Evli Kadınların Yarı Zamanlı ve Tam Zamanlı Çalışma Şekillerinin Belirleyicileri: Türkiye Örneği

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de ikamet eden evli kadınların tam zamanlı ve yarı zamanlı çalışma şekillerinin tercihini belirleyen faktörler, TÜİK Hane Halkı Işgücü Anketi verileri kullanılarak Logit analiz yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre; medeni durum, cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim seviyesi, hane halkı büyüklüğü, meslek grubu ve aylık kazanılan gelir ile çalışma şekilleri arasında %1 anlamlılık seviyesinde katsayıların istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu görülmektedir. Evli kadınların diğerlerine göre part time çalışma olasılıklarının daha fazla olduğu görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte, erkeklerin kadınlara göre yarı zamanlı çalışma olasılıkları daha düşük tespit edilirken, eğitim seviyesi üniversite ve üstü olanların diğerlerine göre yarı zamanlı çalışma olasılıklarının azaldığı görülmüştür. Yaşlar gruplara ayrıldığında 15-24 yaş grubu baz alındığında, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54 ve 55-64 yaş gruplarının yarı zamanlı çalışma olasılıklarının 15-24 yaş gruplarına göre anlamlı şekilde daha az olduğu ayrıca, hane halkı büyüklüğü arttıkça bireylerin yarı zamanlı çalışma olasılıklarının da azaldığı söylenebilmektedir. Meslek gruplarında ise profesyonel meslek grubu baz alınmıştır. Bulgulara göre, teknisyen, büro, hizmet sektörü, tarım, sanatkâr, operatör ve niteliksiz olarak ifade edilen meslek gruplarının yarı zamanlı çalışma olasılıklarının profesyonel meslek grubuna göre daha az olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu çalışma evli kadınların, hem kadınlar arasında hem de diğer tüm çalışanlar içerisinde söz konusu çalışma şekli tercihi açısından durumunun belirlenmesi için Türkiye örneğinde yapılan ilk çalışma olması nedeniyle de önem arz etmektedir.

Keywords

• çalışma şekli
• hane halkı
• logit
• Türkiye

Determinants of Part Time and Full Time Working Patterns of Married Women: The Case of Turkey

Abstract

This study analyses the preference of full-time and part-time working patterns of married women residing in Turkey and the factors affecting this preference. Logit method is used in the analysis using TURKSTAT Household Labour Force Survey data. According to the findings, the coefficients between marital status, gender, age, education level, household size, occupational group and monthly income and working patterns are statistically significant at 1% significance level. It is observed that married women are more likely to work part-time than others. On the other hand, men are less likely to work part-time than women, while those with a university degree or higher are less likely to work part-time than others. When age groups are divided into groups, based on the 15-24 age group, it can be said that the probability of part-time work of the 25-34, 35-44, 45-54 and 55-64 age groups is significantly lower than the 15-24 age groups, and the probability of part-time work of individuals decreases as the household size increases. In occupational groups, professional occupational group is taken as a basis. According to the findings, it is determined that the probability of part-time work of the occupational groups expressed as technician, clerical, service sector, agriculture, artisan, operator and unqualified is less than the professional occupational group. This study is also important because it is the first study conducted in Turkey to determine the status of married women in terms of the choice of working style, both among women and among all other employees.

Keywords

• Mode of work
• Household
• logit
• Türkiye

References

1. Akhouri, D., Madiha, M., & Ansari, M. H. (2019). Anxiety depression and quality of life among working married and unmarried women: a comparative study. Indian Journal of Psychiatric Social Work, 10(2), 36-39.
2. Alfarran, A. (2021). The Impact of Remote Work on Women’s Work-life Balance and Gender-role Attitudes in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Gender and Women's Studies, 9(2), 11-22.
3. Alias, N. S., Hashim, I. H. M., & Haizzan, M. (2022). Psychological Well-being of Working Women in Malaysia: Married or Single is Better?
4. Buddeberg-Fischer, B., Stamm, M., Buddeberg, C., Bauer, G., Hämmig, O., Knecht, M., … & Klaghofer, R. (2010). The impact of gender and parenthood on physicians' careers - professional and personal situation seven years after graduation. BMC Health Serv Res, 1(10). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-10-40
5. Buehler, C., O'Brien, M., & Walls, J. (2011). Mothers' part-time employment: Child, parent, and family outcomes. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 4(3), 256-272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2011.00110.x
6. Büyükuysal, Ç., Öz M., & İlker, İ. (2016). Çoklu Doğrusal Bağıntı Varlığında En Küçük Karelere Alternatif Yaklaşım: Ridge Regresyonu. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), 110-114.
7. Cameron, A. C. & Trivedi, P. K. (2005). Microeconometrics: methods and applications. Cambridge University Press.
8. Cassidy, M. & Warren, B. (1996). Family employment status and gender role attitudes. Gender & Society, 3(10), 312-329. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124396010003007

