Hidden Threat: Flesh-Eating Zoonotic Bacteria
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 42 - 48, 15.03.2019
Aliye Sağkan Öztürk
,
Serkan İrfan Köse
Kaynakça
- 1. Köksaldı-Motor V, Evirgen Ö, İnci M, Özden R, Doğramacı AÇ, Gündeşlioğlu AÖ, ve ark. Ciddi bir Yumuşak Doku Enfeksiyonu: Nekrotizan Fasiit (A Serious Soft Tissue Infection: Necrotizing Fasciitis). Tıp Araştırmaları Dergisi 2013; 11(3):124-127.
- 2. Hakkarainen TW, Kopari NM, Pham TN, Evans HL. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: review and current concepts in treatment, systems of care, and out comes. Curr Probl Surg 2014; 51(8): 344-62.
- 3. Kihiczak GG, Schwartz RA, Kapila R. Necrotizing fasciitis: a deadly infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006; 20(4): 365-369.
- 4. Puvanendran R, Huey JCM, Pasupathy S. Necrotizing fasciitis. Canadian Family Physician 2009; 55(10): 981-987.
- 5. Paz Maya S, DualdeBeltrán D, Lemercier P, Leiva-Salinas C. Necrotizing fasciitis: an urgent diagnosis. Skeletal radiology 2014; 43 (5): 577–89.
- 6. Anaya D, Dellinger E. Necrotizing soft tissue infection: Diagnosis and management. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 705–710.
- 7. Miller LG, Perdreau-Remington F, Rieg G, Mehdi S, Perlroth J, Bayer AS et al. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. N Engl J Med 2005; 352(14): 1445-1453.
- 8. Frazee BW, Fee C, Lynn J, Wang R, Bostrom A, Hargis C, Moore P. Community-acquired necrotizing soft tissue infections: a review of 122 cases presenting to a single emergency department over 12 years. J Emerg Med 2008; 34(2): 139-146.
- 9. Gül K. Diyabetes Mellitus Sınıflama, Tanı ve Tarama Testlerine Genel Bakış. KSU Tıp Fak Der. 2015; 10 (2): 12-16.
- 10. Zazula R, Prucha M, Moravec M, Valeska F. Capnocytophaga canimorsus: Rarecause of Fatal Septic Shock. Case report. Clin Microbiol 2015; 4(217): 2.doi:10.4172/2327-5073.1000217
- 11. Van Dam AP, Van Weert A, Harmanus C, Hovius KE, Claas EC, Reubsaet FA. Molecular characterization of Capnocytophaga canimorsus and other canine Capnocytophaga spp. And assessment by PCR of their frequencies in dogs. J Clin Microbiol 2009: 47; 3218-25.
- 12. Renzi F, Manfredi P, Dol M, Fu J, Vincent S, Cornelis GR. Glycan foraging systems reveal the adaptation of Capnocytophaga canimorsus to the dog mouth. mBio 2015; 6(2): e02507-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.02507-14
- 13. Schoen RT, Wohlgelernter D, Barden GE, Swartz TJ. Infectionwith CDC group DF-2 gra -negativerod: report of two cases. Arch Intern Med 1980; 140(5): 657-658.
- 14. Herbst JS,Raffanti S, Pathy A, Zaiac MN. Dysgonic fermentertype 2 septicemia with purpurafulminans. Dermatologic features of a zoonosis acquired from house hold pets. Arch Dermatol 1989; 125(10): 1380-1382.
- 15. Jordan CS, Miniter U, Yarbrough K, Mengden SJ. Urticarial exanthem associated with Capnocytophaga canimorsus bacteremia after a dog bite. JAAD Case Reports 2016; 2(2): 98-101.
- 16. Griego RD, Rosen T, Orengo IF, Wolf JE. Dog, cat, and humanbites: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995; 33(6): 1019-1029.
- 17. Lion C, Escande F, Burdin JC. Capnocytophaga canimorsus infections in human: Review of the literature and cases report. Eur J Epidemiol 1996; 12: 523-533.
- 18. Rossi P, Oger A, Bagneres D, Frances Y, Granel B. Capnocytophaga canimorsus septicaemia in an as plenicpatient with systemic lupus erythematosus. BMJ Case Reports. 2009; 2009:bcr05.2009.1840. doi:10.1136/bcr.05.2009.1840.
- 19. Gaastra W, Lipman LJ. Capnocytophaga canimorsus. Vet Microbiol 2010; 140: 339-346.
