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Distribution of Microorganisms and Antibiotic Resistance Rates Isolated From Blood Cultures: 5-Year Evaluation in a University Hospital in Northern Cyprus

Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 13 - 22, 14.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.949209

Abstract

Objective: Bloodstream infections (BSI) are considered to be the most important cause of morbidity and mortality. The main purpose of this study is to examine the distribution of microorganisms in blood cultures and the rates of antimicrobial resistance.
Method: Microorganisms isolated from 7.866 blood cultures which were sent to our laboratory between January 2016-December 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. Blood culture bottles were incubated in BACTEC 9120 system. Blood samples were taken from the bottles with a sterile syringe and cultured on Eosin-Methylene Blue (EMB) and 5% sheep blood agars if there was a positive signal. The cultivated cultures were left to incubate at 35°C for 24-48 hours. VITEK 2 compact automated system was used for identification and antibiotic susceptibility tests (AST).
Results: Reproduction was detected in 691 (8.8%) of blood cultures. There were 56.7% gram-negative, 42.7% gram-positive bacteria and 0.6% Candida species. The most common bacteria isolated are; coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) (21.1%), Escherichia coli (15.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (11.4%). The rate of ESBL-Escherichia coli increased in 2020, but this was not statistically significant (p=0.188). ESBL-Klebsiella pneumoniae species showed a significant increase over the years and reached the highest level (69.6%) in 2019. MDR (multi drug resistance) rate for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined as 13%. MDR rate for Acinetobacter baumannii was determined as 97%. The rate of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among patients is 30.4%.
Conclusion: It is critical to determine microorganisms and their antibiotic susceptibilities as soon as possible in BSI. Active surveillance systems help manage the BSI.

