Research Article
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IMPROVEMENT OF HIGH PLASTICITY CLAY BY USING FILTER SLUDGE

Year 2023, , 973 - 985, 01.12.2023

İlyas Özkan , Yavuz Yenginar

https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes.1311189

Abstract

Filter sludge (FS) is a waste material that occurs during sugar production in the sugar industry, and since it is not used anywhere, it creates a problem due to storage costs and environmental damage. In the present study, high plasticity clay was stabilized with a filter sludge which has never been used for soil stabilization in field cases. The changes in the geotechnical properties of a high plasticity clay (CH) with the additive of filter sludge (FS) were investigated. The amount of FS mixed into CH soil is 3-6-9-12-15% by dry weight of the soil. Changes in geotechnical properties such as consistency limits, compaction parameters, strength, swelling potential, CBR value of improved soils were determined. The plastic limit and optimum water content increase as the FS content added to the soil increases; liquid limit, plasticity index, and maximum dry density decrease. Improved soil strength increases as the curing time and FS amount increase, and the highest strength was obtained with 15% of FS. At the optimum additive ratio, the unconfined compressive strength increases by 33%. The swelling percentage of CH clay decreases from 42.5% to 20%. According to the wet CBR test results, the bearing capacity of the improved soil increased from %1.1 to %4.4. As a result of this study, it was seen that the FS waste material improved the geotechnical properties of the soil.

Keywords

Clay Filter Sludge Soil Stabilization Strength Swelling Potential

Supporting Institution

Necmettin Erbakan University Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship (NEÜ BAP)

