik Guatr bölgesindeki 6-12 yaş grubu ilköğretim çocuklarında zeka fonksiyonlarının değerlendirilmesi.Klinik Psikiyatri 2006;9:61-69.
22) Zimmermann MB, Connolly K, Bozo M, Bridson J, Rohner F, Grimci L: Iodine supplementation improves cognition in iodine-deficient schoolchildren in Albania: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:108-114.
23) Gordon RC, Rose MC, Skeaff SA, Gray AR, Morgan KM, Ruffman T: Iodine supplementation improves cognition in mildly iodine-deficient children. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:1264–1271.
24) Zimmermann MB, Jooste PL, Mabapa NS, Mbhenyane X, Schoeman S, Biebinger R, Chaouki N, Bozo M, Grimci L, Bridson J: Treatment of iodine deficiency in school-age children increases insulinlike growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein-3 concentrations and improves somatic growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:437-442
25) Akıncı A ,Teziç T ve ark Guatırlı okul çocuklarında iyot eksikliğinin zeka fonksiyonları üzerine olan etkisi. Optimal Tıp Dergisi. 1992; 5: 3-6.
Topal, İ., & Soytürk, M. (2019). ORTAÖĞRETİM ÇAĞINDAKİ ÇOCUKLARDA KEMAH KAYNAK TUZU KULLANIMI İLE İYOT EKSİKLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi, 20(1), 40-44. https://doi.org/10.18229/kocatepetip.488665
AMA
Topal İ, Soytürk M. ORTAÖĞRETİM ÇAĞINDAKİ ÇOCUKLARDA KEMAH KAYNAK TUZU KULLANIMI İLE İYOT EKSİKLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ. KTD. February 2019;20(1):40-44. doi:10.18229/kocatepetip.488665
Chicago
Topal, İsmail, and Mehmet Soytürk. “ORTAÖĞRETİM ÇAĞINDAKİ ÇOCUKLARDA KEMAH KAYNAK TUZU KULLANIMI İLE İYOT EKSİKLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ”. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi 20, no. 1 (February 2019): 40-44. https://doi.org/10.18229/kocatepetip.488665.
EndNote
Topal İ, Soytürk M (February 1, 2019) ORTAÖĞRETİM ÇAĞINDAKİ ÇOCUKLARDA KEMAH KAYNAK TUZU KULLANIMI İLE İYOT EKSİKLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi 20 1 40–44.
IEEE
İ. Topal and M. Soytürk, “ORTAÖĞRETİM ÇAĞINDAKİ ÇOCUKLARDA KEMAH KAYNAK TUZU KULLANIMI İLE İYOT EKSİKLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ”, KTD, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 40–44, 2019, doi: 10.18229/kocatepetip.488665.
ISNAD
Topal, İsmail - Soytürk, Mehmet. “ORTAÖĞRETİM ÇAĞINDAKİ ÇOCUKLARDA KEMAH KAYNAK TUZU KULLANIMI İLE İYOT EKSİKLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ”. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi 20/1 (February 2019), 40-44. https://doi.org/10.18229/kocatepetip.488665.
JAMA
Topal İ, Soytürk M. ORTAÖĞRETİM ÇAĞINDAKİ ÇOCUKLARDA KEMAH KAYNAK TUZU KULLANIMI İLE İYOT EKSİKLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ. KTD. 2019;20:40–44.
MLA
Topal, İsmail and Mehmet Soytürk. “ORTAÖĞRETİM ÇAĞINDAKİ ÇOCUKLARDA KEMAH KAYNAK TUZU KULLANIMI İLE İYOT EKSİKLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ”. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi, vol. 20, no. 1, 2019, pp. 40-44, doi:10.18229/kocatepetip.488665.
Vancouver
Topal İ, Soytürk M. ORTAÖĞRETİM ÇAĞINDAKİ ÇOCUKLARDA KEMAH KAYNAK TUZU KULLANIMI İLE İYOT EKSİKLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ. KTD. 2019;20(1):40-4.