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Languages in the New Exploitation Order: The Test of Turkish with English

Year 2022, Issue: 9, 722 - 738, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.51531/korkutataturkiyat.1212773

Abstract

Globalization has become an element that determines, transforms and directs the thought patterns, behavior patterns, and lifestyles of societies. With globalization, there have been significant changes in language preferences and societies' perceptions of the world. Many researchers believe that there is a close relationship between globalization and the spread of English. In many parts of the world, English has seen as the key to a better life, economic prosperity, and development. The idea that English facilitates access to science and technology and paves the way for modernization has led states to English-based education policies. This situation, defined as language imperialism, causes both the extinction of many languages in the colonized regions and the exclusion of important regional languages with a deep-rooted history from fields such as science, education, and media. As in many parts of the world, there are strong incentives for the spread of English in Turkey. This study focuses on understanding the effects of English on the Turkish higher education science language, which has increased its impact with the strengthening of globalization. For this purpose, language policies in Turkish higher education, and language preferences in scientific publications have been tried to be determined and it has been questioned how much space Turkish has lost, especially in the last twenty years.

References

  • Appadurai, A. (2000). Globalization. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Arık, B. & Arık, E. (2014). The Role and Status of English in Turkish Higher Education: English is The Language of Instruction in Around 20% of The Programs in Turkish Universities. English Today, 30(4), 5-10.
  • Barrantes-Montero, L. G. (2018). Phillipsons’s Linguistic Imperialism Revisited at The Light of Latin American Decoloniality Approach. Revista Electrónica Educare. 22(1), 1-19. DOI: 10.15359/ree.22-1.1
  • Bauman, Z. (1997). Küreselleşme, Toplumsalın Sonuçları. (çev. Abdullah Yılmaz) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yay.
  • Bear, J. M. (1985). Historical Factors Influencing Attitudes toward Foreign Language Learning in Turkey. Journal of Human Sciences of Middle East Technical University, 1, 27-36.
  • Büyükkantarcı, N. (2004). A Sociolinguistic Analysis of The Present Dimensions of The Sociology of Language. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 165, 33–58.
  • Boratav, K. (2004). Emperyalizm mi Küreselleşme mi? Küreselleşme (ed. A. Tonak). İstanbul: İmge Yay.
  • Bordons, M. and Gomez, I. (2004). Towards a Single Language in Science? A Spanish view. Serials, 17(2), 189-95.
  • Chang, J. (2006). Globalization and English in Chinese Higher Education. World Englishes, 25(3/4), 513-525.
  • Chomsky, N. (2010). Sömürgecilikten Küreselleşmeye. (çev. M. Erdem Sakınç). Ankara: Ütopya Yayınları.
  • Cooper, R.L. and Seckbach, F. (1977) Economic İncentives for The Learning of a Language of Wider Communication: A Case Study. The Spread of English: The Sociology of English as an Additional Language. (ed. J.A. Fishman, R.L. Cooper, and A.W. Conrad). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
  • Crystal, D. (2003). English as a Global Llanguage. New York: Cambridge University Press. Çakır, A. (2017). Foreign Language Education in Turkey Before and After YÖK (Council of Higher Education). Journal of Language Research (JLR), 1(1), 1-18.
  • Day, R. R. (1985). The Ultimate Inequality: Linguistic Genocide. Language of Inequality. (ed. Nessa Wolfson and Joan Manes). Berlin: Mouton Publishers.
  • Demir, G. (2001). Küreselleşme Üzerine. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 56/1.
  • Demircan, O. (1988). Dünden Dugüne Türkiye’de Yabancı Dil. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Demirel, Ö. (2008). Yabancı Dil Öğretimi. Ankara: Pagem Yay.
  • De Swaan, A. (2005). English in the Social Sciences. Critical Topics in Science and Scholarship: Biennial Yearbook ALLEA 2004 (ed. P. J. D. Drenth and J. J. F. Schroots). Amsterdam: Knaw/Allea, 135-46.
  • Doğançay-Aktuna, S. (1998). The Spread of English in Turkey and Its Current Sociolinguistic Profile. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 19(1), 24-39.
  • Doğançay-Aktuna, S. and Kızıltepe, Z. (2005). English in Turkey. World Englishes, 24(2), 253–265 Drubin, D. G., and Kellogg, D. R. (2012). English as the Universal Language of Science: Opportunities and Challenges. Molecular biology of the cell, 23(8), 1399-1399.
  • Giddens, A. (2000). Runaway World: How Globalization Reshaping Our Lives. New York: Routledge. Grabe, W. ( 1988). English, İnformation Access, and Technology Transfer: A Rationale for English as an International Language. World Englishes, 7(1), 63-72.