Project Number

Grant No: 221219003

References

  • G. T. Hong, Earth pressures and deformations in civil infrastructure in expansive soils. Texas A&M University, 2008.
  • J. D. Nelson, K. C. G. Chao, D. D. Overton, and E. J. Nelson, Foundation Engineering for Expansive Soils. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. doi: 10.1002/9781118996096.
  • E. Çokça, “Use of Class C Fly Ashes for the Stabilizationof an Expansive Soil,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 127, no. 7, pp. 568–573, Jul. 2001, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:7(568).
  • HTS, “Highway technical specification,” General Directorate of Highways, Ankara, Turkey., 2013.
  • Highways Agency, Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works: A User’s Guide and Commentary: 1993/94 Ammendments. Thomas Telford Ltd, 2009. doi: 10.1680/m9394a.20887.
  • P. Ghadir, M. Zamanian, N. Mahbubi-Motlagh, M. Saberian, J. Li, and N. Ranjbar, “Shear strength and life cycle assessment of volcanic ash-based geopolymer and cement stabilized soil: A comparative study,” Transportation Geotechnics, vol. 31, p. 100639, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100639.
  • M. Olgun, “Effects of polypropylene fiber inclusion on the strength and volume change characteristics of cement-fly ash stabilized clay soil,” Geosynth Int, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 263–275, Aug. 2013, doi: 10.1680/gein.13.00016.
  • M. Bekhiti, H. Trouzine, and M. Rabehi, “Influence of waste tire rubber fibers on swelling behavior, unconfined compressive strength and ductility of cement stabilized bentonite clay soil,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 208, pp. 304–313, May 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.011.
  • S. GhavamShirazi and H. Bilsel, “Characterization of volume change and strength behavior of micro-silica and lime-stabilized Cyprus clay,” Acta Geotech, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 827–840, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11440-020-01060-1.
  • X. Bian, L. Zeng, X. Li, X. Shi, S. Zhou, and F. Li, “Fabric changes induced by super-absorbent polymer on cement–lime stabilized excavated clayey soil,” Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jrmge.2021.03.006.
  • M. Koohmishi and M. Palassi, “Mechanical Properties of Clayey Soil Reinforced with PET Considering the Influence of Lime-Stabilization,” Transportation Geotechnics, vol. 33, p. 100726, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100726.
  • S. R. Abdila et al., “Potential of Soil Stabilization Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and Fly Ash via Geopolymerization Method: A Review,” Materials, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 375, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3390/ma15010375.
  • A. L. Murmu, A. Jain, and A. Patel, “Mechanical Properties of Alkali Activated Fly Ash Geopolymer Stabilized Expansive Clay,” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 3875–3888, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s12205-019-2251-z.
  • E. Coudert, M. Paris, D. Deneele, G. Russo, and A. Tarantino, “Use of alkali activated high-calcium fly ash binder for kaolin clay soil stabilisation: Physicochemical evolution,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 201, pp. 539–552, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.188.
  • H. A. M. Abdelkader, M. M. A. Hussein, and H. Ye, “Influence of Waste Marble Dust on the Improvement of Expansive Clay Soils,” Advances in Civil Engineering, vol. 2021, pp. 1–13, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/3192122.
  • A. K. Jain, A. K. Jha, and Shivanshi, “Geotechnical behaviour and micro-analyses of expansive soil amended with marble dust,” Soils and Foundations, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 737–751, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.sandf.2020.02.013.
  • O. Sivrikaya, F. Uysal, A. Yorulmaz, and K. Aydin, “The Efficiency of Waste Marble Powder in the Stabilization of Fine-Grained Soils in Terms of Volume Changes,” Arab J Sci Eng, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 8561–8576, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s13369-020-04768-0.
  • B. R. Phanikumar, J. R. m, and R. R. e, “Silica fume stabilization of an expansive clay subgrade and the effect of silica fume-stabilised soil cushion on its CBR,” Geomechanics and Geoengineering, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 64–77, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1080/17486025.2019.1620348.
  • A. Saygili and M. Dayan, “Freeze-thaw behavior of lime stabilized clay reinforced with silica fume and synthetic fibers,” Cold Reg Sci Technol, vol. 161, pp. 107–114, May 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.03.010.
  • S. Ghavami, H. Naseri, H. Jahanbakhsh, and F. Moghadas Nejad, “The impacts of nano-SiO2 and silica fume on cement kiln dust treated soil as a sustainable cement-free stabilizer,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 285, p. 122918, May 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122918.
  • L. Lang, B. Chen, and B. Chen, “Strength evolutions of varying water content-dredged sludge stabilized with alkali-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 275, p. 122111, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122111.
  • J. He, X. Shi, Z. Li, L. Zhang, X. Feng, and L. Zhou, “Strength properties of dredged soil at high water content treated with soda residue, carbide slag, and ground granulated blast furnace slag,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 242, p. 118126, May 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118126.
  • M. Parsaei, A. H. Vakili, M. Salimi, M. S. Farhadi, and A. Falamaki, “Effect of electric arc and ladle furnace slags on the strength and swelling behavior of cement-stabilized expansive clay,” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. 80, no. 8, pp. 6303–6320, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10064-021-02316-0.
  • G. Özyazici, O. Özdemir, S. Pınar Özer, and Z. Kalcioğlu, “The Effect of Sugar Industry Waste Slime Used as Liming Material on Yield, Quality and Soil Properties of Tea Plant (in Turkish),” Turk Tarim Arast Derg, vol. 1, pp. 43–54, 2014.
  • Ö. Bedir and T. H. Doğan, “Use of sugar industry waste catalyst for biodiesel production,” Fuel, vol. 286, p. 119476, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119476.
  • N. Özen and E. Arat, “Possibilities of Using Rotating Pit of Sugar Factory Waste as a Source of Calcium in Quail Diets (in Turkish),” J. of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, vol. 23, pp. 35–40, 1999.
  • ASTM D2974-20e1, Standard Test Methods for Determining the Water (Moisture) Content, Ash Content, and Organic Material of Peat and Other Organic Soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020.
  • B. G. Gidday and S. Mittal, “Improving the characteristics of dispersive subgrade soils using lime,” Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 2, p. e03384, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03384.
  • ASTM D4318, “Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils,” in Book of Standards Volume: 04.08, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017. doi: 10.1520/D4318-17.
  • ASTM D698-12, “Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft 3 (600 kN-m/m 3 )),” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2021. doi: 10.1520/D0698-12E01.
  • ASTM D4546−21, “Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Swell or Collapse of Soils,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA., 2021. doi: 10.1520/D4546-14.
  • ASTM D1883-16, “Standard test method for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of laboratory-compacted soils,” in Book of Standards Volume: 04.08, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016. doi: 10.1520/D1883-16.

