Erectile
dysfunction is a common problem which is seen among hypertensive patients. It
is thought that medications used in treatment of hypertension may contribute
this problem as well. Contrary to common belief, new generation drugs doesn’t
produce adverse effect on erectile function. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors can
be used safely in treatment of erectile dysfunction in hypertensive patients.
Kaynakça
Bacon CG, Mittleman MA, Kawachi I, Giovannucci E, Glasser DB, Rimm EB. Sexual function in men older than 50 years of age: Results from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:161-168
Doumas M, Douma S. Sexual dysfunction in essential hypertension: myth or reality? J Clin Hypertens. 2006;8: 269–274
Douma S, Doumas M, Tsakiris A, Zamboulis C. Male and female sexual dysfunction: Is hypertension an innocent bystander or a major contributor? Rev Bras Hypertens. 2007;14: 139–147
Doumas M, Tsakiris A, Douma S, Grigorakis A, Papadopoulos A, Hounta A et al. Factors affecting the increased prevalence of erectile dysfunction in Greek hypertensive compared with normotensive subjects. J Androl. 2006;27: 469–4775.
Doumas M, Tsiodras S, Tsakiris A, Douma S, Chounta A, Papadopoulos A et al. Female sexual dysfunction in essential hypertension: a common problem being uncovered. J Hypertens. 2006;24: 2387–2392
Gratzke C, Angulo J, Chitaley K, Dai YT, Kim NN, Paick JS, et al. Anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2010; 7: 445–475
Chew KK, Finn J, Stuckey B, Gibson N, Sanfilippo F, Bremner A, et al. Erectile dysfunction as a predictor for subsequent atherosclerotic cardiovascular events: findings from a linked-data study. J Sex Med. 2010; 7: 192–202
Jin LM. Angiotensin II signaling and its implication in erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2009; 6: 302–310
Becker AJ, Uckert S, Stief CG, Scheller F, Knapp WH, Hartmann U, et al. Plasma levels of angiotensin II during different penile conditions in the cavernous and systemic blood of healthy men and patients with erectile dysfunction. Urology. 2001; 58: 805–810
Yang R, Yang B, Wen Y, Fang F, Cui S, Lin G, et al. Losartan, an Angiotensin type I receptor, restores erectile function by downregulation of cavernous renin-angiotensin system in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. J Sex Med. 2009; 6: 696–707
Comiter CV1, Sullivan MP, Yalla SV, Kifor I. Effect of angiotensin II on corpus cavernosum smooth muscle in relation to nitric oxide environment: in vitro studies in canines. Int J Impot Res. 1997; 9: 135–140
Ertemi H1, Mumtaz FH, Howie AJ, Mikhailidis DP, Thompson CS. Effect of angiotensin II and its receptor antagonists on human corpus cavernous contractility and oxidative stress: modulation of nitric oxide mediated relaxation. J Urol. 2011; 185: 2414–2420
Saenz de Tejada I, Carson MP, de las Morenas A, Goldstein I, Traish AM. Endothelin: localization, synthesis, activity, and receptor types in human penile corpus cavernosum. Am J Physiol. 1991; 261: 1078–1085
Holmquist F1, Kirkeby HJ, Larsson B, Forman A, Alm P, Andersson KE. Functional effects, binding sites and immunolocalization of endothelin-1 in isolated penile tissues from man and rabbit. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992; 261: 795–802
Dai Y, Pollock DM, Lewis RL, Wingard CJ, Stopper VS, Mills TM. Receptor-specific influence of endothelin-1 in the erectile response of the rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000; 279: 25–30
Carneiro FS, Giachini FR, Lima VV, Carneiro ZN, Nunes KP, Ergul A et al. DOCA-salt treatment enhances responses to endothelin-1 in murine corpus cavernosum. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008; 86: 320–328
Granchi S, Vannelli GB, Vignozzi L, Crescioli C, Ferruzzi P, Mancina R et al. Expression and regulation of endothelin-1 and its receptors in human penile smooth muscle cells. Mol Hum Reprod. 2002;8: 1053–1064