  • Harvey, D. (2012). Postmodernliğin Durumu. (çev. Sungur Savran). İstanbul: Metis Yay.
  • Ives, P. (2009). Global English, Hegemony and Education: Lessons from Gramsci. Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 661–683
  • İmer, K. (1990). Dil ve Toplum. İstanbul: Gündoğan Yay.
  • Jiang, X., Borg, E., and Borg, M. (2017). Challenges and Coping Strategies for International Publication: Perceptions of Young Scholars in China. Studies in Higher Education, 42(3), 428-444.
  • Kachru, B. (1985). Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: English Language in the Outer Circle. English in the world: Teaching and learning the language and literatures. (eds. R. Quirk and H. Widowson). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kahraman, M. (2017). Türk Dilinin Cumhuriyet Devri Terimsel Gelişim Sürecine Tarihî Bakış (II). İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2),1298-1312.
  • Kayıntu, A. (2017). Language and Power from Empire to Globalization. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(14), 65-82.
  • Kırkgöz, Y. (2009). Globalisation and English Language Policy in Turkey. Educational Policy, 23(5), Corvin Press. Koç, M. (2003). Küreselleşmenin sosyolojik boyutları. Küreselleşme ve Psikiyatri (ed. Burhanettin Kaya ve Süheyla Ünal) Ankara: Türk Tabipler Birliği Yay.
  • Levend, A. S. (1972). Türk Dilinde Gelişme ve Sadeleşme Evreleri. Ankara: TDK Yay.
  • Lillis, T. M. and Curry, M. J. (2010). Academic Writing in a Global Culture: The Politics and Practices of Publishing in English. London: Routledge.
  • Migg, B. and Léglise, I. (2007). Language and Colonialism. Applied Linguistics in the Context of Creole Communities. Language and Communication: Diversity and Change. (ed. M. Hellinger and A. Pauwels). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Mutlu, Ş. (2005). Osmanlı Devletinde Misyoner Okulları, İstanbul: Gökkubbe Yay.
  • Mühleisen, S. (2001). Is ‘Bad English’ Dying Out? A Diachronic Comparative Study of Attitudes Towards Creole Versus Standard English in Trinidad. Philologie im Netz 15, 43-78.
  • Pennycook, A. (1998). English and the Discourses of Colonialism. London: Routledge.
  • Phillipson, R. (1997). Realities and Myths of Linguistic Imperialism. Journal of Multılıngual and Multıcultural Development, 3 (18), 231-243.
  • Phillipson, R. (1999). International Languages and International Human Rights. Language: A Right and a Resource. (ed. M. Kontra, R. Phillipson, T. Skutnabb-Kangas and T. Varady). Budapest: Central European University Press.
  • Sayılı, A. (2018). Bilim ve Öğretim Dili Olarak Türkçe. (ed. Remzi Demir). Ankara: AKM Yay.
  • Selvi, A. F. (2011). World Englishes in the Turkish Sociolinguistic Context. World Englishes, 30, 182–199.
  • Sert, N. (2008). Language of Instruction Dilemma in the Turkish Context. System, 36(2), 156–171.
  • Spencer, J. (1971). Colonial Language Policies and Their Legacies. Linguistics in Sub-Saharan Africa. Current Trends in Linguistics. (ed. T.A. Sebeok). The Hague, Mouton, 537–547.
  • Şaş, A. K. (2022). Bilişim Dilimiz. Yunus Emre ve Türkçe Yılı Münasebetiyle Türkçe Şurası. (ed. Umut Başar). Ankara: ASBÜ Yay.
  • Talas, M. (2004). Küreselleşme ve Kültür. Küreselleşme ve Psikiyatri (ed. Burhanettin Kaya ve Süheyla Ünal) Ankara: Türk Tabipler Birliği Yay.
  • Tomlinson, J. (2004). Küreselleşme ve Kültür. (çev. Arzu Eker). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yay.
  • Tuna, K. (2003). Küresel mi, Yerel mi: Neler oluyor bize? Sosyoloji Dergisi, 3/6.
  • Tollefson, J.W. (1991). Planning Language, Planning İnequality: Language Policy in the Community. London: Longman.
  • Veronelli, G. A. (2015). The Coloniality of Language: Race, Expressivity, Power, and the Darker Side of Modernity. A Journal of Transnational Women’s & Gender Studies, 13, 108-134.
  • Yeniçeri, B. (2020). Masaüstü Sömürgecilik: E-uygulamalar ve Yazılımlar. Yeni Medya, 2019 (7) , 71-84
  • Yumru, D. (2010). Terim Ürete(me)me Sorunu. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. (3), 10-19.
  • Zülfikar, H. (1991). Terim Sorunları ve Terim Yapma Yolları. Ankara: TDK Yayınları.
  • İnternet Kaynakçası
  • ÖSYM. (2001). ÖSYS Yükseköğretim Programlarının Kodları, Minimum Puanları ve Kayıt Kodları. www.osym.gov.tr/TR,2518/osys yuksekogretim programlarinin kodları minimum puanlari ve kayit kodları html [Erişim Tarihi: 19.08.2022]
  • ÖSYM. (2022). Tablo 4. Merkezi Yerleştirme İle Öğrenci Alan Yükseköğretim Lisans Programları. www.osym.gov.tr/Eklenti/1542,tablo4pdf.pdf?0 [Erişim Tarihi: 19.08.2022]
  • TrDizin (2022), https://trdizin.gov.tr [Erişim Tarihi: 05.09.2022]
  • We Are Social ve Hootsuite (2022). Dijital 2022. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-language-culture-and content?rq=language [Erişim Tarihi: 12.09.2022]
  • Web of Science (2022). https://www.webofknowledge.com [Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2022]