References

  • 1. Müderris T, Yurtsever SG, Baran N, Özdemir R, Er H, Güngör S et al. Microorganisms isolated from blood cultures and the change of their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in the last five years. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2019;76(3):231-42.
  • 2. Opintan JA, Newman MJ. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistant pathogens from blood cultures: results from a laboratory based nationwide surveillance in Ghana. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. 2017;6:64.
  • 3. Şafak B and Kılınç O. Microorganisims Isolated From Blood Cultures During 2010-2015 and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibilities. Klimik Dergisi. 2016;29(2):60-4.
  • 4. Keihanian F, Saeidinia A, Abbasi K, Keihanian F. Epidemiology of antibiotic resistance of blood culture in educational hospitals in Rasht, North of Iran. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2018;11:1723-8.
  • 5. Kalın-Ünüvar G, Çetinkaya F, Türe-Yüce Z, Ulu-Kılıç A. Retrospective Evaluation of Positive Blood Culture of Bacteremic Cases Wit Fatal Outcome. Klimik Dergisi. 2020;33(3):281-5.
  • 6. Coşar M, Tuncer İ, Arslan U. The Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated From Blood Cultures. Turkish Journal of Infection. 2009;23(2):47-50.
  • 7. Nazik S, Cingöz E, Şahin AR, Güler S. The Alteration of Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Blood Culture Over Years. Kocaeli Med J. 2018;7(1):32-6.
  • 8. Akyıldız Ö, Beşli Y, Sesin Kocagöz A. Evaluation of patients who were followed with bacteremia in intensive care unit. Cukuroca Med J. 2019;44(Suppl 1):521-8.
  • 9. Kılınç Ç, Güçkan R, Kahveci M, Kayhan Y, Pirhan Y, Özalp T. Distribution of Gram Negative Isolates in Blood Cultures and Their Antibiotic Resistance. Int J Basic Clin Med. 2015;3(3):125-30.
  • 10. Şay Coşkun US. Distribution of Microorganisms in Blood Cultures and Their Antibiotic Resistance. ANKEM Derg. 2018;32(2):45-52.
  • 11. Santella B, Folliero V, Pirofalo GM, Serretiello E, Zannella C, Moccia G et al. Sepsis-A Retrospective Cohort Study of Bloodstream Infections. Antibiotics. 2020;9:851.
  • 12. Micek ST, Lloyd AE, Ritchie DJ, Reichley RM, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bloodstream Infection: Importance of Appropriate Initial Antimicrobial Treatment. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2005;49(4):1306-11.
  • 13. Ece G. The Evaluation of the Distribution and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of the Strains Isolated from Blood Cultures. Bulletin of Haseki. 2013;51:151-6.
  • 14. Wasihun AG, Wlekidan LN, Gebremariam SA, Dejene TA, Welderufael AL, Haile TD et al. Bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of blood culture isolates among febrile patients in Mekelle Hospital, Northern Ethiopia. SpringerPlus. 2015;4:314.
  • 15. Prakash KP, Arora V, Geethanjali PP. Bloodstream Bacterial Pathogens and their Antibiotic Resistance Pattern in Dhahira Region, Oman. Oman Medical Journal. 2011;26(4):240-7.
  • 16. Gohel K, Jojera A, Soni S, Gang S, Sabnis R, Desai M. Bacteriological Profile and Drug Resistance Patterns of Blood Culture Isolates in a Tertiary Care Nephrourology Teaching Institute. BioMed Research International. 2014;153747.
  • 17. Nazir A, Sana I, Peerzada BY, Farooq T. Study of prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of blood culture isolates from a tertiary care hospital of North India. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2018;6(12):4046-52.
  • 18. Kante M, Laksh PM, Reddy PS. Bacterial profile of blood stream infections and their antibiograms. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2015;3(3):698-704.
  • 19. Sweta SO, Sanjay JM, Kikani MK, Sunil GO. Bacteriological profile and antibiogram of blood culture isolates from patients of rural tertiary care hospital. International Journal of Microbiology and Mycology. 2016;4(3):1-7.
  • 20. Bolukçu S, Başaran S, Çağatay A, Özsüt H, Eraksoy H. Prospective Assessment of Blood Cultures Which Were Sent to the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Klimik Dergisi. 2018;31(2):120-4.
  • 21. Güvenir M, Güler E, Süer K. Do Seasonal Changes and Climate Effect the Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii Complex?. Pol J Environ Stud. 2021;30(2):1155-9.
  • 22. Chazan B, Colodner R, Edelstein H, Raz R. Seasonal variation in Escherichia coli bloodstream infections in northern Israel. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:851-4.
  • 23. Rodrigues FS, Clemente de Luca FA, Ribeiro da Cunha A, Branco Fortaleza CMC. Seasons, weather and predictors of healthcare-associated Gram-negative bloodstream infections: a case-only study. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2018:10.1016/j.jhin.2018.06.015
  • 24. Çetin F, Mumcuoğlu İ, Aksoy A, Gürkan Y, Aksu N. Microorganisms isolated from blood cultures and their antimicrobial susceptibilities. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2014;71(2):67-74.
  • 25. Taşçı L, Güreser AS, Boyacıoğlu Zİ, Karasartova D, Taylan Özkan A. Microorganisms Isolated from Blood Cultures and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Hitit University Corum Training and Research Hospital. FLORA. 2016;21(1):27-32.
  • 26. Sianipar O, Asmara W, Dwiprahasto I, Mulyono B. Mortality risk of bloodstream infection caused by either Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase: a prospective cohort study. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12:719.
  • 27. Leistner R, Gürntke S, Sakellariou C, Denkel LA, Bloch A, Gastmeier P et al. Bloodstream infection due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-positive K. pneumoniae and E. coli: an alalysis of the disease burden in a large cohort. Infection. 2014;42:991-7.
  • 28. Paterson DL, Ko WC, Gottberg AV, Mohapatra S, Casellas JM, Goossens H et al. International Prospective Study of Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteremia: Implications of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Production in Nosocomial Infections. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:26-32.
  • 29. Melzer M, Petersen I. Mortality following bacteraemic infection caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli compared to non-ESBL producing E. coli. Journal of Infection. 2007;55:254-9.
  • 30. Anggraini D, Uswathun Hasanah S, Savira M, Fauzia Andrini D, Irawan D, Ruza Prima R. Prevalence and Susceptibility Profile of ESBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Arifin Achmad General Hospital Pekanbaru. Jurnal Kedokteran Brawijaya. 2018;30(1):47-52.
  • 31. Ben-David D, Kordevani R, Keller N, Tal I, Marzel A, Gal-Mor O et al. Outcome of carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:54-60.
  • 32. Endimiani A, Luzzaro F, Pini B, Amicosante G, Rossolini GM, Toniolo AQ. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections: risk factors and treatment outcome related to expression of the PER-1 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2006;6:52.
  • 33. Choi Y, Paik JH, Kim JH, Han SB, Durey A. Clinical Predictors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteremia in Emergency Department. Emergency Medicine International. 2018;7581036.
  • 34. Chopra T, Marchaim D, Awali RA, Krishna A, Johnson P, Tansek R et al. Epidemiology of Bloodstream Infections Caused by Acinetobacter baumannii and Impact of Drug Resistance to both Carbapenems and Ampicillin-Sulbactam on Clinical Outcomes. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2013;57(12):6270-5.
  • 35. Gözalan A, Ünaldı Ö, Kırca F, Çöplü N, Müderris T, Açıkgöz ZC et al. Molecular characterization of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates causing bloodstream infections in intensive care unit. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2020;77(1):15-24.
  • 36. Doi Y, Murray GL, Peleg AY. Acinetobacter baumannii: Evolution of Antimicrobial Resistance-Treatment Options. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;36(1):85-98.
  • 37. Al-Mously N, Hakawi A. Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections in a tertiary hospital: Antimicrobial resistance surveillance. International Journal of Infection Control. 2013;9(2):1-8.
  • 38. Kula-Atik T and Uzun B. Evaluation of Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Blood Cultures to Methicillin and Other Antimicrobial Agents. Klimik Dergisi. 2020;33(2):132-6.
  • 39. Güvenir M, Güler E, Aykaç A, Süer K. Investigation of Rapid Identification of Meticillin Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Blood Culture Bottles at Three Different Pre-Incubation Periods. Cyprus J Med Sci. 2018;1:1-3.
  • 40. Calik Z, Karamese M, Acar O. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Blood Culture in University Hospital, Turkey. Glob J Infect Dis Clin Res. 2015;1(1):10-3.
  • 41. Gu F, He W, XiaoS, Wang S, Li X, Zeng Q et al. Antimicrobial Resistance and Moleculer Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Causing Bloodstream Infections at Ruijin Hospital in Shanghai from 2013 to 2018. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):6019.