Wingard CJ, Husain S, Williams J, James S. RhoA-Rho kinase mediates synergistic ET-1 and phenylephrine contraction of rat corpus cavernosum. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003; 285: 1145–1152
Ari G, Vardi Y, Hoffman A, Finberg JP. Possible role for endothelins in penile erection. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996; 307: 69–74
Allahdadi KJ, Hannan JL, Tostes RC, Webb RC. Endothelin-1 induces contraction of female rat internal pudendal and clitoral arteries through ET(A) receptor and rho-kinase activation. J Sex Med. 2010; 7: 2096–2103
Jiang R, Chen JH, Jin J, Shen W, Li QM. Ultrastructural comparison of penile cavernous tissue between hypertensive and normotensive rats. Int J Impot Res. 2005; 17: 417–423
Behr-Roussel D, Gorny D, Mevel K, Compagnie S, Kern P, Sivan V et al. Erectile dysfunction: an early marker for hypertension? A longitudinal study in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005; 288: 276–283
Costa C, Virag R. The endothelial-erectile dysfunction connection: an essential update. J Sex Med. 2009; 6: 2390–2404
Jin L, Lagoda G, Leite R, Webb RC, Burnett AL. NADPH oxidase activation: a mechanism of hypertension-associated erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2008; 5: 544–551
Feletou M, Kohler R, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelium-derived vasoactive factors and hypertension: possible roles in pathogenesis and as treatment targets. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2010; 12: 267–275
Ushiyama M, Kuramochi T, Yagi S, Katayama S. Antioxidant treatment with alpha-tocopherol improves erectile function in hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res. 2008; 31: 1007–1113
Agarwal A, Nandipati KC, Sharma RK, Zippe CD, Raina R. Role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiological mechanism of erectile dysfunction. J Androl. 2006; 27: 335–347
Packer MA, Scarlett JL, Martin SW, Murphy MP. Induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition by peroxynitrite. Biochem Soc Trans. 1997 25: 909–914
Khan MA, Thompson CS, Mumtaz FH, Mikhailidis DP, Morgan RJ, Bruckdorfer RK, et al. The effect of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite on rabbit cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation. World J Urol. 2001; 19: 220–224
Yang G, Wu L, Jiang B, Yang W, Qi J, Cao K et al. H2S as a physiologic vasorelaxant: hypertension in mice with deletion of cystathionine gamma-lyase. Science. 2008; 322: 587–590
d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca R, Sorrentino R, Maffia P, Mirone V, Imbimbo C, Fusco F, et al. Hydrogen sulfide as a mediator of human corpus cavernosum smooth-muscle relaxation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009; 106: 4513–4518
Cordero A, Bertomeu-Martínez V, Mazón P, Fácila L, Bertomeu-González V, Conthe P et al. Erectile dysfunction in high-risk hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockers agents. Cardiovasc Ther. 2010;28: 15–22
Grimm RH Jr, Grandits GA, Prineas RJ, McDonald RH, Lewis CE, Flack JM et al. Long-term effects on sexual function of five antihypertensive drugs and nutritional hygienic treatment in hypertensive men and women: Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Hypertension. 1997;29: 8–14
Medical Research Council Working Party on mild to moderate hypertension, report of 1981. Adverse reactions to bendrofluazide and propranolol for the treatment of mild hypertension. Lancet. 1981;2: 539–543
Wassertheil-Smoller S, Blaufox MD, Oberman A, Davis BR, Swencionis C, Knerr MO et al. Effect of antihypertensives on sexual function and quality of life: the TAIM study. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:613–620
Lindholm LH, Persson M, Alaupovic P, Carlberg B, Svensson A, Samuelsson O. Metabolic outcome during 1 year in newly detected hypertensives: results of the antihypertensive treatment and lipid profile in a north of Sweden efficacy evaluation (ALPINE study). J Hypertens. 2003;21: 1563–1574