Yeni Sömürü Düzeninde Diller: Türkçenin İngilizceyle İmtihanı

Year 2022, Issue: 9, 722 - 738, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.51531/korkutataturkiyat.1212773

Abstract

Küreselleşme toplumların düşünce kalıplarını, davranış şekillerini ve hayat tarzlarını belirleyen, dönüştüren, yönlendiren bir unsur haline gelmiştir. Bu dönüşüm sadece toplumların dünya algılarını değil, dil tercihlerini de derinden etkilemiştir. Pek çok araştırmacı küreselleşmeyle İngilizcenin yaygınlaşması arasında sıkı bir ilişki olduğu kanaatindedir. Dünyanın pek çok yerinde İngilizce daha iyi bir hayatın, ekonomik refahın ve kalkınmanın anahtarı olarak görülmektedir. İngilizcenin bilim ve teknolojiye ulaşımı kolaylaştırarak modernleşmenin önünü açtığı fikri devletleri İngilizceye dayalı eğitim politikalarına yönlendirmiştir. Dil emperyalizmi olarak tanımlanan bu durum hem sömürgeleştirilmiş bölgelerdeki pek çok dilin yok olmasına hem de köklü geçmişe sahip önemli bölgesel dillerin bilim, eğitim ve medya gibi alanlardan dışlanmasına sebep olmaktadır. Dünyanın pek çok yerinde olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de İngilizcenin yayılması için kuvvetli teşvikler söz konusudur. Bu çalışma küreselleşmenin kuvvetlenmesiyle etkisini artıran İngilizcenin yükseköğretimdeki dil tercihleri ve bilim dili üzerindeki etkilerini anlamaya odaklanmıştır. Bu amaçla Türk yükseköğretimindeki dil politikaları ile bilimsel yayınlardaki dil tercihleri belirlenmiş ve Türkçenin özellikle son yirmi yıl içerisinde bilim ve eğitim alanında ne kadar alan kaybettiği istatistiki verilerle ortaya konmuştur.

