Investigation of Smartphone Addiction, Subjective Vitality and Happiness in University Students

Abstract

In this study, it was investigated how subjective vitality and happiness variables predicted the smartphone addiction levels of university students. The research was conducted based on the relational screening model. The research group of the study consisted of a total of 267 students, 128 (47.9%) male and 139 (52.1%) female, studying at different universities in Turkey in the 2022-2023 academic year. The average age of the research group is 21.43. Smartphone Addiction Test - Short Form, Subjective Vitality Scale, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire and Personal Information Form were used as data collection tools in the research. The data obtained in the study were analyzed with the multiple linear regression analysis (stepwise) method. As a result of the research, it was determined that “subjective vitality” in the first place and “happiness” in the second place predicted smartphone addiction significantly.

Keywords

• Smartphone addiction
• Subjective vitality
• Happiness
• University student

Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı, Öznel Zindelik ve Mutluluğun İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu araştırmada, öznel zindelik ve mutluluk değişkenlerinin üniversite öğrencilerinin akıllı telefon bağımlılığı düzeylerini ne kadar yordadığı incelenmiştir. Araştırma ilişkisel tarama modelinde dayalı olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın araştırma grubunu 2022-2023 eğitim-öğretim yılında Türkiye’deki farklı üniversitelerde öğrenim gören 128 (%47.9) erkek, 139 (%52.1) kız olmak üzere toplam 267 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Araştırma grubunun yaş ortalaması 21.43’tür. Araştırmada veri toplama araçları olarak Akıllı telefon Bağımlılığı Testi - Kısa Formu, Öznel Zindelik Ölçeği, Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler çoklu doğrusal regresyon analiz (adımsal) yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, akıllı telefon bağımlılığını birinci sırada “öznel zindelik”, ikinci sırada “mutluluk” değişkenlerinin anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı
• Öznel zindelik
• Mutluluk
• Üniversite öğrencisi

Kaynakça

1. Akın, A. (2012). The relationships between internet addiction, subjective vitality, and subjective happiness. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(8), 404-410. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0609
2. Alosaimi, F. D., Alyahya, H., Alshahwan, H., Al Mahyijari, N., & Shaik, S. A. (2016). Smartphone addiction among university students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi medical journal, 37(6), 675-683. https://doi.org/10.15537/Smj.2016.6.14430
3. Agesti, L. P., Fitryasari, R., Armini, N. K. A., & Yusuf, A. (2019). Hubungan smartphone addiction dan Self-efficacy dengan prestasi akademik pada remaja. Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa, 1(1), 1-6. http://repository.unair.ac.id/id/eprint/87968
4. American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5.(2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™ (5th ed.). Washington, DC.
5. Azizah, M. (2021). The relationship between time management, self regulation, and smartphone addiction. Empati-Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling, 8(2), 82-98. DOI:10.26877/empati.v8i2.8057
6. Bae, S. M. (2019). The relationship between smartphone use for communication, social capital, and subjective well-being in Korean adolescents: Verification using multiple latent growth modeling. Children And Youth Services Review, 96, 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.11.032
7. Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?. Psychological Science İn The Public İnterest, 4(1), 1-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/1529-1006.01431
8. Beard, K. W., & Wolf, E. M. (2001). Modification in the proposed diagnostic criteria for internet addiction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 4(3), 377-383. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493101300210286