- 20. Butler, T. Capnocytophaga canimorsus: an emerging cause of sepsis, meningitis, and post splenectomy infection after dog bites. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34(7): 1271-1280.
- 21. Ota K, Kazawa T, Tsubata C, Suzuki M, Imaoka K. An autory case in volving severe sepsis due to Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2009; 83: 661-4.
- 22. Thommen F, Opota O, Greub G, Jaton K, Guex-Crosier Y, Wolfensberger TJ, et al. Capnocytophaga Canimorsus end ophthalmitis after cataract surgery linked to salivary dog to human transmission. Retinal Cases and Brief Reports 2017; doi: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000637
- 23. Low SCH, Greenwood JE. Capnocytophaga canimorsus: infection, septicaemia, recovery and reconstruction. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57: 901-903.
- 24. Shin H, Mally M, Kuhn M, Paroz C, Cornelis GR. Escape from immune Surve illance by Capnocytophaga canimorsus. J Infect Dis 2007; 195: 375-86.
- 25. Shin H, Mally M, Meyer S, Fiechter C, Paroz C, Zaehringer U. et al. Resistance of Capnocytophaga canimorsus to killing by human complement and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect Immun 2009; 77(6): 2262-2271.
- 26. Pers C, Gahrn-Hansen B, Frederiksen W.Capnocytophaga canimorsus septicemia in Denmark, 1982–1995: review of 39 cases. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23(1): 71-75.
- 27. Hästbacka J, Hynninen M,Kolho E.Capnocytophaga canimorsus bacteremia: clinical features and outcomesfrom a Helsinki ICU cohort. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2016; 60(10): 1437-1443.
- 28. Kimura R, Hayashi Y, Takeuchi T, Shimizu M, Iwata M, Tanahashi J, et al. Pasteurella multocida septicemia caused by close contact with a domestic cat: case report and literature review. J Infect Chemother 2004; 10(4): 250-252.
- 29. Hamamoto Y, Soejima Y, Ogasawara M,Okimura H, Nagai K, Asagami C. Necrotizing fasciitis due to Pasteurella multocida infection. Dermatology 1995; 190: 145-9.
- 30. Chang K, Siu L K, Chen YH, Lu PL, Chen TC, Hsieh HC, et al. Fatal Pasteurella multocida septicemia and necrotizing fasciitis related with wound licked by a domestic dog. Scand J Infect Dis 2007; 39(2): 167-70.
- 31. Erickson ED. Streptococcosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987; 191: 1391-3.
- 32. Lau SK, Woo PC, Tse H, Leung KW, Wong SS, Yuen KY. Invasive Streptococcus iniaeinfectionsoutside North America. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 1004-9.
- 33. Lee AS, Dyer JR. Severe Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in a gardener. Med J Aust 2004; 180: 366.
- 34. The Center forFood Security and Public Health-CFSPH. Streptococcosis. 2005; Pp:1-11. http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/streptococcosis.pdf Erişim tarihi: 04.06.2018
- 35. Kittang BR, Pettersen VK, Oppegaard O, Skutlaberg DH, Dale H, Wiker HG. et al. Zoonotic necrotizing myositis caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in a farmer. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17(1): 147. doi: 10.1186/s12879-017-2262-7.
- 36. Lamm CG1, Ferguson AC, Lehenbauer TW, Love BC. Streptococcal infection in dogs: a retrospective study of 393 cases. Vet Pathol. 2010;47(3):387-95.
- 37. Pesavento PA, Bannasch MJ, Bachmann R, Byrne BA, Hurley KF. Fatal Streptococcus canisin fections in intensively housed shelter cats. Vet Pathol 2007; 44(2): 218-21.
- 38. Iglauer F, Kunstyr I, Morstedt R, Farouq H, Wullenweber M, Damsch S. Streptococcus canis arthritis in a cat breeding colony. J Exp Anim Sci 1991; 34: 59-65.
- 39. DeWinter LM, Low DE, Prescott JF. Virulence of Streptococcus canis from canine streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis. Vet Microbiol 1999; 70(1-2): 95-110.
- 40. Takeda N, Kikuchi K, Asano R, Harada T, Totsuka K, Sumiyoshi T. et al. Recurrent septicemia caused by Streptococcus canis after a dog bite. Scand J Infect Dis 2001; 33: 927-8.
- 41. Bert F, Lambert-Zechovsky N. Septicemia caused by Streptococcus canis in a human. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 777-779.