Year 2023, , 973 - 985, 01.12.2023

İlyas Özkan , Yavuz Yenginar

https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes.1311189

Abstract

Project Number

Grant No: 221219003

References

  • G. T. Hong, Earth pressures and deformations in civil infrastructure in expansive soils. Texas A&M University, 2008.
  • J. D. Nelson, K. C. G. Chao, D. D. Overton, and E. J. Nelson, Foundation Engineering for Expansive Soils. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. doi: 10.1002/9781118996096.
  • E. Çokça, “Use of Class C Fly Ashes for the Stabilizationof an Expansive Soil,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 127, no. 7, pp. 568–573, Jul. 2001, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:7(568).
  • HTS, “Highway technical specification,” General Directorate of Highways, Ankara, Turkey., 2013.
  • Highways Agency, Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works: A User’s Guide and Commentary: 1993/94 Ammendments. Thomas Telford Ltd, 2009. doi: 10.1680/m9394a.20887.
  • P. Ghadir, M. Zamanian, N. Mahbubi-Motlagh, M. Saberian, J. Li, and N. Ranjbar, “Shear strength and life cycle assessment of volcanic ash-based geopolymer and cement stabilized soil: A comparative study,” Transportation Geotechnics, vol. 31, p. 100639, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100639.
  • M. Olgun, “Effects of polypropylene fiber inclusion on the strength and volume change characteristics of cement-fly ash stabilized clay soil,” Geosynth Int, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 263–275, Aug. 2013, doi: 10.1680/gein.13.00016.
  • M. Bekhiti, H. Trouzine, and M. Rabehi, “Influence of waste tire rubber fibers on swelling behavior, unconfined compressive strength and ductility of cement stabilized bentonite clay soil,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 208, pp. 304–313, May 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.011.
  • S. GhavamShirazi and H. Bilsel, “Characterization of volume change and strength behavior of micro-silica and lime-stabilized Cyprus clay,” Acta Geotech, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 827–840, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11440-020-01060-1.
  • X. Bian, L. Zeng, X. Li, X. Shi, S. Zhou, and F. Li, “Fabric changes induced by super-absorbent polymer on cement–lime stabilized excavated clayey soil,” Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jrmge.2021.03.006.
  • M. Koohmishi and M. Palassi, “Mechanical Properties of Clayey Soil Reinforced with PET Considering the Influence of Lime-Stabilization,” Transportation Geotechnics, vol. 33, p. 100726, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100726.
  • S. R. Abdila et al., “Potential of Soil Stabilization Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and Fly Ash via Geopolymerization Method: A Review,” Materials, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 375, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3390/ma15010375.
  • A. L. Murmu, A. Jain, and A. Patel, “Mechanical Properties of Alkali Activated Fly Ash Geopolymer Stabilized Expansive Clay,” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 3875–3888, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s12205-019-2251-z.
  • E. Coudert, M. Paris, D. Deneele, G. Russo, and A. Tarantino, “Use of alkali activated high-calcium fly ash binder for kaolin clay soil stabilisation: Physicochemical evolution,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 201, pp. 539–552, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.188.
  • H. A. M. Abdelkader, M. M. A. Hussein, and H. Ye, “Influence of Waste Marble Dust on the Improvement of Expansive Clay Soils,” Advances in Civil Engineering, vol. 2021, pp. 1–13, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/3192122.
  • A. K. Jain, A. K. Jha, and Shivanshi, “Geotechnical behaviour and micro-analyses of expansive soil amended with marble dust,” Soils and Foundations, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 737–751, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.sandf.2020.02.013.
  • O. Sivrikaya, F. Uysal, A. Yorulmaz, and K. Aydin, “The Efficiency of Waste Marble Powder in the Stabilization of Fine-Grained Soils in Terms of Volume Changes,” Arab J Sci Eng, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 8561–8576, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s13369-020-04768-0.