Kan Kültürlerinden İzole Edilen Mikroorganizmaların Dağılımı ve Antibiyotik Direnç Oranları: Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta Bir Üniversite Hastanesindeki 5 Yıllık Değerlendirme

Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 13 - 22, 14.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.949209

Abstract

Amaç: Kan dolaşımı enfeksiyonları (KDE), morbidite ve mortalitenin en önemli nedeni sayılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kan kültürlerinde üreyen mikroorganizmaların dağılımını ve antimikrobiyal direnç oranlarını incelemek amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi (YDÜ) Hastanesi, Mikrobiyoloji Laboratuvarı’na Ocak 2016-Aralık 2020 tarihleri arasında gönderilen 7.866 kan kültüründen izole edilen mikroorganizmalar retrospektif olarak değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Kan kültür şişeleri BACTEC 9120 otomatize sisteminde inkübe edilmiştir. İnkübasyon sırasında pozitif sinyal elde edilmesi halinde, steril enjektörle kan kültür şişelerinin içerisinden örnek alınarak Eosin-Methylene Blue (EMB) ve %5 koyun kanlı agarlara ekimleri yapıldı. Ekimi yapılan kültürler 24-48 saat süresince 35°C’de etüvde inkübasyona bırakıldı. Üreme saptanan kültürlerdeki mikroorganizmaların identifikasyon ve antibiyotik duyarlılık testleri (ADT) için VİTEK 2 (Biomerieux) kompakt otomatize sitemi kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Kan kültürlerinin 691 (%8.8)’inde üreme saptanmıştır. İzole edilen mikroorganizmaların 392 (%56.7)’sini gram negatif bakteriler, 295 (%42.7)’ini gram pozitif bakteriler ve 4 (%0.6)’ünü ise Candida türleri oluşturmaktadır. En sık izole edilen bakteriler sırasıyla; Koagülaz negatif stafilokoklar (KNS) (%21.1), E. coli (%15.2), K. pneumoniae (%11.9), Staphylococccus aureus (%11.4) idi. E. coli dağılımına bakıldığı zaman GSBL oranı 2020 yılında artış göstermiştir fakat bunun istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmadığı anlaşılmıştır (p=0.188). GSBL pozitif K. pneumoniae türleri ise yıllar içerisinde anlamlı derecede artış göstermiş ve 2019 yılında en yüksek (%69.6) seviyeye ulaşmıştır. Pseudomonas aeruginosa için ÇİD (çoklu ilaç dirençli) oranı %13 olarak belirlenmiştir. Acinetobacter baumannii için MDR oranı ise %97 olarak bulunmuştur. Hastalarımız arasındaki metisilin dirençli Staphylococccus aureus (MRSA) oranı %30.4’dür.
Sonuç: KDE’dan izole edilen mikroorganizmaların ve duyarlılıklarının en kısa sürede belirlenmesi kritik öneme sahiptir. Ayrıca, aktif sürveyans sistemleri KDE’nın yönetimine yardımcı olmaktadır.