- 42. Weese S. Flesheating disease from a cat bite.2012. Erişim adresi: https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/2012/05/articles/animals/cats/flesh-eating-disease-from-a-cat-bite/ Erişim tarihi: 04.06.2018
- 43. Ohtaki H, Ohkusu K, Ohta H, Miyazaki T, Yonetamari J, Usui T. et al. A case of sepsis caused by Streptococcus canis in a dog owner: a first cas ereport of sepsis without dog bite in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2013; 19: 1206-1209.
- 44. Devriese LA, Vancanneyt M, Baele M, Vaneechoutte M, De Graef E, Snauwaert C, et al. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius sp. nov. a coagulase positive species from animals. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005; 55(4): 1569-1573.
- 45. Sasaki T, Kikuchi K, TanakaY, Takahashi N, Kamata S, Hiramatsu K. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in a veterinary teaching hospital. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 1118–1125.
- 46. Hanselman B, Kruth S, Weese J. Methicillin resistant staphylococcal colonization in dog sentering a veterinary teaching hospital. Vet Microbiol 2008; 126: 277–281.
- 47. Bannoehr J, Zakour NLB, Waller AS, Guardabassi L, Thoday KL, van den Broek AH. et al. Population genetics tructure of the Staphylococcus intermedius group: insight s into agr diversification and the emergence of methicillin resistant strains. J Bacteriol 2007; 189(23): 8685-8692.
- 48. Sasaki T, Kikuchi K, Tanaka Y, Takahashi N, Kamata S, Hiramatsu K. Reclassification of phenotypically identified Staphylococcus intermedius strains. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 2770–2778.
- 49. Morris D, Rook K, Shofer F, Rankin S. Screening of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, and Staphylococcus schleiferi isolatesobtained from small companion animals foranti microbial resistance: A retrospective review of 749 isolates (2003–2004). Vet Dermatol 2006; 17: 332–337.
- 50. Weese JS, Poma R, James F, Buenviaje G, Foster R, Slavic D. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius necrotizing fasciitis in a dog. Can Vet J 2009; 50(6): 655-6.
- 51. Imamura Y, Kudo Y, Ishii Y, Shibuya H,Takayasu S. A case of subacute necrotizing fasciitis. J Dermatol 1995; 22: 960–963.
- 52. Eastaugh J, Shepard S. Infectious and toxic syndromes for fish and shell fish consumption: a review. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 1735–1740.
- 53. Bisharat N, Agmon V, Finkelstein R, Raz R, Ben-Dror G, Lerner L, et al. Clinical, epidemiological, and microbiological features of Vibrio vulnificus bio group 3 causing out breaks of wound infection and bacteraemia in Israel. The Lancet 1999; 354(9188): 1421-1424.
- 54. Lehane L, Rawlin GT. Topically acquired bacterial zoonoses from fish: a review. Med J Aust 2000; 173: 256–259.
- 55. Tang WM, Fung KK, Cheng VC, Lucke L. Rapidly progressive necrotising fasciitis following a Stone fishsting: a report of two cases. J Orthop Surg 2006; 14(1): 67-70.
- 56. Oliver JD. Wound infections caused by Vibrio vulnificus and other marine bacteria. Epidemiol Infect 2005; 133: 383–391.
- 57. American College of Physicians web site (2013). MKSAP Quiz: Fever, chills, rash in the ED. https://acpinternist.org/archives/2013/05/mksap.htm Erişim tarihi: 31.05.2018
- 58. Nemetz T, Shotts E. Zoonotic diseases. 214–220. In: Stoskopf M (Ed), Fish medicine. 1993: WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
- 59. Hawke JP, Durborow RM, Thune RL, Camus AC. ESC: enteric septicemia of catfish. Stoneville, Mississippi: SouthernRegionalAquaculture Center 1998; (Vol. 477): 1–6.
- 60. Jordon GW, Hadley WK. Human infection with Edwardsiella tarda. Ann Int Med 1969; 70: 283–288.
- 61. Vandepitte J, Lemmens P, de Swert L. Human edwardsiellosis traced to ornamental fish. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 17: 165–167.
- 62. Matsushima S, Yajima S, Taguchi T, Takahashi A, Shiseki M, Totsuka K, et al. A fulminating case of Edwardsiella tarda septicemia with necrotizing fasciitis. Kansenshogakuzasshi 1996; 70(6): 631-636.
- 63. Wilson JP, Waterer RR, Wofford JD, Chapman SW. Serious infections with Edwardsiella tarda: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 208–210.