  • B. R. Phanikumar, J. R. m, and R. R. e, “Silica fume stabilization of an expansive clay subgrade and the effect of silica fume-stabilised soil cushion on its CBR,” Geomechanics and Geoengineering, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 64–77, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1080/17486025.2019.1620348.
  • A. Saygili and M. Dayan, “Freeze-thaw behavior of lime stabilized clay reinforced with silica fume and synthetic fibers,” Cold Reg Sci Technol, vol. 161, pp. 107–114, May 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.03.010.
  • S. Ghavami, H. Naseri, H. Jahanbakhsh, and F. Moghadas Nejad, “The impacts of nano-SiO2 and silica fume on cement kiln dust treated soil as a sustainable cement-free stabilizer,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 285, p. 122918, May 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122918.
  • L. Lang, B. Chen, and B. Chen, “Strength evolutions of varying water content-dredged sludge stabilized with alkali-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 275, p. 122111, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122111.
  • J. He, X. Shi, Z. Li, L. Zhang, X. Feng, and L. Zhou, “Strength properties of dredged soil at high water content treated with soda residue, carbide slag, and ground granulated blast furnace slag,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 242, p. 118126, May 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118126.
  • M. Parsaei, A. H. Vakili, M. Salimi, M. S. Farhadi, and A. Falamaki, “Effect of electric arc and ladle furnace slags on the strength and swelling behavior of cement-stabilized expansive clay,” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. 80, no. 8, pp. 6303–6320, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10064-021-02316-0.
  • G. Özyazici, O. Özdemir, S. Pınar Özer, and Z. Kalcioğlu, “The Effect of Sugar Industry Waste Slime Used as Liming Material on Yield, Quality and Soil Properties of Tea Plant (in Turkish),” Turk Tarim Arast Derg, vol. 1, pp. 43–54, 2014.
  • Ö. Bedir and T. H. Doğan, “Use of sugar industry waste catalyst for biodiesel production,” Fuel, vol. 286, p. 119476, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119476.
  • N. Özen and E. Arat, “Possibilities of Using Rotating Pit of Sugar Factory Waste as a Source of Calcium in Quail Diets (in Turkish),” J. of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, vol. 23, pp. 35–40, 1999.
  • ASTM D2974-20e1, Standard Test Methods for Determining the Water (Moisture) Content, Ash Content, and Organic Material of Peat and Other Organic Soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020.
  • B. G. Gidday and S. Mittal, “Improving the characteristics of dispersive subgrade soils using lime,” Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 2, p. e03384, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03384.
  • ASTM D4318, “Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils,” in Book of Standards Volume: 04.08, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017. doi: 10.1520/D4318-17.
  • ASTM D698-12, “Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft 3 (600 kN-m/m 3 )),” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2021. doi: 10.1520/D0698-12E01.
  • ASTM D4546−21, “Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Swell or Collapse of Soils,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA., 2021. doi: 10.1520/D4546-14.
  • ASTM D1883-16, “Standard test method for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of laboratory-compacted soils,” in Book of Standards Volume: 04.08, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016. doi: 10.1520/D1883-16.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Civil Geotechnical Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İlyas Özkan 0000-0001-9660-8229

Yavuz Yenginar 0000-0002-6916-4068

Project Number Grant No: 221219003
Publication Date December 1, 2023
Submission Date June 7, 2023
Acceptance Date August 13, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

IEEE İ. Özkan and Y. Yenginar, “IMPROVEMENT OF HIGH PLASTICITY CLAY BY USING FILTER SLUDGE”, KONJES, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 973–985, 2023, doi: 10.36306/konjes.1311189.