Brixius K, Middeke M, Lichtenthal A, Jahn E, Schwinger RH. Nitric oxide, erectile dysfunction and beta-blocker treatment (MR-NOED study): benefit of nebivolol versus metoprolol in hypertensive men. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2007;34: 327–331
Silvestri A, Galetta P, Cerquetani E, Marazzi G, Patrizi R, Fini M. Report of erectile dysfunction after therapy with beta-blockers is related to patient knowledge of side effects and is reversed by placebo. Eur Heart J. 2003;24: 1928–1932
Cocco G. Erectile dysfunction after therapy with metoprolol: the Hawthorne effect. Cardiology. 2009;112:174–177
Fogari R, Zoppi A, Poletti L, Marasi G, Mugellini A, Corradi L. Sexual activity in hypertensive men treated with valsartan or carvedilol: a crossover study. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14: 27–31
Fogari R, Preti P, Derosa G, Marasi G, Zoppi A, Rinaldi A et al. Effect of antihypertensive treatment with valsartan or atenolol on sexual activity and plasma testosterone in hypertensive men. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2001; 58: 177–180
Fogari R, Zoppi A, Corradi L, Mugellini A, Poletti L, Lusardi P. Sexual function in hypertensive males treated with lisinopril or atenolol: a cross-over study.Am J Hypertens. 1998;11: 1244–1247
Materson BJ, Reda DJ, Cushman WC, Massie BM, Freis ED, Kochar MS et al. Single-drug therapy for hypertension in men. A comparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. N Engl J Med 1993;328:914-921
Della Chiesa A, Pfiffner D, Meier B, Hess OM. Sexual activity in hypertensive men. J Hum Hypertens 2003;17: 515-521
Manolis A, Doumas M. Antihypertensive treatment and sexual dysfunction. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2012;14: 285-292
Böhm M, Baumhäkel M, Teo K. ONTARGET/TRANSCEND Erectile Dysfunction Substudy Investigators. Erectile Dysfunction predicts cardiovascular events in high-risk patients receiving telmisartan, ramipril, or both: the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial/ Telmisartan Randomized AssessmeNT Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease (ONTARGET/TRANCEND) Trials. Circulation. 2010;121:1439–1446
Esposito K, Giugliano F, Di Palo C, Giugliano G, Marfella R, D'Andrea F et al. Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:2978–2984
Hannan JL, Maio MT, Komolova M, Adams MA. et al. Beneficial impact of exercise and obesity interventions on erectile function and its risk factors. J Sex Med. 2009;6: 254–261
Lamina S, Okoye CG, Dagogo TT. Therapeutic effect of an interval exercise training program in the management of erectile dysfunction in hypertensive patients. J Clin Hypertens. 2009; 11: 125–129
Claudino MA, Delbin MA, Franco-Penteado CF, Priviero FB, De Nucci G, Antunes E et al. Exercise training ameliorates the impairment of endothelial and nitrergic corpus cavernosum responses in diabetic rats. Life Sci. 2011;88: 272–277
Gupta BP, Murad MH, Clifton MM, Prokop L, Nehra A, Kopecky SL. The effect of lifestyle modification and cardiovascular risk factor reduction on erectile dysfunction. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171:1797–803
Vlachopoulos C, Jackson G, Stefanadis C. Erectile dysfunction in the cardiovascular patient. Eur Heart J. 2013;34: 2034-2046
Lee M. Focus on phosphodiesterase inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in older men. Clin Ther 2011;33: 1590-1608
Kloner RA, Henderson L. Sexual function in patients with chronic angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 2013;111:1671-1676
Erektil
disfonksiyon hipertansif hastalarda sık görülen bir problemdir. Hipertansiyonun
kendisi kadar tedavide kullanılan ilaçların da bu probleme katkıda
bulunabileceği düşünülmektedir Ancak yaygın inanışın aksine özellikle yeni
nesil antihipertansif ilaçlar erektil fonksiyon üzerine olumsuz etkilerde
bulunmamaktadır. Hipertansif hastalarda erektil disfonksiyon tedavisinde
fosfodiesteraz 5 inhibitörleri güvenle kullanılabilmektedir.