References

  • 1. Müderris T, Yurtsever SG, Baran N, Özdemir R, Er H, Güngör S et al. Microorganisms isolated from blood cultures and the change of their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in the last five years. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2019;76(3):231-42.
  • 2. Opintan JA, Newman MJ. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistant pathogens from blood cultures: results from a laboratory based nationwide surveillance in Ghana. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. 2017;6:64.
  • 3. Şafak B and Kılınç O. Microorganisims Isolated From Blood Cultures During 2010-2015 and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibilities. Klimik Dergisi. 2016;29(2):60-4.
  • 4. Keihanian F, Saeidinia A, Abbasi K, Keihanian F. Epidemiology of antibiotic resistance of blood culture in educational hospitals in Rasht, North of Iran. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2018;11:1723-8.
  • 5. Kalın-Ünüvar G, Çetinkaya F, Türe-Yüce Z, Ulu-Kılıç A. Retrospective Evaluation of Positive Blood Culture of Bacteremic Cases Wit Fatal Outcome. Klimik Dergisi. 2020;33(3):281-5.
  • 6. Coşar M, Tuncer İ, Arslan U. The Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated From Blood Cultures. Turkish Journal of Infection. 2009;23(2):47-50.
  • 7. Nazik S, Cingöz E, Şahin AR, Güler S. The Alteration of Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Blood Culture Over Years. Kocaeli Med J. 2018;7(1):32-6.
  • 8. Akyıldız Ö, Beşli Y, Sesin Kocagöz A. Evaluation of patients who were followed with bacteremia in intensive care unit. Cukuroca Med J. 2019;44(Suppl 1):521-8.
  • 9. Kılınç Ç, Güçkan R, Kahveci M, Kayhan Y, Pirhan Y, Özalp T. Distribution of Gram Negative Isolates in Blood Cultures and Their Antibiotic Resistance. Int J Basic Clin Med. 2015;3(3):125-30.
  • 10. Şay Coşkun US. Distribution of Microorganisms in Blood Cultures and Their Antibiotic Resistance. ANKEM Derg. 2018;32(2):45-52.
  • 11. Santella B, Folliero V, Pirofalo GM, Serretiello E, Zannella C, Moccia G et al. Sepsis-A Retrospective Cohort Study of Bloodstream Infections. Antibiotics. 2020;9:851.
  • 12. Micek ST, Lloyd AE, Ritchie DJ, Reichley RM, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bloodstream Infection: Importance of Appropriate Initial Antimicrobial Treatment. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2005;49(4):1306-11.
  • 13. Ece G. The Evaluation of the Distribution and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of the Strains Isolated from Blood Cultures. Bulletin of Haseki. 2013;51:151-6.
  • 14. Wasihun AG, Wlekidan LN, Gebremariam SA, Dejene TA, Welderufael AL, Haile TD et al. Bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of blood culture isolates among febrile patients in Mekelle Hospital, Northern Ethiopia. SpringerPlus. 2015;4:314.
  • 15. Prakash KP, Arora V, Geethanjali PP. Bloodstream Bacterial Pathogens and their Antibiotic Resistance Pattern in Dhahira Region, Oman. Oman Medical Journal. 2011;26(4):240-7.
  • 16. Gohel K, Jojera A, Soni S, Gang S, Sabnis R, Desai M. Bacteriological Profile and Drug Resistance Patterns of Blood Culture Isolates in a Tertiary Care Nephrourology Teaching Institute. BioMed Research International. 2014;153747.
  • 17. Nazir A, Sana I, Peerzada BY, Farooq T. Study of prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of blood culture isolates from a tertiary care hospital of North India. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2018;6(12):4046-52.
  • 18. Kante M, Laksh PM, Reddy PS. Bacterial profile of blood stream infections and their antibiograms. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2015;3(3):698-704.
  • 19. Sweta SO, Sanjay JM, Kikani MK, Sunil GO. Bacteriological profile and antibiogram of blood culture isolates from patients of rural tertiary care hospital. International Journal of Microbiology and Mycology. 2016;4(3):1-7.
  • 20. Bolukçu S, Başaran S, Çağatay A, Özsüt H, Eraksoy H. Prospective Assessment of Blood Cultures Which Were Sent to the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Klimik Dergisi. 2018;31(2):120-4.
  • 21. Güvenir M, Güler E, Süer K. Do Seasonal Changes and Climate Effect the Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii Complex?. Pol J Environ Stud. 2021;30(2):1155-9.
  • 22. Chazan B, Colodner R, Edelstein H, Raz R. Seasonal variation in Escherichia coli bloodstream infections in northern Israel. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:851-4.