- 64. Slaven EM, Lopez FA, Hart SM, Sanders CV. Myonecrosis caused by Edwardsiella tarda: a case report and case series of extra intestinal E. tarda infections. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32(10): 1430-1433.
- 65. Lee S, Roh KH, Kim CK, Yong D, Choi JY, Lee JW, et al. A case of necrotizing fasciitis due to Streptococcus agalactiae, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, and Finegoldia magna in a dog bitten patient with diabetes. Korean J Lab Med 2008; 28(3): 191-5. doi: 10.3343/kjlm.2008.28.3.191.
- 66. Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Deery HG, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 117(7S): 212S-238S.
Gizli Tehdit: Et Yiyen Zoonoz Bakteriler
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 42 - 48, 15.03.2019
Aliye Sağkan Öztürk
,
Serkan İrfan Köse
Öz
Nekrotizan fasiit, hem insanlarda hem de
hayvanlarda yumuşak dokuların hızla ölümüne sebep olabilen ve bazen daha derin
dokulara kadar ilerleyebilen bakteriyel bir deri hastalığıdır. Bu bakterilerden
bazıları yalnızca insanlarda enfeksiyona neden olur iken bir kısım bakteride
hayvanlarla ya da su canlıları ile bütünlüğü bozulmuş deri ile temas halinde ya
da ısırık/çizikler vasıtası ile vücuda alınıp nekrotizan fasiite sebep olabilen
zoonoz etkenlerdir. Nekrotizan fasiit’e neden olan zoonoz karekterli bakteriler
hakkında pek çok vaka taktimi yapılmıştır. Enfeksiyonun tanımlanmasında
hastanın mutlaka detaylı hikayesi dinlenmeli her hangi bir temas ile karşı
karşıya kalındığında yara bakımının yapılmasına ek olarak sistemik tedavi
girişimlerinde de bulunulmalıdır. Aksi taktirde hastanın genel sağlık durumuna göre
uzuvlarda kayıplar, septisemi ve çoklu organ yetmezliklerine kadar
ilerleyebilen ciddi bir hastalık tablosu meydana gelmekte ve böyle vakaların
çoğu da ölüm ile sonuçlanmaktadır. Bu
derlemenin amacı, hayvanlardan insanlara temas ile bulaşabilen ve nekrotizan
fasiite sebep olan etkenler hakkında bilgi vermek ve hem veteriner hekimleri
hem de hayvan sahipleri/severlerinin farkındalıklarını artırmaktır.
Kaynakça
- 1. Köksaldı-Motor V, Evirgen Ö, İnci M, Özden R, Doğramacı AÇ, Gündeşlioğlu AÖ, ve ark. Ciddi bir Yumuşak Doku Enfeksiyonu: Nekrotizan Fasiit (A Serious Soft Tissue Infection: Necrotizing Fasciitis). Tıp Araştırmaları Dergisi 2013; 11(3):124-127.
- 2. Hakkarainen TW, Kopari NM, Pham TN, Evans HL. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: review and current concepts in treatment, systems of care, and out comes. Curr Probl Surg 2014; 51(8): 344-62.
- 3. Kihiczak GG, Schwartz RA, Kapila R. Necrotizing fasciitis: a deadly infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006; 20(4): 365-369.
- 4. Puvanendran R, Huey JCM, Pasupathy S. Necrotizing fasciitis. Canadian Family Physician 2009; 55(10): 981-987.
- 5. Paz Maya S, DualdeBeltrán D, Lemercier P, Leiva-Salinas C. Necrotizing fasciitis: an urgent diagnosis. Skeletal radiology 2014; 43 (5): 577–89.
- 6. Anaya D, Dellinger E. Necrotizing soft tissue infection: Diagnosis and management. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 705–710.
- 7. Miller LG, Perdreau-Remington F, Rieg G, Mehdi S, Perlroth J, Bayer AS et al. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. N Engl J Med 2005; 352(14): 1445-1453.
- 8. Frazee BW, Fee C, Lynn J, Wang R, Bostrom A, Hargis C, Moore P. Community-acquired necrotizing soft tissue infections: a review of 122 cases presenting to a single emergency department over 12 years. J Emerg Med 2008; 34(2): 139-146.
- 9. Gül K. Diyabetes Mellitus Sınıflama, Tanı ve Tarama Testlerine Genel Bakış. KSU Tıp Fak Der. 2015; 10 (2): 12-16.