9. Bostic, T. J., Rubio, D. M., & Hood, M. (2000). A validation of the subjective vitality scale using structural equation modeling. Social Indicators Research, 52(3), 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007136110218
10. Boumosleh, J., & Jaalouk, D. (2018). Smartphone addiction among university students and its relationship with academic performance. Global Journal of Health Science, 10(1), 48-59. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v10n1p48
11. Buctot, D. B., Kim, N., & Kim, J. J. (2020). Factors associated with smartphone addiction prevalence and its predictive capacity for health-related quality of life among Filipino adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 110, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104758
12. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
13. Congman, R., Umar, M., Bhayo, N. H., Ijaz, M. S., Sharifi, A. F., & Akram, H. (2019). Smartphone addiction and subjective well-being: A case of international students at Northeast Normal University, China. American Journal of Creative Education, 2(2), 70-80. https://doi.org/10.20448/815.22.70.80
14. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological İnquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
15. Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
16. Diener, E., & Ryan, K. (2009). Subjective well-being: A general overview. South African Journal of Psychology, 39(4), 391-406. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630903900402
17. Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
18. Ding, Y., Huang, H., Zhang, Y., Peng, Q., Yu, J., Lu, G., ... & Chen, C. (2022). Correlations between smartphone addiction and alexithymia, attachment style, and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.971735
19. Doğan, T., & Çötok, N. A. (2011). Oxford mutluluk ölçeği kısa formunun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the short form of the Oxford happiness questionnaire into Turkish: A validity and reliability study]. Türk Psikolojik Danışma Ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(36), 165-172.
20. Geng, Y., Gu, J., Wang, J., & Zhang, R. (2021). Smartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: The role of bedtime procrastination and self-control. Journal of Affective Disorders, 293, 415-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.062
21. Ghanbari-Talab, M., & Fooladchang, M. (2015). On the relationship of resilience and mental vitality with addiction potential among students. Scientific Quarterly Research on Addiction, 9(34), 9-22. http://etiadpajohi.ir/article-1-270-en.html
22. Griffiths, M. (1996a). Gambling on the Internet: A brief note. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12, 471-473.
23. Griffiths, M. D. (1996b). Internet addiction: an issue for clinical psychology?. Clinical Psychology Forum, 97, 32- 36. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/25089
24. Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and individual differences, 33(7), 1073-1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
25. Hughes, N., & Burke, J. (2018). Sleeping with the frenemy: How restricting ‘bedroom use’of smartphones impacts happiness and wellbeing. Computers in Human Behavior, 85, 236-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.047
26. Karasar, N. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. (33. Basım). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık
27. Kaya, A., Demirel, M., & Tükel, Y. (2020). The relationship between smartphone use and happiness among university students. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 9(7), 124-133. DOI:10.26655/IJAEP.2020.7.1
28. Kim, H. (2013). Exercise rehabilitation for smartphone addiction. Journal Of Exercise Rehabilitation, 9(6), 500-505. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.130080
29. Kim, I. K., Park, S. W., & Choi, H. M. (2017). The relationship among smartphone addiction, communication ability, loneliness and interpersonal relationship for university students. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 18(1), 637-648. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2017.18.1.637
30. Khasanah, R., & Daulay, N. (2022). The effect of smartphone addiction on communication with peers in Madrasah Tsanawiyah. Jurnal Basicedu, 6(4), 5549-5556. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v6i4.2924
31. Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Chen, C. C., Chen, S. H., & Yen, C. F. (2005). Proposed diagnostic criteria of internet addiction for adolescents. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(11), 728-733. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000185891.13719.54
32. Kozan, H. İ. Ö., Kavaklı, M., Ak, M., & Kesici, Ş. (2019). Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı, genel aidiyet ve mutluluk arasındaki ilişkilerin yapısal eşitlik modellemesi ile incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(4), 2152-2159. doi: 10.5505/kpd.2019.87587
33. Kula, H., Ayhan, C., Soyer, F. & Kaçay, Z. (2020). The relationship between smartphone addiction and life satisfaction: faculty of sport sciences students. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 7(1), 86-95. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/pes/issue/57204/807780
34. Kumcağız, H., & Gündüz, Y. (2016). Relationship between Psychological Well-Being and Smartphone Addiction of University students. International Journal of Higher Education, 5(4), 144-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v5n4p144
35. Kwon, M., Kim, D.-J., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013a). The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS ONE, 8(12), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083558
36. Lanaj, K., Johnson, R. E., & Barnes, C. M. (2014). Beginning the workday yet already depleted? Consequences of late-night smartphone use and sleep. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 124(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.01.001
37. Lian, L., & You, X. (2017). Specific virtues as predictors of smartphone addiction among Chinese undergraduates. Current Psychology, 36(2), 376-384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9612-x
38. Lin, Y. H., Chiang, C. L., Lin, P. H., Chang, L. R., Ko, C. H., Lee, Y. H., & Lin, S. H. (2016). Proposed diagnostic criteria for smartphone addiction. Plos One, 11(11), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163010
39. Lowe-Calverley, E., & Pontes, H. M. (2020). Challenging the concept of smartphone addiction: An empirical pilot study of smartphone usage patterns and psychological well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(8), 550-556. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0719
40. Mascia, M. L., Agus, M., & Penna, M. P. (2020). Emotional intelligence, self-regulation, smartphone addiction: which relationship with student well-being and quality of life?. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00375
41. Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227- 238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227
42. Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2(04), 425-444. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400005812
43. Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy?. Psychological Science, 6(1), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00298.x
44. Muraven, M., Gagne, M., & Rosman, H. (2008). Helpful self-control: Autonomy support, vitality, and depletion. Journal Of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 573-585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.10.008
45. Noyan, C. O., Enez Darçin, A., Nurmedov, S., Yilmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2015). Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ölçeğinin kısa formunun üniversite öğrencilerinde Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(Özel sayı.1), 73-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/apd.176101
46. Oulasvirta, A., Rattenbury, T., Ma, L., & Raita, E. (2012). Habits make smartphone use more pervasive. Personal And Ubiquitous Computing, 16(1), 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-011-0412-2
47. Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction?. Journal Of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 252-259. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.49
48. Park, H., & Choi, E. (2017). Smartphone addiction and depression: The mediating effects of self-esteem and resilience among middle school students. Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing, 28(3), 280-290. https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.3.280
49. Pavot, W., Diener, E. D., & Fujita, F. (1990). Extraversion and happiness. Personality and individual differences, 11(12), 1299-1306. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(90)90157-M
50. Roberts, J. A., Yaya, L.H.P., & Manolis, C. (2014). The Invisible Addiction: Cell-Phone Activities and Addiction among Male and Female College Students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(4), 254–265. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.3.2014.015
51. Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 598–611. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.147.6.598
52. Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316-331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03541.x
53. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). A self-determination theory approach to psychotherapy: The motivational basis for effective change. Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne, 49(3), 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012753
54. Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well‐being. Journal Of Personality, 65(3), 529-565. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00326.x
55. Sağar, M. E. (2022a). Ergenlerde duygu düzenleme, psikolojik sağlamlık ve okulda öznel iyi oluşun akıllı telefon bağımlılığı üzerindeki yordayıcı rolü. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(83), 926-944. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.1036794
56. Sağar, M. E. (2022b). Üniversite öğrencilerinde akıllı telefon bağımlılığının yordayıcısı olarak dürtüsellik ve saldırganlık. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(3), 864-876. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/gumus/issue/73042/1003657
57. Sağar, M. E., Sağar, S. (2023). Predictors of smartphone addiction in teacher candidates: Self-control and communication skills. Osmangazi Journal of Educational Research (OJER), 10(1), 47-62. https://doi.org/10.59409/ojer.1248743
58. Salehan, M., & Negahban, A. (2013). Social networking on smartphones: When mobile phones become addictive. Computers İn Human Behavior, 29(6), 2632-2639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.003
59. Samaha, M., & Hawi, N. S. (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Computers İn Human Behavior, 57, 321-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045
60. Shapira, N. A., Lessig, M. C., Goldsmith, T. D., Szabo, S. T., Lazoritz, M., Gold, M. S., & Stein, D. J. (2003). Problematic internet use: Proposed classification and diagnostic criteria. Depression and Anxiety, 17(4), 207-216. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10094
61. Shaw, M., & Black, D. W. (2008). Internet addiction: definition, assessment, epidemiology and clinical management. CNS Drugs, 22(5), 353-365. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200822050-00001
62. Sok, S. R., Seong, M. H., & Ryu, M. H. (2019). Differences of self-control, daily life stress, and communication skills between smartphone addiction risk group and general group in Korean nursing students. Psychiatric Quarterly, 90(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-018-9596-1
63. Suler, J. R. (1999). To get what you need: Healthy and pathological internet use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 2(5), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1999.2.385
64. Tao, R., Huang, X., Wang, J., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., & Li, M. (2010). Proposed diagnostic criteria for internet addiction. Addiction, 105(3), 556-564. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02828.x
65. Ting, C. H., & Chen, Y. Y. (2020). “Chapter 8 - Smartphone addiction,” in Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional, Adolescent Addiction, 2nd Edn, eds C. Essau and P. Delfabbro (San Diego, CA: Elsevier), 215–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818626-8.00008-6
66. Uysal, R., Sarıçam, H., & Akın, A. (2014). Öznel zindelik ölçeği Türkçe formunun psikometrik özellikleri. Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (33), 136-146.
67. Uysal, R., Satıcı, S. A., & Akın, A. (2013). Mediating effect of Facebook® addiction on the relationship between subjective vitality and subjective happiness. Psychological reports, 113(3), 948-953. https://doi.org/10.2466/02.09.18.PR0.113x32z3
68. Veenhoven, R. (2009). How do we assess how happy we are? Tenets, implications and tenability of three theories. In A. K. Dutt & B. Radcliff (Eds.), Happiness, economics and politics: Towards a multi-disciplinary approach (pp. 45–69). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elger.
69. Yang, S. Y., Lin, C. Y., Huang, Y. C., & Chang, J. H. (2018). Gender differences in the association of smartphone use with the vitality and mental health of adolescent students. Journal Of American College Health, 66(7), 693-701. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1454930
70. Young, K. S. (1996). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237-244. http://www.netaddiction.com/articles/newdisorder.pdf
71. Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165-178.
72. Wagnild, G., & Young, H. M. (1990). Resilience among older women. IMAGE: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 22(4), 252-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1990.tb00224.x
73. Xie, G., Wu, Q., Guo, X., Zhang, J., & Yin, D. (2023). Psychological resilience buffers the association between cell phone addiction and sleep quality among college students in Jiangsu Province, China. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1105840