  • 23. Rodrigues FS, Clemente de Luca FA, Ribeiro da Cunha A, Branco Fortaleza CMC. Seasons, weather and predictors of healthcare-associated Gram-negative bloodstream infections: a case-only study. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2018:10.1016/j.jhin.2018.06.015
  • 24. Çetin F, Mumcuoğlu İ, Aksoy A, Gürkan Y, Aksu N. Microorganisms isolated from blood cultures and their antimicrobial susceptibilities. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2014;71(2):67-74.
  • 25. Taşçı L, Güreser AS, Boyacıoğlu Zİ, Karasartova D, Taylan Özkan A. Microorganisms Isolated from Blood Cultures and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Hitit University Corum Training and Research Hospital. FLORA. 2016;21(1):27-32.
  • 26. Sianipar O, Asmara W, Dwiprahasto I, Mulyono B. Mortality risk of bloodstream infection caused by either Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase: a prospective cohort study. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12:719.
  • 27. Leistner R, Gürntke S, Sakellariou C, Denkel LA, Bloch A, Gastmeier P et al. Bloodstream infection due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-positive K. pneumoniae and E. coli: an alalysis of the disease burden in a large cohort. Infection. 2014;42:991-7.
  • 28. Paterson DL, Ko WC, Gottberg AV, Mohapatra S, Casellas JM, Goossens H et al. International Prospective Study of Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteremia: Implications of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Production in Nosocomial Infections. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:26-32.
  • 29. Melzer M, Petersen I. Mortality following bacteraemic infection caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli compared to non-ESBL producing E. coli. Journal of Infection. 2007;55:254-9.
  • 30. Anggraini D, Uswathun Hasanah S, Savira M, Fauzia Andrini D, Irawan D, Ruza Prima R. Prevalence and Susceptibility Profile of ESBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Arifin Achmad General Hospital Pekanbaru. Jurnal Kedokteran Brawijaya. 2018;30(1):47-52.
  • 31. Ben-David D, Kordevani R, Keller N, Tal I, Marzel A, Gal-Mor O et al. Outcome of carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:54-60.
  • 32. Endimiani A, Luzzaro F, Pini B, Amicosante G, Rossolini GM, Toniolo AQ. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections: risk factors and treatment outcome related to expression of the PER-1 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2006;6:52.
  • 33. Choi Y, Paik JH, Kim JH, Han SB, Durey A. Clinical Predictors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteremia in Emergency Department. Emergency Medicine International. 2018;7581036.
  • 34. Chopra T, Marchaim D, Awali RA, Krishna A, Johnson P, Tansek R et al. Epidemiology of Bloodstream Infections Caused by Acinetobacter baumannii and Impact of Drug Resistance to both Carbapenems and Ampicillin-Sulbactam on Clinical Outcomes. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2013;57(12):6270-5.
  • 35. Gözalan A, Ünaldı Ö, Kırca F, Çöplü N, Müderris T, Açıkgöz ZC et al. Molecular characterization of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates causing bloodstream infections in intensive care unit. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2020;77(1):15-24.
  • 36. Doi Y, Murray GL, Peleg AY. Acinetobacter baumannii: Evolution of Antimicrobial Resistance-Treatment Options. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;36(1):85-98.
  • 37. Al-Mously N, Hakawi A. Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections in a tertiary hospital: Antimicrobial resistance surveillance. International Journal of Infection Control. 2013;9(2):1-8.
  • 38. Kula-Atik T and Uzun B. Evaluation of Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Blood Cultures to Methicillin and Other Antimicrobial Agents. Klimik Dergisi. 2020;33(2):132-6.
  • 39. Güvenir M, Güler E, Aykaç A, Süer K. Investigation of Rapid Identification of Meticillin Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Blood Culture Bottles at Three Different Pre-Incubation Periods. Cyprus J Med Sci. 2018;1:1-3.
  • 40. Calik Z, Karamese M, Acar O. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Blood Culture in University Hospital, Turkey. Glob J Infect Dis Clin Res. 2015;1(1):10-3.
  • 41. Gu F, He W, XiaoS, Wang S, Li X, Zeng Q et al. Antimicrobial Resistance and Moleculer Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Causing Bloodstream Infections at Ruijin Hospital in Shanghai from 2013 to 2018. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):6019.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Emrah Güler 0000-0002-1635-0051