References

  • Appadurai, A. (2000). Globalization. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Arık, B. & Arık, E. (2014). The Role and Status of English in Turkish Higher Education: English is The Language of Instruction in Around 20% of The Programs in Turkish Universities. English Today, 30(4), 5-10.
  • Barrantes-Montero, L. G. (2018). Phillipsons’s Linguistic Imperialism Revisited at The Light of Latin American Decoloniality Approach. Revista Electrónica Educare. 22(1), 1-19. DOI: 10.15359/ree.22-1.1
  • Bauman, Z. (1997). Küreselleşme, Toplumsalın Sonuçları. (çev. Abdullah Yılmaz) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yay.
  • Bear, J. M. (1985). Historical Factors Influencing Attitudes toward Foreign Language Learning in Turkey. Journal of Human Sciences of Middle East Technical University, 1, 27-36.
  • Büyükkantarcı, N. (2004). A Sociolinguistic Analysis of The Present Dimensions of The Sociology of Language. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 165, 33–58.
  • Boratav, K. (2004). Emperyalizm mi Küreselleşme mi? Küreselleşme (ed. A. Tonak). İstanbul: İmge Yay.
  • Bordons, M. and Gomez, I. (2004). Towards a Single Language in Science? A Spanish view. Serials, 17(2), 189-95.
  • Chang, J. (2006). Globalization and English in Chinese Higher Education. World Englishes, 25(3/4), 513-525.
  • Chomsky, N. (2010). Sömürgecilikten Küreselleşmeye. (çev. M. Erdem Sakınç). Ankara: Ütopya Yayınları.
  • Cooper, R.L. and Seckbach, F. (1977) Economic İncentives for The Learning of a Language of Wider Communication: A Case Study. The Spread of English: The Sociology of English as an Additional Language. (ed. J.A. Fishman, R.L. Cooper, and A.W. Conrad). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
  • Crystal, D. (2003). English as a Global Llanguage. New York: Cambridge University Press. Çakır, A. (2017). Foreign Language Education in Turkey Before and After YÖK (Council of Higher Education). Journal of Language Research (JLR), 1(1), 1-18.
  • Day, R. R. (1985). The Ultimate Inequality: Linguistic Genocide. Language of Inequality. (ed. Nessa Wolfson and Joan Manes). Berlin: Mouton Publishers.
  • Demir, G. (2001). Küreselleşme Üzerine. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 56/1.
  • Demircan, O. (1988). Dünden Dugüne Türkiye’de Yabancı Dil. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Demirel, Ö. (2008). Yabancı Dil Öğretimi. Ankara: Pagem Yay.
  • De Swaan, A. (2005). English in the Social Sciences. Critical Topics in Science and Scholarship: Biennial Yearbook ALLEA 2004 (ed. P. J. D. Drenth and J. J. F. Schroots). Amsterdam: Knaw/Allea, 135-46.
  • Doğançay-Aktuna, S. (1998). The Spread of English in Turkey and Its Current Sociolinguistic Profile. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 19(1), 24-39.
  • Doğançay-Aktuna, S. and Kızıltepe, Z. (2005). English in Turkey. World Englishes, 24(2), 253–265 Drubin, D. G., and Kellogg, D. R. (2012). English as the Universal Language of Science: Opportunities and Challenges. Molecular biology of the cell, 23(8), 1399-1399.
  • Giddens, A. (2000). Runaway World: How Globalization Reshaping Our Lives. New York: Routledge. Grabe, W. ( 1988). English, İnformation Access, and Technology Transfer: A Rationale for English as an International Language. World Englishes, 7(1), 63-72.
  • Harvey, D. (2012). Postmodernliğin Durumu. (çev. Sungur Savran). İstanbul: Metis Yay.
  • Ives, P. (2009). Global English, Hegemony and Education: Lessons from Gramsci. Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 661–683
  • İmer, K. (1990). Dil ve Toplum. İstanbul: Gündoğan Yay.
  • Jiang, X., Borg, E., and Borg, M. (2017). Challenges and Coping Strategies for International Publication: Perceptions of Young Scholars in China. Studies in Higher Education, 42(3), 428-444.
  • Kachru, B. (1985). Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: English Language in the Outer Circle. English in the world: Teaching and learning the language and literatures. (eds. R. Quirk and H. Widowson). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kahraman, M. (2017). Türk Dilinin Cumhuriyet Devri Terimsel Gelişim Sürecine Tarihî Bakış (II). İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2),1298-1312.
  • Kayıntu, A. (2017). Language and Power from Empire to Globalization. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(14), 65-82.