- 10. Zazula R, Prucha M, Moravec M, Valeska F. Capnocytophaga canimorsus: Rarecause of Fatal Septic Shock. Case report. Clin Microbiol 2015; 4(217): 2.doi:10.4172/2327-5073.1000217
- 11. Van Dam AP, Van Weert A, Harmanus C, Hovius KE, Claas EC, Reubsaet FA. Molecular characterization of Capnocytophaga canimorsus and other canine Capnocytophaga spp. And assessment by PCR of their frequencies in dogs. J Clin Microbiol 2009: 47; 3218-25.
- 12. Renzi F, Manfredi P, Dol M, Fu J, Vincent S, Cornelis GR. Glycan foraging systems reveal the adaptation of Capnocytophaga canimorsus to the dog mouth. mBio 2015; 6(2): e02507-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.02507-14
- 13. Schoen RT, Wohlgelernter D, Barden GE, Swartz TJ. Infectionwith CDC group DF-2 gra -negativerod: report of two cases. Arch Intern Med 1980; 140(5): 657-658.
- 14. Herbst JS,Raffanti S, Pathy A, Zaiac MN. Dysgonic fermentertype 2 septicemia with purpurafulminans. Dermatologic features of a zoonosis acquired from house hold pets. Arch Dermatol 1989; 125(10): 1380-1382.
- 15. Jordan CS, Miniter U, Yarbrough K, Mengden SJ. Urticarial exanthem associated with Capnocytophaga canimorsus bacteremia after a dog bite. JAAD Case Reports 2016; 2(2): 98-101.
- 16. Griego RD, Rosen T, Orengo IF, Wolf JE. Dog, cat, and humanbites: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995; 33(6): 1019-1029.
- 17. Lion C, Escande F, Burdin JC. Capnocytophaga canimorsus infections in human: Review of the literature and cases report. Eur J Epidemiol 1996; 12: 523-533.
- 18. Rossi P, Oger A, Bagneres D, Frances Y, Granel B. Capnocytophaga canimorsus septicaemia in an as plenicpatient with systemic lupus erythematosus. BMJ Case Reports. 2009; 2009:bcr05.2009.1840. doi:10.1136/bcr.05.2009.1840.
- 19. Gaastra W, Lipman LJ. Capnocytophaga canimorsus. Vet Microbiol 2010; 140: 339-346.
- 20. Butler, T. Capnocytophaga canimorsus: an emerging cause of sepsis, meningitis, and post splenectomy infection after dog bites. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34(7): 1271-1280.
- 21. Ota K, Kazawa T, Tsubata C, Suzuki M, Imaoka K. An autory case in volving severe sepsis due to Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2009; 83: 661-4.
- 22. Thommen F, Opota O, Greub G, Jaton K, Guex-Crosier Y, Wolfensberger TJ, et al. Capnocytophaga Canimorsus end ophthalmitis after cataract surgery linked to salivary dog to human transmission. Retinal Cases and Brief Reports 2017; doi: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000637
- 23. Low SCH, Greenwood JE. Capnocytophaga canimorsus: infection, septicaemia, recovery and reconstruction. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57: 901-903.
- 24. Shin H, Mally M, Kuhn M, Paroz C, Cornelis GR. Escape from immune Surve illance by Capnocytophaga canimorsus. J Infect Dis 2007; 195: 375-86.
- 25. Shin H, Mally M, Meyer S, Fiechter C, Paroz C, Zaehringer U. et al. Resistance of Capnocytophaga canimorsus to killing by human complement and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect Immun 2009; 77(6): 2262-2271.
- 26. Pers C, Gahrn-Hansen B, Frederiksen W.Capnocytophaga canimorsus septicemia in Denmark, 1982–1995: review of 39 cases. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23(1): 71-75.
- 27. Hästbacka J, Hynninen M,Kolho E.Capnocytophaga canimorsus bacteremia: clinical features and outcomesfrom a Helsinki ICU cohort. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2016; 60(10): 1437-1443.
- 28. Kimura R, Hayashi Y, Takeuchi T, Shimizu M, Iwata M, Tanahashi J, et al. Pasteurella multocida septicemia caused by close contact with a domestic cat: case report and literature review. J Infect Chemother 2004; 10(4): 250-252.
- 29. Hamamoto Y, Soejima Y, Ogasawara M,Okimura H, Nagai K, Asagami C. Necrotizing fasciitis due to Pasteurella multocida infection. Dermatology 1995; 190: 145-9.
- 30. Chang K, Siu L K, Chen YH, Lu PL, Chen TC, Hsieh HC, et al. Fatal Pasteurella multocida septicemia and necrotizing fasciitis related with wound licked by a domestic dog. Scand J Infect Dis 2007; 39(2): 167-70.