Ulaş Hürdoğanoğlu This is me 0000-0002-0182-674X

Lina Hameed Farhan Almasoodi This is me 0000-0003-1114-5697

Nedim Çakır This is me 0000-0002-3632-5187

Kaya Süer This is me 0000-0002-2565-3425

Publication Date March 14, 2022
Acceptance Date October 27, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 14 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Güler, E., Hürdoğanoğlu, U., Farhan Almasoodi, L. H., Çakır, N., et al. (2022). Distribution of Microorganisms and Antibiotic Resistance Rates Isolated From Blood Cultures: 5-Year Evaluation in a University Hospital in Northern Cyprus. Konuralp Medical Journal, 14(1), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.949209
AMA Güler E, Hürdoğanoğlu U, Farhan Almasoodi LH, Çakır N, Süer K. Distribution of Microorganisms and Antibiotic Resistance Rates Isolated From Blood Cultures: 5-Year Evaluation in a University Hospital in Northern Cyprus. Konuralp Medical Journal. March 2022;14(1):13-22. doi:10.18521/ktd.949209
Chicago Güler, Emrah, Ulaş Hürdoğanoğlu, Lina Hameed Farhan Almasoodi, Nedim Çakır, and Kaya Süer. “Distribution of Microorganisms and Antibiotic Resistance Rates Isolated From Blood Cultures: 5-Year Evaluation in a University Hospital in Northern Cyprus”. Konuralp Medical Journal 14, no. 1 (March 2022): 13-22. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.949209.
EndNote Güler E, Hürdoğanoğlu U, Farhan Almasoodi LH, Çakır N, Süer K (March 1, 2022) Distribution of Microorganisms and Antibiotic Resistance Rates Isolated From Blood Cultures: 5-Year Evaluation in a University Hospital in Northern Cyprus. Konuralp Medical Journal 14 1 13–22.
IEEE E. Güler, U. Hürdoğanoğlu, L. H. Farhan Almasoodi, N. Çakır, and K. Süer, “Distribution of Microorganisms and Antibiotic Resistance Rates Isolated From Blood Cultures: 5-Year Evaluation in a University Hospital in Northern Cyprus”, Konuralp Medical Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 13–22, 2022, doi: 10.18521/ktd.949209.
ISNAD Güler, Emrah et al. “Distribution of Microorganisms and Antibiotic Resistance Rates Isolated From Blood Cultures: 5-Year Evaluation in a University Hospital in Northern Cyprus”. Konuralp Medical Journal 14/1 (March 2022), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.949209.
JAMA Güler E, Hürdoğanoğlu U, Farhan Almasoodi LH, Çakır N, Süer K. Distribution of Microorganisms and Antibiotic Resistance Rates Isolated From Blood Cultures: 5-Year Evaluation in a University Hospital in Northern Cyprus. Konuralp Medical Journal. 2022;14:13–22.
MLA Güler, Emrah et al. “Distribution of Microorganisms and Antibiotic Resistance Rates Isolated From Blood Cultures: 5-Year Evaluation in a University Hospital in Northern Cyprus”. Konuralp Medical Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, 2022, pp. 13-22, doi:10.18521/ktd.949209.
Vancouver Güler E, Hürdoğanoğlu U, Farhan Almasoodi LH, Çakır N, Süer K. Distribution of Microorganisms and Antibiotic Resistance Rates Isolated From Blood Cultures: 5-Year Evaluation in a University Hospital in Northern Cyprus. Konuralp Medical Journal. 2022;14(1):13-22.