  • Kırkgöz, Y. (2009). Globalisation and English Language Policy in Turkey. Educational Policy, 23(5), Corvin Press. Koç, M. (2003). Küreselleşmenin sosyolojik boyutları. Küreselleşme ve Psikiyatri (ed. Burhanettin Kaya ve Süheyla Ünal) Ankara: Türk Tabipler Birliği Yay.
  • Levend, A. S. (1972). Türk Dilinde Gelişme ve Sadeleşme Evreleri. Ankara: TDK Yay.
  • Lillis, T. M. and Curry, M. J. (2010). Academic Writing in a Global Culture: The Politics and Practices of Publishing in English. London: Routledge.
  • Migg, B. and Léglise, I. (2007). Language and Colonialism. Applied Linguistics in the Context of Creole Communities. Language and Communication: Diversity and Change. (ed. M. Hellinger and A. Pauwels). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Mutlu, Ş. (2005). Osmanlı Devletinde Misyoner Okulları, İstanbul: Gökkubbe Yay.
  • Mühleisen, S. (2001). Is ‘Bad English’ Dying Out? A Diachronic Comparative Study of Attitudes Towards Creole Versus Standard English in Trinidad. Philologie im Netz 15, 43-78.
  • Pennycook, A. (1998). English and the Discourses of Colonialism. London: Routledge.
  • Phillipson, R. (1997). Realities and Myths of Linguistic Imperialism. Journal of Multılıngual and Multıcultural Development, 3 (18), 231-243.
  • Phillipson, R. (1999). International Languages and International Human Rights. Language: A Right and a Resource. (ed. M. Kontra, R. Phillipson, T. Skutnabb-Kangas and T. Varady). Budapest: Central European University Press.
  • Sayılı, A. (2018). Bilim ve Öğretim Dili Olarak Türkçe. (ed. Remzi Demir). Ankara: AKM Yay.
  • Selvi, A. F. (2011). World Englishes in the Turkish Sociolinguistic Context. World Englishes, 30, 182–199.
  • Sert, N. (2008). Language of Instruction Dilemma in the Turkish Context. System, 36(2), 156–171.
  • Spencer, J. (1971). Colonial Language Policies and Their Legacies. Linguistics in Sub-Saharan Africa. Current Trends in Linguistics. (ed. T.A. Sebeok). The Hague, Mouton, 537–547.
  • Şaş, A. K. (2022). Bilişim Dilimiz. Yunus Emre ve Türkçe Yılı Münasebetiyle Türkçe Şurası. (ed. Umut Başar). Ankara: ASBÜ Yay.
  • Talas, M. (2004). Küreselleşme ve Kültür. Küreselleşme ve Psikiyatri (ed. Burhanettin Kaya ve Süheyla Ünal) Ankara: Türk Tabipler Birliği Yay.
  • Tomlinson, J. (2004). Küreselleşme ve Kültür. (çev. Arzu Eker). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yay.
  • Tuna, K. (2003). Küresel mi, Yerel mi: Neler oluyor bize? Sosyoloji Dergisi, 3/6.
  • Tollefson, J.W. (1991). Planning Language, Planning İnequality: Language Policy in the Community. London: Longman.
  • Veronelli, G. A. (2015). The Coloniality of Language: Race, Expressivity, Power, and the Darker Side of Modernity. A Journal of Transnational Women’s & Gender Studies, 13, 108-134.
  • Yeniçeri, B. (2020). Masaüstü Sömürgecilik: E-uygulamalar ve Yazılımlar. Yeni Medya, 2019 (7) , 71-84
  • Yumru, D. (2010). Terim Ürete(me)me Sorunu. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. (3), 10-19.
  • Zülfikar, H. (1991). Terim Sorunları ve Terim Yapma Yolları. Ankara: TDK Yayınları.
  • İnternet Kaynakçası
  • ÖSYM. (2001). ÖSYS Yükseköğretim Programlarının Kodları, Minimum Puanları ve Kayıt Kodları. www.osym.gov.tr/TR,2518/osys yuksekogretim programlarinin kodları minimum puanlari ve kayit kodları html [Erişim Tarihi: 19.08.2022]
  • ÖSYM. (2022). Tablo 4. Merkezi Yerleştirme İle Öğrenci Alan Yükseköğretim Lisans Programları. www.osym.gov.tr/Eklenti/1542,tablo4pdf.pdf?0 [Erişim Tarihi: 19.08.2022]
  • TrDizin (2022), https://trdizin.gov.tr [Erişim Tarihi: 05.09.2022]
  • We Are Social ve Hootsuite (2022). Dijital 2022. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-language-culture-and content?rq=language [Erişim Tarihi: 12.09.2022]
  • Web of Science (2022). https://www.webofknowledge.com [Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2022]
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Language Studies
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Ali Kemal Şaş 0000-0001-6838-3018

Publication Date December 30, 2022
Submission Date November 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 9

Cite

APA Şaş, A. K. (2022). Yeni Sömürü Düzeninde Diller: Türkçenin İngilizceyle İmtihanı. Korkut Ata Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi(9), 722-738. https://doi.org/10.51531/korkutataturkiyat.1212773