- 31. Erickson ED. Streptococcosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987; 191: 1391-3.
- 32. Lau SK, Woo PC, Tse H, Leung KW, Wong SS, Yuen KY. Invasive Streptococcus iniaeinfectionsoutside North America. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 1004-9.
- 33. Lee AS, Dyer JR. Severe Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in a gardener. Med J Aust 2004; 180: 366.
- 34. The Center forFood Security and Public Health-CFSPH. Streptococcosis. 2005; Pp:1-11. http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/streptococcosis.pdf Erişim tarihi: 04.06.2018
- 35. Kittang BR, Pettersen VK, Oppegaard O, Skutlaberg DH, Dale H, Wiker HG. et al. Zoonotic necrotizing myositis caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in a farmer. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17(1): 147. doi: 10.1186/s12879-017-2262-7.
- 36. Lamm CG1, Ferguson AC, Lehenbauer TW, Love BC. Streptococcal infection in dogs: a retrospective study of 393 cases. Vet Pathol. 2010;47(3):387-95.
- 37. Pesavento PA, Bannasch MJ, Bachmann R, Byrne BA, Hurley KF. Fatal Streptococcus canisin fections in intensively housed shelter cats. Vet Pathol 2007; 44(2): 218-21.
- 38. Iglauer F, Kunstyr I, Morstedt R, Farouq H, Wullenweber M, Damsch S. Streptococcus canis arthritis in a cat breeding colony. J Exp Anim Sci 1991; 34: 59-65.
- 39. DeWinter LM, Low DE, Prescott JF. Virulence of Streptococcus canis from canine streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis. Vet Microbiol 1999; 70(1-2): 95-110.
- 40. Takeda N, Kikuchi K, Asano R, Harada T, Totsuka K, Sumiyoshi T. et al. Recurrent septicemia caused by Streptococcus canis after a dog bite. Scand J Infect Dis 2001; 33: 927-8.
- 41. Bert F, Lambert-Zechovsky N. Septicemia caused by Streptococcus canis in a human. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 777-779.
- 42. Weese S. Flesheating disease from a cat bite.2012. Erişim adresi: https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/2012/05/articles/animals/cats/flesh-eating-disease-from-a-cat-bite/ Erişim tarihi: 04.06.2018
- 43. Ohtaki H, Ohkusu K, Ohta H, Miyazaki T, Yonetamari J, Usui T. et al. A case of sepsis caused by Streptococcus canis in a dog owner: a first cas ereport of sepsis without dog bite in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2013; 19: 1206-1209.
- 44. Devriese LA, Vancanneyt M, Baele M, Vaneechoutte M, De Graef E, Snauwaert C, et al. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius sp. nov. a coagulase positive species from animals. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005; 55(4): 1569-1573.
- 45. Sasaki T, Kikuchi K, TanakaY, Takahashi N, Kamata S, Hiramatsu K. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in a veterinary teaching hospital. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 1118–1125.
- 46. Hanselman B, Kruth S, Weese J. Methicillin resistant staphylococcal colonization in dog sentering a veterinary teaching hospital. Vet Microbiol 2008; 126: 277–281.
- 47. Bannoehr J, Zakour NLB, Waller AS, Guardabassi L, Thoday KL, van den Broek AH. et al. Population genetics tructure of the Staphylococcus intermedius group: insight s into agr diversification and the emergence of methicillin resistant strains. J Bacteriol 2007; 189(23): 8685-8692.
- 48. Sasaki T, Kikuchi K, Tanaka Y, Takahashi N, Kamata S, Hiramatsu K. Reclassification of phenotypically identified Staphylococcus intermedius strains. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 2770–2778.
- 49. Morris D, Rook K, Shofer F, Rankin S. Screening of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, and Staphylococcus schleiferi isolatesobtained from small companion animals foranti microbial resistance: A retrospective review of 749 isolates (2003–2004). Vet Dermatol 2006; 17: 332–337.
- 50. Weese JS, Poma R, James F, Buenviaje G, Foster R, Slavic D. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius necrotizing fasciitis in a dog. Can Vet J 2009; 50(6): 655-6.
- 51. Imamura Y, Kudo Y, Ishii Y, Shibuya H,Takayasu S. A case of subacute necrotizing fasciitis. J Dermatol 1995; 22: 960–963.
- 52. Eastaugh J, Shepard S. Infectious and toxic syndromes for fish and shell fish consumption: a review. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 1735–1740.
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