Disaster and Women: Gender-Based Vulnerability, Disaster Management and Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Services

Abstract

Disasters are natural or man-made catastrophes affecting millions of people all over the world. They could result into losses, significant physical and psychological health problems, infrastructure damage and socioeconomic difficulties. Disasters do not affect all societies or individuals in the same way. Vulnerability is the physical, social, economic and environmental conditions that increase an individual or community's susceptibility to the effects of potential disasters. Women and girls, in particular, are more vulnerable to the effects of disaster both in developing and developed countries. They experience a higher risk of mortality, health problems, psychosocial issues, violence and socioeconomic decline after disasters as compared to man. Mainly due to gender roles women having lower education and income levels, their health and privacy needs often being ignored, and having limited access to resources, eventually causing them to be more affected by disasters. In order to reduce women's vulnerability to disasters, gender-sensitive disaster management should be employed. In this way, women's problems and difficulties can be taken into consideration both in disaster preparation and intervention phase. Moreover, gender-sensitive and transformative mental health and psychosocial support services are crucial to meet the mental health needs of women and girls based on gender, culture and social norms. Novel and gender based care models could support women’s psychological well-being on a greater extent. Increasing women's capacity to cope with disasters will contribute to the strengthening of society and make it more resilient to disasters.

Keywords

• disaster psychology
• vulnerability
• gender
• mental health and psychosocial support

Afet ve Kadın: Toplumsal Cinsiyete Dayalı Zarar Görebilirlik, Afet Yönetimi, Ruh Sağlığı ve Psikososyal Destek Hizmetleri

Abstract

Afetler tüm dünyada milyonlarca insanı etkileyen doğa ya da insan kaynaklı felaketlerdir. Can kayıplarına, önemli fiziksel ve psikolojik sağlık sorunlarına, alt yapı hasarlarına ve sosyoekonomik güçlüklere yol açabilirler. Afetler tüm toplumları ya da bireyleri aynı şekilde etkilemezler. Zarar görebilirlik bir bireyin veya topluluğun olası felaketlerin etkilerine duyarlılığını artıran fiziksel, sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel koşullardır. Özellikle kadınlar ve kız çocukları, gerek gelişmiş gerekse gelişmekte olan ülkelerde afetin etkilerine karşı daha savunmasızdırlar. Erkeklere kıyasla daha yüksek oranlarda ölüm riski, sağlık sorunları, psikososyal problemler, şiddet olayları ve sosyoekonomik gerileme riskleri yaşamaktadırlar. Bu zarar görebilirliğin en önemli kaynağı ise toplumsal cinsiyet rolleridir. Bu roller gereği kadınların daha düşük eğitim ve gelir düzeyine sahip olmaları, sağlık ve mahremiyet ihtiyaçlarının çoğu zaman görmezden gelinmesi, kaynaklara erişimlerinin sınırlı olması gibi unsurlar afetlerden daha çok etkilenmelerine yol açmaktadır. Ayrıca afet öncesinde zaten yaşanmakta olan yoksulluk gibi deneyimler de daha derinleşmektedir. Kadınların afetlerden zarar görebilirliğinin azaltılabilmesi için toplumsal cinsiyete duyarlı afet yönetimi programlarının hayata geçmesi gereklidir. Bu sayede gerek afete hazırlık gerekse müdahale aşamasında kadınların ihtiyaçları ve yaşadıkları zorluklar gözetilebilir ve nihayetinde afetlerin etkileri ile başa çıkma kapasitelerinin arttırılması mümkün olabilir. Bunun yanı sıra cinsiyete duyarlı ve dönüştürücü ruh sağlığı ve psikososyal destek hizmetleri ile kadınların ve kız çocuklarının cinsiyete, kültüre ve toplumsal normlara dayalı ruh sağlığı ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak, psikolojik iyilik hallerini cinsiyet bakış açısı ile daha kapsamlı bir şekilde desteklemek gerekmektedir. Kadınların afetlerle başa çıkma kapasitelerini arttırmak toplumun da güçlenmesine ve afetlere karşı daha dirençli hale gelmesine katkı yapacaktır.

Keywords

• afet psikolojisi
• zarar görebilirlik
• toplumsal cinsiyet
• ruh sağlığı ve psikososyal destek

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