Bacon CG, Mittleman MA, Kawachi I, Giovannucci E, Glasser DB, Rimm EB. Sexual function in men older than 50 years of age: Results from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:161-168
Doumas M, Douma S. Sexual dysfunction in essential hypertension: myth or reality? J Clin Hypertens. 2006;8: 269–274
Douma S, Doumas M, Tsakiris A, Zamboulis C. Male and female sexual dysfunction: Is hypertension an innocent bystander or a major contributor? Rev Bras Hypertens. 2007;14: 139–147
Doumas M, Tsakiris A, Douma S, Grigorakis A, Papadopoulos A, Hounta A et al. Factors affecting the increased prevalence of erectile dysfunction in Greek hypertensive compared with normotensive subjects. J Androl. 2006;27: 469–4775.
Doumas M, Tsiodras S, Tsakiris A, Douma S, Chounta A, Papadopoulos A et al. Female sexual dysfunction in essential hypertension: a common problem being uncovered. J Hypertens. 2006;24: 2387–2392
Gratzke C, Angulo J, Chitaley K, Dai YT, Kim NN, Paick JS, et al. Anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2010; 7: 445–475
Chew KK, Finn J, Stuckey B, Gibson N, Sanfilippo F, Bremner A, et al. Erectile dysfunction as a predictor for subsequent atherosclerotic cardiovascular events: findings from a linked-data study. J Sex Med. 2010; 7: 192–202
Jin LM. Angiotensin II signaling and its implication in erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2009; 6: 302–310
Becker AJ, Uckert S, Stief CG, Scheller F, Knapp WH, Hartmann U, et al. Plasma levels of angiotensin II during different penile conditions in the cavernous and systemic blood of healthy men and patients with erectile dysfunction. Urology. 2001; 58: 805–810
Yang R, Yang B, Wen Y, Fang F, Cui S, Lin G, et al. Losartan, an Angiotensin type I receptor, restores erectile function by downregulation of cavernous renin-angiotensin system in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. J Sex Med. 2009; 6: 696–707
Comiter CV1, Sullivan MP, Yalla SV, Kifor I. Effect of angiotensin II on corpus cavernosum smooth muscle in relation to nitric oxide environment: in vitro studies in canines. Int J Impot Res. 1997; 9: 135–140
Ertemi H1, Mumtaz FH, Howie AJ, Mikhailidis DP, Thompson CS. Effect of angiotensin II and its receptor antagonists on human corpus cavernous contractility and oxidative stress: modulation of nitric oxide mediated relaxation. J Urol. 2011; 185: 2414–2420
Saenz de Tejada I, Carson MP, de las Morenas A, Goldstein I, Traish AM. Endothelin: localization, synthesis, activity, and receptor types in human penile corpus cavernosum. Am J Physiol. 1991; 261: 1078–1085
Holmquist F1, Kirkeby HJ, Larsson B, Forman A, Alm P, Andersson KE. Functional effects, binding sites and immunolocalization of endothelin-1 in isolated penile tissues from man and rabbit. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992; 261: 795–802
Dai Y, Pollock DM, Lewis RL, Wingard CJ, Stopper VS, Mills TM. Receptor-specific influence of endothelin-1 in the erectile response of the rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000; 279: 25–30
Carneiro FS, Giachini FR, Lima VV, Carneiro ZN, Nunes KP, Ergul A et al. DOCA-salt treatment enhances responses to endothelin-1 in murine corpus cavernosum. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008; 86: 320–328
Granchi S, Vannelli GB, Vignozzi L, Crescioli C, Ferruzzi P, Mancina R et al. Expression and regulation of endothelin-1 and its receptors in human penile smooth muscle cells. Mol Hum Reprod. 2002;8: 1053–1064
Wingard CJ, Husain S, Williams J, James S. RhoA-Rho kinase mediates synergistic ET-1 and phenylephrine contraction of rat corpus cavernosum. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003; 285: 1145–1152
