A CURRENT ADIPOKINE: CHEMERIN

Year 2019, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 98 - 104, 29.04.2019

Menşure Nur Çelik Mehtap Ünlü Söğüt

https://doi.org/10.18229/kocatepetip.557987

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Chemerin secreted from adipose tissue is a signal molecule with a variety of autocrine and paracrine effects and a new chemotactic protein that recently joined the adipokine family. In recent years, chemerin and its receptor are expressed at the highest levels in adipocytes and less expressed than in the liver, kidney, pancreas, pituitary, placenta, ovary and testes. Through these organs and tissues it is known that it affects energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, inflammation and many physiological processes. There is growing evidence that this adipokine has been shown to play a role in adipogenesis, energy metabolism and inflammation, its role in metabolic syndrome (MetS), obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular diseases, Crohn’s disease, arthritis and cancer. In particular, chemerin has been suggested as a hypothesis of a possible link between obesity and the development of T2DM. It was also found that plasma chemerin levels correlated positively with body mass index, fasting serum insulin, fasting blood glucose, plasma triglycerides and total serum cholesterol and negatively correlated with high density lipoprotein (HDL). In general, these findings indicate that circulating levels of chemerin are dependent on adiposity and metabolic syndrome, suggesting that visceral adipose is a replaceable source of chemerin in obese individuals. Chemerin affects glucose homeostasis by decreasing insulin levels and increasing glucose uptake; T2DM by inhibiting glycogen synthase; inflammation by regulating adipocyte differentiation and chemotaxis; MetS markers by regulating the release of GLUT-4, fatty acid synthase, adiponectin and leptin. Therefore, it is important to determine the levels of circulating levels of chemerin adipokinin in relation to obesity, T2DM, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, metabolic syndrome and many other diseases. In the literature, it is frequently observed that circulating chemerin levels are high in individuals with obese and metabolic syndrome. In this review, chemerinin is associated with the effects of obesity and the metabolic syndrome, as well as less-studied inflammation, polycystic ovarian syndrome and other metabolic effects.

Keywords

Chemerin, obesity, metabolic syndrome, inflammation

GÜNCEL BİR ADİPOKİN: CHEMERİN

Abstract

AMAÇ: Adipoz dokudan salgılanan chemerin kısa bir süre önce adipokin ailesine katılan, çeşitli otokrin ve parakrin etkileri olan bir sinyal molekülü ve yeni bir kemotaktik proteindir. Son yıllarda chemerin ve reseptörünün adipositlerde yüksek oranda olmak üzere karaciğer, böbrek, pankreas, hipofiz, plasenta, yumurtalık ve testislerde eksprese edildiği saptanmıştır. Bu organ ve dokular aracılığıyla enerji homeostazı, glukoz metabolizması, inflamasyon ve birçok fizyolojik sürece etki ettiği bilinmektedir. Adipogenezis, enerji metabolizması ve inflamasyonda rolü olduğu gösterilen bu adipokinin metabolik sendrom (MetS), obezite, Tip 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, Crohn hastalığı, artrit ve kanserde rolü hakkında artan kanıtlar mevcuttur. Özellikle chemerin, obezite ile T2DM’ nin gelişimi arasında olası bir bağlantının hipotezi olarak öne sürülmüştür. Aynı zamanda plazma chemerin düzeylerinin vücut kütle indeksi, açlık serum insülini, açlık kan glukozu, plazma trigliseridleri ve total serum kolesterolü ile pozitif korelasyon gösterdiği ve yüksek yoğunluklu lipoprotein (HDL) ile negatif korelasyon gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Genel olarak, bu bulgular dolaşımdaki chemerin düzeylerinin yağlanmaya ve metabolik sendroma bağlı olduğunu, viseral adipozun obez bireylerde chemerinin değiştirilebilir bir kaynağı olduğunu düşündürmektedir. Chemerin; insulin seviyesini azaltıp, glukoz kullanımını artırarak glukoz homeostazını; glikojen sentetazı inhibe ederek T2DM’u; adiposit farklılaşmasını ve kemotaksisi düzenleyerek inflamasyonu; GLUT-4, yağ asidi sentaz, adiponektin ve leptinin salınımını düzenleyerek MetS belirteçlerini etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle obezite, T2DM, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, inflamasyon, metabolik sendrom ve daha birçok hastalıkla ilişkisi bulunan chemerin adipokininin dolaşımdaki seviyelerini belirlemek ve düzeylerini kontrol etmek önem taşımaktadır. Literatür taramasında sıklıkla obez ve metabolik sendromlu bireylerde dolaşımdaki chemerin seviyelerinin yüksek olduğu göze çarpmaktadır. Bu derlemede chemerinin obezite ve metabolik sendromdaki etkileri ile birlikte daha az ele alınan inflamasyon, polikistik over sendromu ve diğer metabolik etkilerine yer verilmektedir.

Keywords

Chemerin, obezite, metabolik sendrom, inflamasyon

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