BRICS Ülkelerinde Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliğinin Siyasal Ekonomisi: Bir Panel Veri Analizi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin politik iktisadını 1990–2018 dönemi için BRICS ülkeleri (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin ve Güney Afrika) özelinde panel veri analiziyle incelemektedir. Kadınların eğitim düzeyi ve iş gücüne katılımı olmak üzere iki temel gösterge üzerinden toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği değerlendirilmiş; demokrasi (kurumsal), dini aidiyet (kültürel), kişi başına düşen GSYH ve ticaret açıklığı (ekonomik) ile doğurganlık oranı (demografik) belirleyici değişkenler olarak modele dahil edilmiştir. Rastgele Etkiler, Ağırlıklı Panel Regresyonu (PWR) ve Sabit Etkiler Vektör Ayrıştırması (FEVD) gibi çeşitli tahmin yöntemleri kullanılarak farklı etki düzeyleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgular, kişi başına düşen GSYH’nin eğitim düzeyini artırıcı etkisine karşın, kadınların iş gücüne katılımında benzer bir artışı sağlamadığını göstermektedir. Dini aidiyetler ve yüksek doğurganlık oranları her iki modelde de kadınların katılımını istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve olumsuz etkilemektedir. Ticaret açıklığı bazı modellerde pozitif etki göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, ekonomik büyüme ve demokratikleşme tek başına toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğini sağlamaya yetmemektedir. Kültürel normlara yönelik sosyal politikalarla desteklenen çok boyutlu stratejilere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Keywords

• Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği
• BRICS Ülkeleri
• Panel Veri Analizi

The Political Economy of Gender Inequality in BRICS: A Panel Data Analysis

Abstract

This study examines the political economy of gender inequality in BRICS countries—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—between 1990 and 2018 using panel data analysis. Focusing on two key dimensions of gender inequality, namely women’s educational attainment and labor force participation, the study explores how institutional (democracy), cultural (religion), economic (GDP per capita, trade openness), and demographic (fertility) factors shape gender disparities. Employing multiple estimation techniques including Random Effects, Panel Weighted Regression (PWR), and Fixed Effects Vector Decomposition (FEVD), the analysis reveals contrasting dynamics across education and labor force outcomes. While GDP per capita significantly improves educational attainment, it does not translate into higher female labor participation. Religious affiliations and higher fertility rates exert consistent and negative effects across both models, underscoring the role of cultural and demographic constraints. Trade openness is positively associated with women’s labor market participation in some specifications, suggesting potential benefits from global integration. The findings highlight that economic growth and institutional development are insufficient in overcoming entrenched gender barriers without targeted social and cultural reforms. The study recommends multidimensional policy strategies that combine inclusive economic policies with social programs aimed at reducing fertility-related constraints and challenging restrictive gender norms.

Keywords

• Gender Inequality
• BRICS Countries
• Panel Data Analysis

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