Ari G, Vardi Y, Hoffman A, Finberg JP. Possible role for endothelins in penile erection. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996; 307: 69–74
Allahdadi KJ, Hannan JL, Tostes RC, Webb RC. Endothelin-1 induces contraction of female rat internal pudendal and clitoral arteries through ET(A) receptor and rho-kinase activation. J Sex Med. 2010; 7: 2096–2103
Jiang R, Chen JH, Jin J, Shen W, Li QM. Ultrastructural comparison of penile cavernous tissue between hypertensive and normotensive rats. Int J Impot Res. 2005; 17: 417–423
Behr-Roussel D, Gorny D, Mevel K, Compagnie S, Kern P, Sivan V et al. Erectile dysfunction: an early marker for hypertension? A longitudinal study in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005; 288: 276–283
Costa C, Virag R. The endothelial-erectile dysfunction connection: an essential update. J Sex Med. 2009; 6: 2390–2404
Jin L, Lagoda G, Leite R, Webb RC, Burnett AL. NADPH oxidase activation: a mechanism of hypertension-associated erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2008; 5: 544–551
Feletou M, Kohler R, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelium-derived vasoactive factors and hypertension: possible roles in pathogenesis and as treatment targets. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2010; 12: 267–275
Ushiyama M, Kuramochi T, Yagi S, Katayama S. Antioxidant treatment with alpha-tocopherol improves erectile function in hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res. 2008; 31: 1007–1113
Agarwal A, Nandipati KC, Sharma RK, Zippe CD, Raina R. Role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiological mechanism of erectile dysfunction. J Androl. 2006; 27: 335–347
Packer MA, Scarlett JL, Martin SW, Murphy MP. Induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition by peroxynitrite. Biochem Soc Trans. 1997 25: 909–914
Khan MA, Thompson CS, Mumtaz FH, Mikhailidis DP, Morgan RJ, Bruckdorfer RK, et al. The effect of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite on rabbit cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation. World J Urol. 2001; 19: 220–224
Yang G, Wu L, Jiang B, Yang W, Qi J, Cao K et al. H2S as a physiologic vasorelaxant: hypertension in mice with deletion of cystathionine gamma-lyase. Science. 2008; 322: 587–590
d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca R, Sorrentino R, Maffia P, Mirone V, Imbimbo C, Fusco F, et al. Hydrogen sulfide as a mediator of human corpus cavernosum smooth-muscle relaxation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009; 106: 4513–4518
Cordero A, Bertomeu-Martínez V, Mazón P, Fácila L, Bertomeu-González V, Conthe P et al. Erectile dysfunction in high-risk hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockers agents. Cardiovasc Ther. 2010;28: 15–22
Grimm RH Jr, Grandits GA, Prineas RJ, McDonald RH, Lewis CE, Flack JM et al. Long-term effects on sexual function of five antihypertensive drugs and nutritional hygienic treatment in hypertensive men and women: Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Hypertension. 1997;29: 8–14
Medical Research Council Working Party on mild to moderate hypertension, report of 1981. Adverse reactions to bendrofluazide and propranolol for the treatment of mild hypertension. Lancet. 1981;2: 539–543
Wassertheil-Smoller S, Blaufox MD, Oberman A, Davis BR, Swencionis C, Knerr MO et al. Effect of antihypertensives on sexual function and quality of life: the TAIM study. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:613–620
Lindholm LH, Persson M, Alaupovic P, Carlberg B, Svensson A, Samuelsson O. Metabolic outcome during 1 year in newly detected hypertensives: results of the antihypertensive treatment and lipid profile in a north of Sweden efficacy evaluation (ALPINE study). J Hypertens. 2003;21: 1563–1574