9. Connelly, R. & Kimmel, J. (2003). Marital status and full–time/part–time work status in child care choices. Applied Economics, 7(35), 761-777. https://doi.org/10.1080/0003684022000020841
10. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
11. Durbin, S. & Tomlinson, J. (2010). Female part-time managers: Networks and career mobility. work. Employment and Society, 4(24), 621-640. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017010380631
12. Ebbers, I. & Piper, A. T. (2017). Satisfactions comparisons: Women with families, full-time and part-time self-employed. IJGE, 2(9), 171-187. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijge-11-2016-0046
13. Ederington, J., Minier, J., & Troske, K. R. (2009). Where the girls are: Trade and labor market segregation in Colombia. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 4131
14. Euwals, R. & Hogerbrugge, M. (2006). Explaining the growth of part-time employment: Factors of supply and demand. Labour, 3(20), 533-557. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.2006.00352.x
15. Falzone, J. (2000). Labor market decisions of married women: With emphasis on part-time employment. International Advances in Economic Research, 4(6), 662-671. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02295376
16. Farber, H. (2011). Job loss in the great recession: Historical perspective from the displaced workers survey, 1984-2010. https://doi.org/10.3386/w17040
17. Field, S. & Bramwell, R. (1998). An ınvestigation ınto the relationship between caring responsibilities and the levels of perceived pressure reported by female employees. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 2(71), 165-170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1998.tb00670.x
18. Gaston, N. & Kishi, T. (2007). Part-time workers doing full-time work in Japan. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 4(21), 435-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2006.04.001
19. Giannelli, G. (1996). Women's transitions ın the labour market: A competing risks analysis on German panel data. J Popul Econ, 3(9), 287-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00176689
20. Ginn, J. & Sandell, J. (1997). Balancing home and employment: Stress reported by social services staff. Work, Employment and Society, 3(11), 413-434. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017097113002
21. Gupta, S. & Malik, N. (2021). Prioritising or postponing?” thematic analysis of reproductive and motherhood choices among educated Indian married women. Psychology and Education Journal, 2(58), 5784-5791. https://doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.3006
22. Haley-Lock, A. (2009). Variation in part-time job quality within the nonprofit human service sector. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 4(19), 421-442. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.230
23. Lee, N., Zvonkovic, A., & Crawford, D. (2013). The impact of work–family conflict and facilitation on women’s perceptions of role balance. Journal of Family Issues, 9(35), 1252-1274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x13481332
24. Lee, S., Zhou, H., & Kim, Y. (2013). Labor force participation among Asian immigrant women: findings from the 2007 American Community Survey. Int J Soc Welfare, 3(23), 296-308. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12059
25. Lowe, J. & Gayle, V. (2007). Exploring the work/life/study balance: The experience of higher education students in a Scottish further education college. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 3(31), 225-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098770701424942
26. Marler, J. H., & Moen, P. (2005). Alternative employment arrangements: A gender perspective. Sex Roles, 52, 337-349.
27. McKinney, B. (2009). The effect of family organization and race and ethnicity on women’s economic status in New York State. American Behavioral Scientist, 2(53), 223-238. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209338810
28. Miežienė, R., Krutulienė, S., & Gruževskis, B. (2021). Identifying the main determinants of part-time employment in EU countries. Review of Economic Perspectives, 2(21), 151-171. https://doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2021-0007
29. Nardone, T. (2005). Part-time employment: reasons, demographics, and trends. Journal of Labor Research, 16(3), 275–93.
30. Osch, Y. & Schaveling, J. (2017). The effects of part-time employment and gender on organizational career growth. Journal of Career Development, 3(47), 328-343. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845317728359
31. Önel, N. (2006). İş-aile çatışmasının çalışan kadının aile içi ilişkileri üzerine etkileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi.
32. Porterfield, S. (2002). Work choices of mothers ın families with children with disabilities. Journal of Marriage and Family, 4(64), 972-981. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00972.x
33. Rijswijk, K. V., Bekker, M. H. J., Rutte, C. C., & Croon, M. A. (2004). The relationships among part-time work, work-family interference, and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(9), 286-295. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.9.4.286
34. Stier, H. & Lewin-Epstein, N. (2003). Time to work: A comparative analysis of preferences for working hours. Work and Occupations, 30(3), 302-326.
35. Stier, H. & Lewin-Epstein, N. (2000). Women's part-time employment and gender ınequality ın the family. Journal of Family Issues, 3(21), 390-410. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251300021003006
36. Warren, T. (2004). Working part‐time: Achieving a successful ‘work‐life’ balance? The British Journal of Sociology, 1(55), 99-122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2004.00008.x
37. Williams, R. (2012). Using the margins command to estimate and ınterpret adjusted predictions and marginal effects, Stata Journal, 12(2), 308-331.
38. Yamada, T. & Yamada, T. (1984). Part-time employment of married women and fertility in urban Japan. https://doi.org/10.3386/w1474