Brixius K, Middeke M, Lichtenthal A, Jahn E, Schwinger RH. Nitric oxide, erectile dysfunction and beta-blocker treatment (MR-NOED study): benefit of nebivolol versus metoprolol in hypertensive men. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2007;34: 327–331
Silvestri A, Galetta P, Cerquetani E, Marazzi G, Patrizi R, Fini M. Report of erectile dysfunction after therapy with beta-blockers is related to patient knowledge of side effects and is reversed by placebo. Eur Heart J. 2003;24: 1928–1932
Cocco G. Erectile dysfunction after therapy with metoprolol: the Hawthorne effect. Cardiology. 2009;112:174–177
Fogari R, Zoppi A, Poletti L, Marasi G, Mugellini A, Corradi L. Sexual activity in hypertensive men treated with valsartan or carvedilol: a crossover study. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14: 27–31
Fogari R, Preti P, Derosa G, Marasi G, Zoppi A, Rinaldi A et al. Effect of antihypertensive treatment with valsartan or atenolol on sexual activity and plasma testosterone in hypertensive men. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2001; 58: 177–180
Fogari R, Zoppi A, Corradi L, Mugellini A, Poletti L, Lusardi P. Sexual function in hypertensive males treated with lisinopril or atenolol: a cross-over study.Am J Hypertens. 1998;11: 1244–1247
Materson BJ, Reda DJ, Cushman WC, Massie BM, Freis ED, Kochar MS et al. Single-drug therapy for hypertension in men. A comparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. N Engl J Med 1993;328:914-921
Della Chiesa A, Pfiffner D, Meier B, Hess OM. Sexual activity in hypertensive men. J Hum Hypertens 2003;17: 515-521
Manolis A, Doumas M. Antihypertensive treatment and sexual dysfunction. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2012;14: 285-292
Böhm M, Baumhäkel M, Teo K. ONTARGET/TRANSCEND Erectile Dysfunction Substudy Investigators. Erectile Dysfunction predicts cardiovascular events in high-risk patients receiving telmisartan, ramipril, or both: the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial/ Telmisartan Randomized AssessmeNT Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease (ONTARGET/TRANCEND) Trials. Circulation. 2010;121:1439–1446
Esposito K, Giugliano F, Di Palo C, Giugliano G, Marfella R, D'Andrea F et al. Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:2978–2984
Hannan JL, Maio MT, Komolova M, Adams MA. et al. Beneficial impact of exercise and obesity interventions on erectile function and its risk factors. J Sex Med. 2009;6: 254–261
Lamina S, Okoye CG, Dagogo TT. Therapeutic effect of an interval exercise training program in the management of erectile dysfunction in hypertensive patients. J Clin Hypertens. 2009; 11: 125–129
Claudino MA, Delbin MA, Franco-Penteado CF, Priviero FB, De Nucci G, Antunes E et al. Exercise training ameliorates the impairment of endothelial and nitrergic corpus cavernosum responses in diabetic rats. Life Sci. 2011;88: 272–277
Gupta BP, Murad MH, Clifton MM, Prokop L, Nehra A, Kopecky SL. The effect of lifestyle modification and cardiovascular risk factor reduction on erectile dysfunction. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171:1797–803
Vlachopoulos C, Jackson G, Stefanadis C. Erectile dysfunction in the cardiovascular patient. Eur Heart J. 2013;34: 2034-2046
Lee M. Focus on phosphodiesterase inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in older men. Clin Ther 2011;33: 1590-1608
Kloner RA, Henderson L. Sexual function in patients with chronic angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 2013;111:1671-1676